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A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles
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<h2 id="stokoe-notation">Stokoe notation</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Stokoe_notation/5VklAQnu">Stokoe notation</a> utilizes the three distinctive features of a sign to represent the written form; location (tabulation; TAB; "T"), handshape (designation; DEZ; "D"), and movement (signation; SIG; "s").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The formula for writing a sign is <i>tab-dez-sig</i> or TDs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> If a sign contains a sig action that occurs subsequently of another, it can be written as TDss. For a sign that contains a combination of sig actions that occur simultaneously, the formula TDs/s would apply. The structure of TDDs is utilized when both hands are involved in the formation of a sign and can be referred as a double-dez.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> There is a total of fifty-five symbols. Twelve of the symbols are strictly used for tab. Nineteen of the symbols pertain to dez with a few being interchangeably used as tab. The remaining twenty-four are strictly sig symbols with five sub-groups; vertical, sideways, horizontal, rotary, and interaction. The interaction sub-group symbols are to indicate the interrelationship between a double-dez or tab-dez of a sign.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="authors-backgrounds">Authors backgrounds</h2> <h3>William Stokoe</h3> <h3>Carl Croneberg</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Carl_Croneberg/GJKlHlE9">Carl Gustaf Croneberg</a> was born in a small <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Swedish</a> town on April 29, 1930.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Between the ages of ten and twelve, Croneberg lost his hearing, and due to his deafness, his parents sent him to a Deaf institution.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Croneberg acquired and became fluent in <a href="/facts/Swedish_Sign_Language/cgrVHqjF">Swedish sign language</a> at the school without being formally taught.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Croneberg also learned <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a> and <a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a> from a “correspondence course.”<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> In 1950, Croneberg learned about <a href="/facts/Gallaudet_University/1Pm4IlM3">Gallaudet University</a> from his high school headmaster, and in the spring of 1950, he met President Elstad from the University.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> President Elstad was impressed with Croneberg and recruited him to enroll in Gallaudet University.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> In the fall of 1951, Cronberg began earning his degree at Gallaudet University and learned <a href="/facts/American_Sign_Language/MGTCXaGb">American Sign Language</a> (ASL).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> In 1955, Croneberg earned his B.A. in English at Gallaudet University, and then in 1959, he got his M.A. in English at <a href="/facts/Catholic_University_of_America/85gl74XY">Catholic University</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>While Croneberg was earning his M.A., he was also offered and hired as an assistant to the English department at Gallaudet University.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> In 1959, after a few promotions, Croneberg was an assistant professor and earned the admiration of <a href="/facts/William_Stokoe/XSIAT1Nx">William Stokoe</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Stokoe offered Cronberg to help with his research, and together with <a href="/facts/Dorothy_Casterline/2VS5A4lE">Dorthy Casterline</a>, the three of them continued to work on Stokoe’s research, which resulted in the publication of <i>A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Croneberg remained at Gallaudet University teaching in the English department until his retirement in 1986.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h3>Dorothy Casterline</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Dorothy_Casterline/2VS5A4lE">Corothy Chiyoko Sueoka Casterline</a> was born to her parents, Toshiba and Toyiko Sueoka, on April 27, 1928, in <a href="/facts/Honolulu/DF2WutFs">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/facts/Hawaii/ImxFefeK">Hawaii</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> In seventh grade, Casterline became deaf after suffering from an illness, possibly <a href="/facts/Mastoiditis/wP2I0dl9">mastoiditis</a>, and she completed the year in public school before transferring to <a href="/facts/Hawaii_School_for_the_Deaf_and_the_Blind/9TD4rxuz">Hawaii School for the Deaf and Blind</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Casterline remained at the Hawaii School for the Deaf and Blind for three to four years, where she was taught orally.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> Casterline stated that students signed outside the classes and only managed to pick up enough signs to communicate with fellow students.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> It wasn’t until 1955 that Casterline enrolled and attended <a href="/facts/Gallaudet_University/1Pm4IlM3">Gallaudet University</a>, where she officially picked up signing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Casterline was the first Native Hawaiian student to graduate and receive a degree at Gallaudet University.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p><p>The same year that Casterline started at Gallaudet University, 1955, <a href="/facts/William_Stokoe/XSIAT1Nx">William Stokoe</a> also started at the university as an English Professor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> Stokoe was one of Casterline’s professors. When Casterline graduated, she joined the English Department at Gallaudet University, where she taught classes and worked with Stokoe on his research.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> Casterline, Stokoe, and <a href="/facts/Carl_Croneberg/GJKlHlE9">Carl Cronberg</a> collaborated on Stokoe’s research, which resulted in the publication of <i>A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="impact">Impact</h2> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Stokoe, William C.; Casterline, Dorothy C.; Croneberg, Carl G. (1965). A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles. Silver Spring, Maryland: Gallaudet College Press. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Hochgesang, Julie A.; Miller, Marvin T. (2016). "A Celebration of the Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles: Fifty Years Later". Sign Language Studies. 16 (4): 563–591. doi:10.1353/sls.2016.0012. ISSN 1533-6263. <a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/627365" target="_blank">https://muse.jhu.edu/article/627365</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Hochgesang, Julie (2022). "Quick Guide to Stokoe Notation, revised September 2021". Journal Contribution: 5257995 Bytes. doi:10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.7379939.V2. <a href="https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Quick_Guide_to_Stokoe_Notation/7379939/2" target="_blank">https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Quick_Guide_to_Stokoe_Notation/7379939/2</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Stokoe, William C.; Casterline, Dorothy C.; Croneberg, Carl G. (1965). A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles. Silver Spring, Maryland: Gallaudet College Press. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Stokoe, William C.; Casterline, Dorothy C.; Croneberg, Carl G. (1965). A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles. Silver Spring, Maryland: Gallaudet College Press. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Stokoe, William C.; Casterline, Dorothy C.; Croneberg, Carl G. (1965). A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles. Silver Spring, Maryland: Gallaudet College Press. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Stokoe, William C.; Casterline, Dorothy C.; Croneberg, Carl G. (1965). A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles. Silver Spring, Maryland: Gallaudet College Press. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Maher, Jane (1996). Seeing Language in Sign. Gallaudet University Press. pp. 79–100. ISBN 9781563684708. <a href="9781563684708" target="_blank">9781563684708</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Ballard, Carey M. (2019). "Carl Croneberg: Unsung hero". Sign Language Studies. 20 (1): 173–176 – via Project MUSE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Maher, Jane (1996). Seeing Language in Sign. Gallaudet University Press. pp. 79–100. ISBN 9781563684708. <a href="9781563684708" target="_blank">9781563684708</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Ballard, Carey M. (2019). "Carl Croneberg: Unsung hero". Sign Language Studies. 20 (1): 173–176 – via Project MUSE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Ballard, Carey M. (2019). "Carl Croneberg: Unsung hero". Sign Language Studies. 20 (1): 173–176 – via Project MUSE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Ballard, Carey M. (2019). "Carl Croneberg: Unsung hero". Sign Language Studies. 20 (1): 173–176 – via Project MUSE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Maher, Jane (1996). Seeing Language in Sign. Gallaudet University Press. pp. 79–100. ISBN 9781563684708. <a href="9781563684708" target="_blank">9781563684708</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Ballard, Carey M. (2019). "Carl Croneberg: Unsung hero". Sign Language Studies. 20 (1): 173–176 – via Project MUSE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Maher, Jane (1996). Seeing Language in Sign. Gallaudet University Press. pp. 79–100. ISBN 9781563684708. <a href="9781563684708" target="_blank">9781563684708</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Ballard, Carey M. (2019). "Carl Croneberg: Unsung hero". Sign Language Studies. 20 (1): 173–176 – via Project MUSE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Ballard, Carey M. (2019). "Carl Croneberg: Unsung hero". Sign Language Studies. 20 (1): 173–176 – via Project MUSE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Maher, Jane (1996). Seeing Language in Sign. Gallaudet University Press. pp. 79–100. ISBN 9781563684708. <a href="9781563684708" target="_blank">9781563684708</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Ballard, Carey M. (2019). "Carl Croneberg: Unsung hero". Sign Language Studies. 20 (1): 173–176 – via Project MUSE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Ballard, Carey M. (2019). "Carl Croneberg: Unsung hero". Sign Language Studies. 20 (1): 173–176 – via Project MUSE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Maher, Jane (1996). Seeing Language in Sign. Gallaudet University Press. pp. 79–100. ISBN 9781563684708. <a href="9781563684708" target="_blank">9781563684708</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Ballard, Carey M. (2019). "Carl Croneberg: Unsung hero". Sign Language Studies. 20 (1): 173–176 – via Project MUSE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Maher, Jane (1996). Seeing Language in Sign. Gallaudet University Press. pp. 79–100. ISBN 9781563684708. <a href="9781563684708" target="_blank">9781563684708</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Ballard, Carey M. (2019). "Carl Croneberg: Unsung hero". Sign Language Studies. 20 (1): 173–176 – via Project MUSE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Ballard, Carey M. (2019). "Carl Croneberg: Unsung hero". Sign Language Studies. 20 (1): 173–176 – via Project MUSE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0017</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Maher, Jane (1996). Seeing Language in Sign. Gallaudet University Press. pp. 79–100. ISBN 9781563684708. <a href="9781563684708" target="_blank">9781563684708</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Weinstock, Robert (2023-08-11). "Dorothy Chiyoko Sueoka Casterline: An appreciation | University Communications". Gallaudet University. Retrieved 2025-05-01. <a href="https://gallaudet.edu/university-communications/dorothy-chiyoko-sueoka-casterline-an-appreciation/" target="_blank">https://gallaudet.edu/university-communications/dorothy-chiyoko-sueoka-casterline-an-appreciation/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Maher, Jane (1996). Seeing Language in Sign. Gallaudet University Press. pp. 79–100. ISBN 9781563684708. <a href="9781563684708" target="_blank">9781563684708</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Weinstock, Robert (2023-08-11). "Dorothy Chiyoko Sueoka Casterline: An appreciation | University Communications". Gallaudet University. Retrieved 2025-05-01. <a href="https://gallaudet.edu/university-communications/dorothy-chiyoko-sueoka-casterline-an-appreciation/" target="_blank">https://gallaudet.edu/university-communications/dorothy-chiyoko-sueoka-casterline-an-appreciation/</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Maher, Jane (1996). Seeing Language in Sign. Gallaudet University Press. pp. 79–100. ISBN 9781563684708. <a href="9781563684708" target="_blank">9781563684708</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Weinstock, Robert (2023-08-11). "Dorothy Chiyoko Sueoka Casterline: An appreciation | University Communications". Gallaudet University. Retrieved 2025-05-01. <a href="https://gallaudet.edu/university-communications/dorothy-chiyoko-sueoka-casterline-an-appreciation/" target="_blank">https://gallaudet.edu/university-communications/dorothy-chiyoko-sueoka-casterline-an-appreciation/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Maher, Jane (1996). Seeing Language in Sign. Gallaudet University Press. pp. 79–100. ISBN 9781563684708. <a href="9781563684708" target="_blank">9781563684708</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Maher, Jane (1996). Seeing Language in Sign. Gallaudet University Press. pp. 79–100. ISBN 9781563684708. <a href="9781563684708" target="_blank">9781563684708</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Weinstock, Robert (2023-08-11). "Dorothy Chiyoko Sueoka Casterline: An appreciation | University Communications". Gallaudet University. Retrieved 2025-05-01. <a href="https://gallaudet.edu/university-communications/dorothy-chiyoko-sueoka-casterline-an-appreciation/" target="_blank">https://gallaudet.edu/university-communications/dorothy-chiyoko-sueoka-casterline-an-appreciation/</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Maher, Jane (1996). Seeing Language in Sign. Gallaudet University Press. pp. 79–100. ISBN 9781563684708. <a href="9781563684708" target="_blank">9781563684708</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Maher, Jane (1996). Seeing Language in Sign. Gallaudet University Press. pp. 79–100. ISBN 9781563684708. <a href="9781563684708" target="_blank">9781563684708</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Weinstock, Robert (2023-08-11). "Dorothy Chiyoko Sueoka Casterline: An appreciation | University Communications". Gallaudet University. Retrieved 2025-05-01. <a href="https://gallaudet.edu/university-communications/dorothy-chiyoko-sueoka-casterline-an-appreciation/" target="_blank">https://gallaudet.edu/university-communications/dorothy-chiyoko-sueoka-casterline-an-appreciation/</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Maher, Jane (1996). Seeing Language in Sign. Gallaudet University Press. pp. 79–100. ISBN 9781563684708. <a href="9781563684708" target="_blank">9781563684708</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Weinstock, Robert (2023-08-11). "Dorothy Chiyoko Sueoka Casterline: An appreciation | University Communications". Gallaudet University. Retrieved 2025-05-01. <a href="https://gallaudet.edu/university-communications/dorothy-chiyoko-sueoka-casterline-an-appreciation/" target="_blank">https://gallaudet.edu/university-communications/dorothy-chiyoko-sueoka-casterline-an-appreciation/</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>