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Local Bubble
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Solar_System/QIcLSazQ">Solar System</a> has been traveling through the region currently occupied by the Local Bubble for the last five to ten million years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Its current location lies in the <a href="/facts/Local_Interstellar_Cloud/xm3wKNrN">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> (LIC), a minor region of denser material within the Bubble. The LIC formed where the Local Bubble and the <a href="/facts/Loop_I_Bubble/nLDJ8CYA">Loop I Bubble</a> met. The gas within the LIC has a density of approximately 0.3 atoms per cubic centimeter. </p><p> The Local Bubble is not spherical, but appears to be narrower in the <a href="/facts/Galactic_plane/4eaqfCIB">galactic plane</a>, becoming somewhat egg-shaped or elliptical, and may widen above and below the galactic plane, becoming shaped like an hourglass. It abuts other bubbles of less dense interstellar medium (ISM), including, in particular, the Loop I Bubble. The Loop I Bubble was cleared, heated, and maintained by supernovae and <a href="/facts/Stellar_wind/ln8C3yHe">stellar winds</a> in the <a href="/facts/Scorpius%25E2%2580%2593Centaurus_association/FMWd5pWB">Scorpius–Centaurus association</a>, some 500 light years from the <a href="/facts/Sun/CadPCVHh">Sun</a>. The Loop I Bubble contains the star <a href="/facts/Antares/adRhtq7X">Antares</a> (also known as α Sco, or Alpha Scorpii), as shown on the diagram above right. Several tunnels connect the cavities of the Local Bubble with the Loop I Bubble, called the "Lupus Tunnel".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Other bubbles adjacent to the Local Bubble are the <a href="/facts/Loop_II_Bubble/aMb38wle">Loop II Bubble</a> and the <a href="/facts/Loop_III_Bubble/aMb38wle">Loop III Bubble</a>. In 2019, researchers found interstellar iron in Antarctica which they relate to the <a href="/facts/Local_Interstellar_Cloud/xm3wKNrN">Local Interstellar Cloud</a>, which might be related to the formation of the Local Bubble.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></p> <h2 id="observation">Observation</h2> <p>Launched in February 2003 and active until April 2008, a small space observatory called <a href="/facts/CHIPSat/Q6pGe2ue">Cosmic Hot Interstellar Plasma Spectrometer</a> (CHIPSat) examined the hot gas within the Local Bubble.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> The Local Bubble was also the region of interest for the <a href="/facts/Extreme_Ultraviolet_Explorer/Mt411MGP">Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer</a> mission (1992–2001), which examined hot EUV sources within the bubble. Sources beyond the edge of the bubble were identified but attenuated by the denser interstellar medium. In 2019, the first 3D map of the Local Bubble was reported using observations of diffuse interstellar bands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> In 2020, the shape of the dusty envelope surrounding the Local Bubble was retrieved and modeled from 3D maps of the dust density obtained from stellar extinction data.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="impact-on-star-formation">Impact on star formation</h2> <p>In January 2022, a paper in the journal <i>Nature</i> found that observations and modeling had determined that the action of the expanding surface of the bubble had collected gas and debris and was responsible for the formation of all young, nearby stars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>These new stars are typically in molecular clouds like the <a href="/facts/Taurus_molecular_cloud/sSwwA47g">Taurus molecular cloud</a> and the open star cluster <a href="/facts/Pleiades/tjwtx82z">Pleiades</a>. </p> <h2 id="connection-to-radioactive-isotopes-on-earth">Connection to radioactive isotopes on Earth</h2> <p>Several <a href="/facts/Radionuclide/5WpCfbdq">radioactive isotopes</a> on <a href="/facts/Earth/HLLmDfj0">Earth</a> have been connected to supernovae occurring relatively nearby to the solar system. The most common source is found in deep sea <a href="/facts/Manganese_nodule/e9RCgkFo">ferromanganese crusts</a>, which are constantly growing, aggregating iron, manganese, and other elements. Samples are divided into layers which are dated, for example, with <a href="/facts/Beryllium-10/oz3rQBLB">Beryllium-10</a>. Some of these layers have higher concentrations of radioactive isotopes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The isotope most commonly associated with supernovae on Earth is <a href="/facts/Isotopes_of_iron/GVebbg1n">Iron-60</a> from <a href="/facts/Marine_sediment/0HfKDgDI">deep sea sediments</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Antarctic/xPPVrxBE">Antarctic</a> snow,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Lunar_soil/1eXW6nT7">lunar soil</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Other isotopes are <a href="/facts/Isotopes_of_manganese/NUERgknG">Manganese-53</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Plutonium-244/XGtUVghF">Plutonium-244</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> from deep sea materials. Supernova-originated <a href="/facts/Aluminium-26/INwQYapg">Aluminium-26</a>, which was expected from cosmic ray studies, was not confirmed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Iron-60 and Manganese-53 have a peak 1.7–3.2 million years ago, and Iron-60 has a second peak 6.5–8.7 million years ago. The older peak likely originated when the solar system moved through the <a href="/facts/Orion%25E2%2580%2593Eridanus_Superbubble/Hj0TIJA9">Orion–Eridanus Superbubble</a> and the younger peak was generated when the solar system entered the Local Bubble 4.5 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> One of the supernovae creating the younger peak might have created the pulsar PSR B1706-16 and turned <a href="/facts/Zeta_Ophiuchi/hlxHSI8e">Zeta Ophiuchi</a> into a <a href="/facts/Stellar_kinematics/6q1SRvDa">runaway star</a>. Both originated from UCL and were released by a supernova 1.78 ± 0.21 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Another explanation for the older peak is that it was produced by one supernova in the <a href="/facts/Tucana-Horologium_association/CIlm2GYM">Tucana-Horologium association</a> 7-9 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Gould_Belt/M9xoWDyR">Gould Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_nearest_stars_and_brown_dwarfs/LLu2LmXq">List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_nearby_stellar_associations_and_moving_groups/DQVL9I20">List of nearby stellar associations and moving groups</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_stellar_streams/QAzPSXnH">List of Milky Way streams</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Orion%25E2%2580%2593Eridanus_Superbubble/Hj0TIJA9">Orion–Eridanus Superbubble</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Orion_Arm/Vo4Clzk5">Orion Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Superbubble/9TzmFEYd">Superbubble</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Anderson, Mark (6 January 2007). <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0262407907600438">"Don't stop till you get to the Fluff"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/New_Scientist/GE0SBrn0">New Scientist</a></i>. 193 (2585): 26–30. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0262-4079%2807%2960043-8">10.1016/S0262-4079(07)60043-8</a>. Retrieved 5 September 2020.</li> <li>Lallement, R.; Welsh, B.Y.; Vergely, J.L.; Crifo, F.; Sfeir, D. (1 December 2003). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20031214">"3D mapping of the dense interstellar gas around the Local Bubble"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics/RYse1Cwy">Astronomy & Astrophysics</a></i>. 411 (3): 447–464. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003A&A...411..447L">2003A&A...411..447L</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20031214">10.1051/0004-6361:20031214</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/06jan_bubble/">"Near-Earth supernovas"</a>. <i>Science@NASA Headline News</i>. <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>. 6 January 2003.</li> <li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2004/17dec_heliumstream/">"A breeze from the stars"</a>. <i>Science@NASA Headline News</i>. <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>. 17 December 2004.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li> Media related to Local Bubble at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="http://www.3dgalaxymap.com/">"A 3D map of the Milky Way galaxy and the Orion Arm"</a>. <i>3dgalaxymap.com</i>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Abt, Helmut A. (December 2015). "Hot gaseous stellar disks avoid regions of low interstellar densities". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 127 (958): 1218–1225. Bibcode:2015PASP..127.1218A. doi:10.1086/684436. S2CID 124774683. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Frisch, P. C. (12 September 2006). Solar Journey: The Significance of Our Galactic Environment for the Heliosphere and Earth. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-4020-4557-8. <a href="978-1-4020-4557-8" target="_blank">978-1-4020-4557-8</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Our local galactic neighborhood". Interstellar.jpl.nasa.gov. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). 8 February 2000. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131121061128/http://interstellar.jpl.nasa.gov/interstellar/probe/introduction/neighborhood.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131121061128/http://interstellar.jpl.nasa.gov/interstellar/probe/introduction/neighborhood.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Berghoefer, T.W.; Breitschwerdt, D. (2002). "The origin of the young stellar population in the solar neighborhood – a link to the formation of the Local Bubble?". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 390 (1): 299–306. arXiv:astro-ph/0205128v2. Bibcode:2002A&A...390..299B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020627. S2CID 6002327. <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" target="_blank">/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Gabel, J.R.; Bruhweiler, F.C. (8 January 1998). "[51.09] Model of an expanding supershell structure in the LISM". American Astronomical Society. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140315102240/http://aas.org/archives/BAAS/v29n5/aas191/abs/S051009.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140315102240/http://aas.org/archives/BAAS/v29n5/aas191/abs/S051009.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Maíz-Apellániz, Jesús (1 October 2001). "The Origin of the Local Bubble". The Astrophysical Journal. 560 (1): L83 – L86. arXiv:astro-ph/0108472. Bibcode:2001ApJ...560L..83M. doi:10.1086/324016. ISSN 0004-637X. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApJ...560L..83M" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApJ...560L..83M</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Fuchs, B.; Breitschwerdt, D.; de Avillez, M. A.; Dettbarn, C.; Flynn, C. (1 December 2006). "The search for the origin of the Local Bubble redivivus". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 373 (3): 993–1003. arXiv:astro-ph/0609227. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.373..993F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11044.x. hdl:10174/5608. ISSN 0035-8711. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2006.11044.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2006.11044.x</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Local Chimney and Superbubbles". Solstation.com. <a href="http://www.solstation.com/x-objects/chimney.htm" target="_blank">http://www.solstation.com/x-objects/chimney.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Lallement, R.; Welsh, B.Y.; Vergely, J.L.; Crifo, F.; Sfeir, D. (2003). "3D mapping of the dense interstellar gas around the Local Bubble". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 411 (3): 447–464. Bibcode:2003A&A...411..447L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031214. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20031214" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20031214</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Koll, D.; et al. (2019). "Interstellar 60Fe in Antarctica". Physical Review Letters. 123 (7): 072701. Bibcode:2019PhRvL.123g2701K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.072701. hdl:1885/298253. PMID 31491090. S2CID 201868513. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Cosmic Hot Interstellar Plasma Spectrometer (CHIPS)". Chips.ssl.berkeley.edu. University of California – Berkeley. 12 January 2003. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131121000528/http://chips.ssl.berkeley.edu/chips.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131121000528/http://chips.ssl.berkeley.edu/chips.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Farhang, Amin; van Loon, Jacco Th.; Khosroshahi, Habib G.; Javadi, Atefeh; Bailey, Mandy (8 July 2019). "3D map of the local bubble". Nature Astronomy (letter). 3: 922–927. arXiv:1907.07429. doi:10.1038/s41550-019-0814-z. S2CID 197402894. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-019-0814-z" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-019-0814-z</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Pelgrims, Vincent; Ferrière, Katia; Boulanger, Francois; Lallement, Rosine; Montier, Ludovic (April 2020). "Modeling the magnetized Local Bubble from dust data". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 636: A17. arXiv:1911.09691. Bibcode:2020A&A...636A..17P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937157. <a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2020/04/aa37157-19/aa37157-19.html" target="_blank">https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2020/04/aa37157-19/aa37157-19.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Star Formation near the Sun is driven by expansion of the Local Bubble". The Local Bubble. Retrieved 7 February 2022. <a href="https://sites.google.com/cfa.harvard.edu/local-bubble-star-formation" target="_blank">https://sites.google.com/cfa.harvard.edu/local-bubble-star-formation</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Wallner, A.; Froehlich, M. B.; Hotchkis, M. A. C.; Kinoshita, N.; Paul, M.; Martschini, M.; Pavetich, S.; Tims, S. G.; Kivel, N.; Schumann, D.; Honda, M.; Matsuzaki, H.; Yamagata, T. (1 May 2021). "60Fe and 244Pu deposited on Earth constrain the r-process yields of recent nearby supernovae". Science. 372 (6543): 742–745. Bibcode:2021Sci...372..742W. doi:10.1126/science.aax3972. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 33986180. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Sci...372..742W" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Sci...372..742W</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Knie, K.; Korschinek, G.; Faestermann, T.; Wallner, C.; Scholten, J.; Hillebrandt, W. (1 July 1999). "Indication for Supernova Produced 60Fe Activity on Earth". Physical Review Letters. 83 (1): 18–21. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..83...18K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.18. ISSN 0031-9007. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PhRvL..83...18K" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PhRvL..83...18K</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Koll, Dominik; Korschinek, Gunther; Faestermann, Thomas; Gómez-Guzmán, J. M.; Kipfstuhl, Sepp; Merchel, Silke; Welch, Jan M. (1 August 2019). "Interstellar 60Fe in Antarctica". Physical Review Letters. 123 (7): 072701. Bibcode:2019PhRvL.123g2701K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.072701. hdl:1885/298253. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 31491090. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PhRvL.123g2701K" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PhRvL.123g2701K</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Fimiani, L.; Cook, D. L.; Faestermann, T.; Gómez-Guzmán, J. M.; Hain, K.; Herzog, G.; Knie, K.; Korschinek, G.; Ludwig, P.; Park, J.; Reedy, R. C.; Rugel, G. (1 April 2016). "Interstellar Fe 60 on the Surface of the Moon". Physical Review Letters. 116 (15): 151104. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116o1104F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.151104. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 27127953. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvL.116o1104F" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvL.116o1104F</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Korschinek, G.; Faestermann, T.; Poutivtsev, M.; Arazi, A.; Knie, K.; Rugel, G.; Wallner, A. (1 July 2020). "Supernova-Produced 53Mn on Earth". Physical Review Letters. 125 (3): 031101. Bibcode:2020PhRvL.125c1101K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.031101. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 32745435. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PhRvL.125c1101K" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PhRvL.125c1101K</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Wallner, A.; Froehlich, M. B.; Hotchkis, M. A. C.; Kinoshita, N.; Paul, M.; Martschini, M.; Pavetich, S.; Tims, S. G.; Kivel, N.; Schumann, D.; Honda, M.; Matsuzaki, H.; Yamagata, T. (1 May 2021). "60Fe and 244Pu deposited on Earth constrain the r-process yields of recent nearby supernovae". Science. 372 (6543): 742–745. Bibcode:2021Sci...372..742W. doi:10.1126/science.aax3972. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 33986180. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Sci...372..742W" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Sci...372..742W</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Feige, Jenny; Wallner, Anton; Altmeyer, Randolf; Fifield, L. Keith; Golser, Robin; Merchel, Silke; Rugel, Georg; Steier, Peter; Tims, Stephen G.; Winkler, Stephan R. (1 November 2018). "Limits on Supernova-Associated Fe 60 /Al 26 Nucleosynthesis Ratios from Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Measurements of Deep-Sea Sediments". Physical Review Letters. 121 (22): 221103. Bibcode:2018PhRvL.121v1103F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.221103. hdl:1885/201559. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 30547642. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvL.121v1103F" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvL.121v1103F</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Schulreich, M. M.; Feige, J.; Breitschwerdt, D. (1 December 2023). "Numerical studies on the link between radioisotopic signatures on Earth and the formation of the Local Bubble. II. Advanced modelling of interstellar 26Al, 53Mn, 60Fe, and 244Pu influxes as traces of past supernova activity in the solar neighbourhood". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 680: A39. arXiv:2309.13983. Bibcode:2023A&A...680A..39S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347532. ISSN 0004-6361. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023A&A...680A..39S" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023A&A...680A..39S</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Neuhäuser, R.; Gießler, F.; Hambaryan, V. V. (1 October 2020). "A nearby recent supernova that ejected the runaway star ζ Oph, the pulsar PSR B1706-16, and 60Fe found on Earth". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 498 (1): 899–917. arXiv:1909.06850. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.498..899N. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2629. ISSN 0035-8711. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstz2629" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstz2629</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Hyde, M.; Pecaut, M. J. (1 January 2018). "Supernova ejecta in ocean cores used as time constraints for nearby stellar groups". Astronomische Nachrichten. 339 (1): 78–86. arXiv:1712.05466. Bibcode:2018AN....339...78H. doi:10.1002/asna.201713375. ISSN 0004-6337. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AN....339...78H" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AN....339...78H</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>