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Retinal scan
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The idea for retinal identification was first conceived by Carleton Simon and Isadore Goldstein and was published in the New York State Journal of Medicine in 1935.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The idea was ahead of its time, but once <a href="/facts/Technology/9Uav5WVR">technology</a> caught up, the concept for a retinal scanning device emerged in 1975. In 1976, Robert "Buzz" Hill formed a corporation named EyeDentify, Inc., and made a full-time effort to research and develop such a device.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> In 1978, specific means for a retinal scanner was patented, followed by a commercial model in 1981.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="in-popular-culture">In popular culture</h2> <p>Because of the relative obscurity and "high tech" nature of retinal scans, they are frequently used as a device in fiction to suggest that an area has been particularly strongly secured against intrusion. Some notable examples include: </p> <ul><li>In the movie <i><a href="/facts/Star_Trek_II%3a_The_Wrath_of_Khan/PTUEq7E4">Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan</a></i> (1982), Admiral Kirk gains access to top secret computer files by use of a retinal scan.</li> <li>In the science fiction novel <i><a href="/facts/The_Long_Result/GWkeEDR3">The Long Result</a></i> by John Brunner (1965), a retinal scanner is used to access a Remote Control Centre at a spaceport.</li> <li>In the movie <i><a href="/facts/Batman_(1966_film)/qLRr9ecC">Batman</a></i> (1966), Batman describes to Robin how the tiny vessels in the retina are unique to the individual, and by utilizing the portable retina scan device in the Batmobile, they confirm the identity of the Penguin.</li> <li>In the comic book film series <i><a href="/facts/X-Men_(film_series)/4LVuRPmK">X-Men</a></i> Charles Xavier uses a retinal scanner to unlock Cerebro. This is bypassed by the <a href="/facts/Shapeshifting/SzHHgtzD">shape-shifter</a> Mystique assuming his form and William Stryker using an unknown mechanism.</li> <li>In the <i><a href="/facts/Half-Life_(series)/3jIswrHy">Half-Life</a></i> video game series, the scientists of Black Mesa are frequently shown operating retinal scanners to access locked doors or hidden devices.</li> <li>Characters in the films <i><a href="/facts/Never_Say_Never_Again/WjTY1H45">Never Say Never Again</a></i> (1983), <i><a href="/facts/GoldenEye/dP66GPTd">GoldenEye</a></i> (1995), <i><a href="/facts/Mission%3a_Impossible_(film)/90Khm8aN">Mission: Impossible</a></i> (1996), <i><a href="/facts/Barb_Wire_(1996_film)/M1zASIk9">Barb Wire</a></i> (1996), <i><a href="/facts/Entrapment_(film)/m1scUSnR">Entrapment</a></i> (1999), <i><a href="/facts/Minority_Report_(film)/nyjIvYQs">Minority Report</a></i> (2002) and <i><a href="/facts/Paycheck_(film)/w7nuDl6h">Paycheck</a></i> (2003) and <i><a href="/facts/Charlie%2527s_Angels_(2000_film)/dm5gJvKc">Charlie's Angels (film)</a></i> (2000) utilize or try to deceive retinal scanners.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>In the <i><a href="/facts/Tom_Clancy%2527s_Splinter_Cell/gr0de3Pk">Splinter Cell</a></i> video game series, retinal scanners are used to identify agents within the Third Echelon and guards within military/business complexes.</li> <li>In the 2012 film <i><a href="/facts/The_Avengers_(2012_film)/vHHn6jey">The Avengers</a></i>, characters gain access to a quantity of very rare <a href="/facts/Iridium/cB4n6MbQ">iridium</a> by using two devices: one which apparently hooks onto a victim's eyeball, and another which receives signals from the first to holographically reconstruct the retina to fool the scanner.</li> <li>In the 1993 film <i><a href="/facts/Demolition_Man_(film)/Wz0PTTaQ">Demolition Man (film)</a></i>, Simon Phoenix deceives a retinal scanner by taking the eyeball from a prison doctor.</li> <li>In the video game <a href="/facts/Doom_(2016_video_game)/tqCGk2hK">Doom (2016)</a>, a retinal scanner linked with a mutilated researcher is utilized to gain access to the <a href="/facts/BFG_9000/SkdSknDV">BFG 9000</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p>Retinal scanners are typically used for authentication and identification purposes. Retinal scanning has been utilized by several government agencies including the <a href="/facts/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation/UY93jwX6">FBI</a>, <a href="/facts/Central_Intelligence_Agency/U7urmQYL">CIA</a>, and <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>, and has also been used in prisons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Retinal scanning also has medical application. Communicable illnesses such as <a href="/facts/AIDS/RqLIEMuJ">AIDS</a>, <a href="/facts/Syphilis/fdnGLyLT">syphilis</a>, <a href="/facts/Malaria/rN3g58CX">malaria</a>, <a href="/facts/Chicken_pox/XkGzx2GE">chicken pox</a> and <a href="/facts/Lyme_disease/820IycaC">Lyme disease</a> as well as <a href="/facts/Hereditary_disease/hFqt2NLn">hereditary diseases</a> like <a href="/facts/Leukemia/WpEfW0Qh">leukemia</a>, <a href="/facts/Lymphoma/418wcMEl">lymphoma</a>, and <a href="/facts/Sickle_cell_anemia/93LT7ATq">sickle cell anemia</a> affect the eyes. <a href="/facts/Pregnancy/vEKYGpep">Pregnancy</a> also affects the eyes. Likewise, indications of chronic health conditions such as <a href="/facts/Congestive_heart_failure/7fckX3Jm">congestive heart failure</a>, <a href="/facts/Atherosclerosis/WIS8QQ6v">atherosclerosis</a>, and <a href="/facts/Cholesterol/TnfPlYc1">cholesterol</a> issues first appear in the eyes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Retinal scanning is sometimes confused with <a href="/facts/Iris_recognition/8dt1HS19">iris recognition</a>, which has been employed for a wider scope of applications. </p> <h2 id="pros-and-cons">Pros and cons</h2> <p>Advantages<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Low occurrence of false positives</li> <li>Extremely low (almost 0%) false negative rates</li> <li>Highly reliable because no two people have the same retinal pattern</li> <li>Speedy results: Identity of the subject is verified very quickly</li></ul> <p>Disadvantages<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Measurement accuracy can be affected by a disease such as <a href="/facts/Cataracts/RzN7k7K2">cataracts</a></li> <li>Measurement accuracy can also be affected by severe <a href="/facts/Astigmatism/r6xCWw56">astigmatism</a></li> <li>Scanning procedure is perceived by some as invasive</li> <li>Subject being scanned must be very close to the camera optics<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>High equipment cost</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Vein_matching/3dUSErwo">Vein matching</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Iris_recognition/8dt1HS19">Iris recognition</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Vora, Rita A.; Bharadi, V A; Kekre, H B (Oct 2012). "Retinal scan recognition using wavelet energy entropy". 2012 International Conference on Communication, Information & Computing Technology (ICCICT). IEEE. pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/iccict.2012.6398120. ISBN 978-1-4577-2078-9. S2CID 17203983. <a href="978-1-4577-2078-9" target="_blank">978-1-4577-2078-9</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Retina and Iris Scans. Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security. Copyright © 2004 by The Gale Group, Inc. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Cofta, Piotr; Furnell, Steven (2008). "Use of Biometric Data". Understanding Public Perceptions: Trust and Engagement in ICT-mediated Services. International Engineering Consortium. p. 153. ISBN 9781931695954. Retrieved 29 September 2014. The error rate for fingerprint identification can be as high as 1 in 500, whereas a retinal scan boasts an error rate of 1 in 10,000,000. <a href="9781931695954" target="_blank">9781931695954</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Retinography: How Retinal Scanning Works. Retrieved on 2007-04-02. <a href="http://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/Ra-Thy/Retinography.html" target="_blank">http://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/Ra-Thy/Retinography.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Eye Prints," TIME Magazine, Dec. 16, 1935. Retrieved on 2008-04-10. <a href="https://archive.today/20120912190731/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,755453,00.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20120912190731/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,755453,00.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Hill, Robert “Buzz” (1999), "Retina Identification", Biometrics, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 123–141, doi:10.1007/0-306-47044-6_6, ISBN 978-0-387-28539-9, retrieved 2020-11-14 <a href="978-0-387-28539-9" target="_blank">978-0-387-28539-9</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>[1], "Apparatus and method for identifying individuals through their retinal vasculature patterns", issued 1977-01-17 <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4109237A/en" target="_blank">https://patents.google.com/patent/US4109237A/en</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Why retina scanning works better for James Bond than it ever would for us". 6 October 2009. <a href="http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/blog/2009/10/6/why-retina-scanning-works-better-for-james-bond-than-it-ever-would-for-us/24.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/blog/2009/10/6/why-retina-scanning-works-better-for-james-bond-than-it-ever-would-for-us/24.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Iris/Retinal Identification. Archived April 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Wcu.Edu. Retrieved on 2007-04-02. <a href="http://et.wcu.edu/aidc/BioWebPages/Biometrics_Eye.html" target="_blank">http://et.wcu.edu/aidc/BioWebPages/Biometrics_Eye.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>O staff, Courtney. "Retinal Scans Do More Than Let You In The Door." Retrieved on 2007-04-02. <a href="http://www.physorg.com/news6134.html" target="_blank">http://www.physorg.com/news6134.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Iris Recognition vs. Retina Scanning – What are the Differences?", M2SYS Blog on Biometric Technology. <a href="http://blog.m2sys.com/biometric-hardware/iris-recognition-vs-retina-scanning-what-are-the-differences/" target="_blank">http://blog.m2sys.com/biometric-hardware/iris-recognition-vs-retina-scanning-what-are-the-differences/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Roberts, Chris. "Biometrics" Retrieved on 2009-06-11. <a href="http://www.ccip.govt.nz/newsroom/information-notes/2005/biometrics.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ccip.govt.nz/newsroom/information-notes/2005/biometrics.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Iris recognition vs retina scanning". www.bytechplanet.com. <a href="https://www.bytechplanet.com/blog/iris-recognition-vs-retina-scanning/" target="_blank">https://www.bytechplanet.com/blog/iris-recognition-vs-retina-scanning/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>