MESM

<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2>
<p>MESM was created by a team of scientists under the direction of <a href="/facts/Sergei_Alekseyevich_Lebedev/36nBNIuc">Sergei Alekseyevich Lebedev</a> from the <a href="/facts/Kiev_Institute_of_Electrotechnology/LWkVcFFk">Kiev Institute of Electrotechnology</a> in the <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_SSR/MAxGCkwN">Ukrainian SSR</a>, at <a href="/facts/Feofaniya/Vsv4UN9g">Feofaniya</a> (near <a href="/facts/Kyiv/uVAMxK8R">Kyiv</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a>
</p><p>Initially, MESM was conceived as a layout or model of a Large Electronic Calculating Machine and letter "M" in the title meant "model" (prototype).
</p><p>Work on the machine was research in nature, in order to experimentally test the principles of constructing universal digital computers. After the first successes and in order to meet the extensive governmental needs of computer technology, it was decided to complete the layout of a full-fledged machine capable of "<a href="/facts/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project/b5kFJIPY">solving real problems</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> MESM became operational in 1950.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> It had about 6,000 <a href="/facts/Vacuum_tubes/VHd1BNLq">vacuum tubes</a> and consumed 25 kW of <a href="/facts/Electric_power/w61ID9yQ">power</a>. It could perform approximately 3,000 operations per minute.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a>
</p>
<h2 id="creation-and-operation-history">Creation and operation history</h2>

<ul><li>Principal computer architecture scheme was ready by the end of 1949. As well as a few schematic diagrams of an individual blocks.</li>
<li>In 1950 the computer was mounted in a two-story building of the former hostel of a convent in <a href="/facts/Feofania/Vsv4UN9g">Feofania</a>, where a psychiatric hospital was located before the <a href="/facts/Second_World_War/2efV5L1U">Second World War</a>.</li>
<li>November 6, 1950: team performed the first test launch. Test task was: 
  
    
      
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</li>
<li>January 4, 1951: First useful calculations performed. Calculate the factorial of a number, raise number in a power. Computer was shown to special commission of the <a href="/facts/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences/RuUqhtFb">USSR State Academy of Sciences</a>. Team was led by <a href="/facts/Mstislav_Keldysh/cWBJUGvp">Mstislav Keldysh</a>.</li>
<li>December 25, 1951: Official government testing passed successfully. USSR Academy of Sciences and Mstislav Keldysh began regular operation of the MESM.</li>
<li>It was operated until 1957, and then transferred to <a href="/facts/Igor_Sikorsky_Kyiv_Polytechnic_Institute/1fKDcWhW">Kyiv Polytechnic Institute</a> for training purposes</li>
<li>1959: MESM dismantled. Boris Malinovsky recalled:
<ul><li>“Computer was split into pieces, which were used to build series of stands, after all all of them was thrown away.”</li></ul></li></ul>
<p>Many of the electron tubes and other components left from MESM are stored in the Foundation for the History and Development of Computer Science and Technology in the Kiev House of Scientists of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
</p>
<h2 id="system-specification">System specification</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Arithmetic_logic_unit/SgIjPzSc">Arithmetic Logic Unit</a>
<ul><li>universal</li>
<li>parallel action</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Flip-flop_(electronics)/vA99xjM7">flip-flop</a> based</li></ul></li>
<li>Number representation
<ul><li>binary</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Fixed-point_arithmetic/pd3RU72P">fixed points</a> 16-n bits per number plus with one sign bit</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Instruction_(computing)/8p8vwUeE">Instructions</a>
<ul><li>20 binary bits per command
<ul><li>The first 4 bits - operation code</li>
<li>The next 5 bits - first operand address another 5 it the second operand address</li>
<li>The last 6 bits - operation result address</li>
<li>Following instruction types supported
<ul><li>addition</li>
<li>add with carry</li>
<li>subtraction</li>
<li>multiplication</li>
<li>division</li>
<li>binary shifts</li>
<li>comparison taking into account mark</li>
<li>absolute value comparison</li>
<li>transfer of control</li>
<li>magnetic drum read</li>
<li>stop</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Random-access_memory/DuD4bxh6">RAM</a>
<ul><li>Flip-flop based</li>
<li>Data and code separated
<ul><li>31 machine words for data</li>
<li>63 machine words for code</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Read-only_memory/P9QMuDLH">ROM</a>
<ul><li>31 machine words for data</li>
<li>63 machine words for code</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Clock_rate/w055Woaj">Clock rate</a>
<ul><li>5 kHz</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Computer_performance/td1qKox4">Performance</a>
<ul><li>About 3000 operations per minute (total time of one cycle is 17.6 ms; division operation takes from 17.6 to 20.8 ms)</li></ul></li></ul>
<p>The computer was built using 6000 <a href="/facts/Vacuum_tube/VHd1BNLq">vacuum tubes</a> where about 3500 were <a href="/facts/Triode/IGbT0RHa">triodes</a> and 2500 were <a href="/facts/Diode/JyaoyGnk">diodes</a>. The system occupied 60 m2 (646 <a href="/facts/Square_feet/s8CBfP91">square feet</a>) of space and used about 25 kW of power.
</p><p>Data was read from <a href="/facts/Punched_card_input%2foutput/fP8jcPsT">punched cards</a> or typed using a plug switch. It additionally could use a <a href="/facts/Drum_memory/yul0r8nG">magnetic drum</a> that stored up to 5000 codes of numbers or commands.
</p><p>An electromechanical <a href="/facts/Printer_(computing)/PnDF2QuF">printer</a> or photo device was used for output.
</p>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/History_of_computing_in_the_Soviet_Union/He6w7j97">History of computing in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Harbour, Michael Gonzalez (1999). Reliable Software Technologies - Ada-Europe '99. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 181. ISBN 9783540660934. <a href="9783540660934" target="_blank">9783540660934</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Harbour, Michael Gonzalez (1999). Reliable Software Technologies - Ada-Europe '99. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 181. ISBN 9783540660934. <a href="9783540660934" target="_blank">9783540660934</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>MESM Soviet computer project marks 60 years. Engadget. 26 December 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2017. <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2011/12/26/mesm-soviet-computer-project-marks-60-years/" target="_blank">https://www.engadget.com/2011/12/26/mesm-soviet-computer-project-marks-60-years/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Graham, Loren R. (1993). Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History. Cambridge University Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0521287890. Archived from the original on 2017-10-24. <a href="978-0521287890" target="_blank">978-0521287890</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Mercier-Laurent, Eunika; Boulanger, Danielle (2014-05-23). Artificial Intelligence for Knowledge Management: First IFIP WG 12.6 International Workshop, AI4KM 2012, Montpellier, France, August 28, 2012, Revised Selected Papers. Springer. p. 2. ISBN 9783642548970. <a href="9783642548970" target="_blank">9783642548970</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Crowe, Gregory D.; Goodman, Seymour E. (1994), "S.A. Lebedev and the Birth of Soviet Computing", Annals of the History of Computing, 16, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: 4–24, doi:10.1109/85.251852, S2CID 17447414 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

MESM open-in-new

MESM