Proto-Sinaitic script

<h2 id="discovery">Discovery</h2>

<p>According to William Albright, in his book "The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions And Their Decipherment", the first inscriptions in the category now known as Proto-Sinaitic were discovered and copied by E.H Palmer in Wadi Magharah during the winter of 1868–1869. His text was not published until 1904. However, E.H. Palmer notes that he was not the first, others had done work before him and as such his work was more of a "Re-discovery". In the winter of 1905, <a href="/facts/Flinders_Petrie/Xgf6g1v6">Flinders Petrie</a> and his wife <a href="/facts/Hilda_Petrie/PL82ceTG">Hilda</a> were conducting a series of archaeological excavations in the <a href="/facts/Sinai_Peninsula/SEyERdHm">Sinai Peninsula</a>. During a dig at <a href="/facts/Serabit_el-Khadim/K1v8Jnu8">Serabit el-Khadim</a>, an extremely lucrative <a href="/facts/Turquoise/vCPfDGPq">turquoise</a> mine used between the <a href="/facts/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt/GhoEQNkd">Twelfth</a> and <a href="/facts/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt/zJsJ9krw">Thirteenth Dynasty</a> and again between the <a href="/facts/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt/aT7N6fPT">Eighteenth</a> and mid-<a href="/facts/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt/xSmaN748">Twentieth Dynasty</a>, Petrie discovered a series of inscriptions at the site's massive invocative temple to <a href="/facts/Hathor/WS0VMr1j">Hathor</a>, as well as some fragmentary inscriptions in the mines themselves. Petrie immediately recognized hieroglyphic characters in the inscriptions, but upon closer inspection realized the script was not the combination of <a href="/facts/Logograms/wWYAITGc">logograms</a> and <a href="/facts/Syllabary/GCbFXaJ4">syllabics</a> as in Egyptian script proper. He thus assumed that the inscriptions showed a script that the turquoise miners had devised themselves, using linear signs that they had borrowed from hieroglyphics. He published his findings in London the following year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a>
</p><p>Ten years later, in 1916, <a href="/facts/Alan_Gardiner/U2mbEGyS">Alan Gardiner</a>, one of the premier <a href="/facts/Egyptology/juVkduLw">Egyptologists</a> of the early and mid-20th century, published his own interpretation of Petrie's findings, arguing that the <a href="/facts/Glyph/A7Gesbxj">glyphs</a> appeared to be early versions of the signs used for later <a href="/facts/Semitic_languages/WCYrz4Qm">Semitic languages</a> such as <a href="/facts/Phoenician_language/KFcxz467">Phoenician</a>, and was able to assign sound values and reconstructed names to some of the letters by assuming they represented what would later become the common Semitic <a href="/facts/Abjad/Hn50ebWn">abjad</a>. One example was the character , to which Gardiner assigned the <a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_stop/6ReC9arR">⟨b⟩</a> sound, on the grounds that it derived from the Egyptian glyph for 'house' , and was very similar to the Phoenician letter  <i>bet</i>, whose name derives from the Semitic word for “house”, <i>bayt</i>. Using his hypothesis, Gardiner was able to affirm Petrie's hypothesis that the mystery inscriptions were of a religious nature, as his model allowed an often recurring word to be reconstructed as <i><a href="/facts/Lamedh/17U3cu1e">l</a><a href="/facts/Baal/47weKvYQ">bʿl</a><a href="/facts/Taw/xPAIoNzc">t</a></i>, meaning "to Ba'alat" or more accurately, "to (the) Lady" – that is, the "lady" <a href="/facts/Hathor/WS0VMr1j">Hathor</a>. Likewise, this allowed another recurring word <i><a href="/facts/Mem/ykDtAr5g">m</a><a href="/facts/Aleph/fFWqQp9C">ʿ</a><a href="/facts/He_(letter)/xX9tL4gb">h</a>bʿlt</i> to be translated as "Beloved of (the) Lady", a reading which became very acceptable after the <a href="/facts/Lemma_(morphology)/W4d8jVmI">lemma</a> was found carved underneath a hieroglyphic inscription which read "Beloved of Hathor, Lady of Turquoise".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Gardiner's hypothesis allowed researchers to connect the letters of the inscriptions to modern Semitic alphabets, and resulted in the inscriptions becoming much more readable, leading to the immediate acceptance of his hypothesis.
</p>
<h2 id="development"> Development</h2>
<p>The letters of the earliest script used for Semitic languages were derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs. In the 19th century, the theory of Egyptian origin competed alongside other theories that the Phoenician script developed from <a href="/facts/Akkadian_cuneiform/MgIQoGu8">Akkadian cuneiform</a>, <a href="/facts/Cretan_hieroglyphs/I37s4d7I">Cretan hieroglyphs</a>, the <a href="/facts/Cypriot_syllabary/SRarpXJX">Cypriot syllabary</a>, and <a href="/facts/Anatolian_hieroglyphs/fBpL0f0H">Anatolian hieroglyphs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Then the Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions were studied by <a href="/facts/Alan_Gardiner/U2mbEGyS">Alan Gardiner</a> who identified the word <i><i>bʿlt</i></i> "Lady" occurring several times in inscriptions, and also attempted to decipher other words. In the 1950s and 1960s, <a href="/facts/William_F._Albright/PX5lthdr">William Albright</a> published interpretations of Proto-Sinaitic as the key to show the derivation of the Canaanite alphabet from <a href="/facts/Hieratic/EPUEN25f">hieratic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a>
</p><p>According to the "alphabet theory", the early Semitic proto-alphabet reflected in the Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions would have given rise to both the <a href="/facts/Ancient_South_Arabian_script/IYpzKLkk">Ancient South Arabian script</a> and the <a href="/facts/Proto-Canaanite_alphabet/ycTf3Xyf">Proto-Canaanite alphabet</a> by the time of the <a href="/facts/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse/gk2FrXGv">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> (1200–1150 BC).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a>
</p><p>For example, the hieroglyph for <a href="/facts/Pr_(hieroglyph)/Jt4BJ7Hl"><i>pr</i></a> "house" (a rectangle partially open along one side, "O1" in <a href="/facts/Gardiner%2527s_sign_list/YNbt8EQz">Gardiner's sign list</a>) was adopted to write Semitic /b/, after the first consonant of <i>baytu</i>, the Semitic word for "house".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a>
</p><p>A transitional stage between Proto-Canaanite and Old Phoenician (1000–800 BC) has been proposed by authors such as Werner Pichler as the origin of the <a href="/facts/Tifinagh/kGv4VKmW">Libyco-Berber</a> script used among <a href="/facts/Ancient_Libya/e9PH00W3">Ancient Libyans</a> (i.e. <a href="/facts/Proto-Berber_language/sNqJ0QoR">Proto-Berbers</a>) – citing common similarities to both Proto-Canaanite proper and its early North Arabian descendants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a>
</p>
<h2 id="inscriptions"> Inscriptions</h2>
<h3>Serabit inscriptions</h3>
<p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Serabit_el-Khadim_proto-Sinaitic_inscriptions/3woRLNhY">Serabit el-Khadim proto-Sinaitic inscriptions</a></p>
<p>The Sinai inscriptions are best known from the <a href="/facts/Serabit_el-Khadim_proto-Sinaitic_inscriptions/3woRLNhY">Serabit el-Khadim proto-Sinaitic inscriptions</a>, carved <a href="/facts/Graffiti/xE9oqKsk">graffiti</a> and <a href="/facts/Votive/beHVf4L3">votive</a> texts from a mountain in the Sinai called <a href="/facts/Serabit_el-Khadim/K1v8Jnu8">Serabit el-Khadim</a> and its temple to the Egyptian goddess <a href="/facts/Hathor/WS0VMr1j">Hathor</a> (<i><i>ḥwt-ḥr</i></i>). The mountain contained <a href="/facts/Turquoise/vCPfDGPq">turquoise</a> mines which were visited by repeated expeditions over 800 years. Many of the workers and officials were from the <a href="/facts/Nile_Delta/ItjnDeVk">Nile Delta</a>, and included large numbers of Canaanites (i.e. speakers of an early form of <a href="/facts/Northwest_Semitic_languages/jQvC3N5J">Northwest Semitic</a> ancestral to the <a href="/facts/Canaanite_languages/S0NzB50W">Canaanite languages</a> of the Late Bronze Age) who had been allowed to settle the eastern Delta.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a>
</p><p>Most of the forty or so inscriptions have been found among much more numerous <a href="/facts/Hieratic/EPUEN25f">hieratic</a> and <a href="/facts/Hieroglyphic/qXRpprLe">hieroglyphic</a> inscriptions, scratched on rocks near and in the turquoise mines and along the roads leading to the temple.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a>
</p><p>The date of the inscriptions is mostly placed in the 17th or 16th century BC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> An alternative view dates most of the inscriptions to the reign of <a href="/facts/Amenemhat_III/DvGupGvI">Amenemhat III</a> or his successor circa 1800 BC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> It has been suggested that the dating period includes the reign of pharaoh <a href="/facts/Senwosret_III/yUEL6EUc">Senwosret III</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a>
</p><p>Four inscriptions have been found in the temple, on two small human statues and on either side of a small stone <a href="/facts/Sphinx/N3e9oV33">sphinx</a>. They are crudely done, suggesting that the workers who made them were illiterate apart from this script.
</p>
<h3>Wadi el-Hol inscriptions</h3>

<p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Wadi_el-Hol_inscriptions/bIpXwHIa">Wadi el-Hol inscriptions</a></p>
<p>The two <a href="/facts/Wadi_el-Hol_inscriptions/bIpXwHIa">Wadi el-Hol inscriptions</a> (<a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>: وادي الهول <i>Wādī al-Hawl</i> 'Ravine of Terror') were carved on the stone sides of an ancient high-desert military and trade road linking <a href="/facts/Thebes%2c_Egypt/SkdRYU22">Thebes</a> and <a href="/facts/Abydos%2c_Egypt/7ab7kGCq">Abydos</a>, in the heart of literate Egypt. They have been dated to somewhere between 1900 and 1800 BC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> They are in a <a href="/facts/Wadi/tEgHt2rI">wadi</a> in the <a href="/facts/Qena/smfvwlra">Qena</a> bend of the Nile, at approx. <a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Proto-Sinaitic_script¶ms=25_57_N_32_25_E_">25°57′N 32°25′E / 25.950°N 32.417°E / 25.950; 32.417</a>, among dozens of hieratic and hieroglyphic inscriptions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Rock inscriptions in the valley appear to show the oldest examples of phonetic alphabetic writing discovered to date.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a>
</p><p>The inscriptions are graphically very similar to the Serabit inscriptions, but show a greater hieroglyphic influence, such as a glyph for a man that was apparently not read alphabetically:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> The first of these (<i>h1</i>) is a figure of celebration [Gardiner A28], whereas the second (<i>h2</i>) is either that of a child [Gardiner A17] or of dancing [Gardiner A32]. If the latter, <i>h1</i> and <i>h2</i> may be graphic variants (such as two hieroglyphs both used to write the Canaanite word <i>hillul</i> "jubilation") rather than different consonants.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/facts/Hieroglyph/Tr41pTYA">Hieroglyphs</a> representing, reading left to right, celebration, a child, and dancing. The first appears to be the prototype for <i>h1,</i> while the latter two have been suggested as the prototype for <i>h2.</i>
<p>Brian Colless has published a translation of the text, in which some of the signs are treated as <a href="/facts/Logogram/wWYAITGc">logograms</a> (representing a whole word, not just a single consonant) or <a href="/facts/Rebus/mXc8uR8I">rebuses</a>:
</p>
[Vertical] <i>mšt r h ʿnt ygš ʾl</i>
[Vertical] Excellent banquet (<i>mšt r</i>[<i>ʾš</i>]) of the celebration (<i>h</i>[<i>illul</i>]) of ʿAnat (<i>ʿnt</i>). [It] will provide (<i>ygš</i>) ʾEl (<i>ʾl</i>)
[Horizontal] <i>rb wn mn h ngṯ h ʾ p mẖ r</i>
[Horizontal] plenty (<i>rb</i>) of wine (<i>wn</i>) [and] victuals (<i>mn</i>) for the celebration (<i>h</i>[<i>illul</i>]). We will sacrifice (<i>ngṯ</i>) to her (<i>h</i>) an ox (<i>ʾ</i>‍[<i>lp</i>]) and (<i>p</i>) a prime fatling (<i>mẖ r</i>[<i>ʾš</i>]<i>)."</i>
<p>Here, <i><a href="/facts/Aleph/fFWqQp9C">aleph</a></i>, whose glyph depicts the head of an ox, is a logogram used to represent the word "ox" (<i>*ʾalp</i>), <i><a href="/facts/He_(letter)/xX9tL4gb">he</a></i>, whose glyph depicts a man in celebration, is a logogram for the words "celebration" (<i>*hillul</i>) and "she/her" (<i>hiʾ‎</i>‍), and <i><a href="/facts/Resh/PRjqY1m1">resh</a></i>, whose glyph depicts a man's head, is a logogram for the word "utmost/greatest" (<i>*raʾš</i>). This interpretation fits into the pattern in some of the surrounding Egyptian inscriptions, with celebrations for the goddess Hathor involving inebriation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a>
</p>
<h3>Other possible inscriptions</h3>
<p>Archaeological excavations at the site of <a href="/facts/Umm_el-Marra/kjAsSNGE">Umm el-Marra</a> have uncovered four inscribed clay cylinders dating to ca. 2300 BC whose incisions have been hypothesized to be Early Alphabetic Semitic writing, which would make them the oldest such examples.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a>
</p><p>In 2009, <a href="/facts/Stephanie_Dalley/1r984P6h">Stephanie Dalley</a> published several tablets from the <a href="/facts/Sch%25C3%25B8yen_Collection/LBWpy7mg">Schøyen Collection</a> dating to the times of the <a href="/facts/First_Sealand_dynasty/quUEhsF2">First Sealand dynasty</a>, four of which have been identified as examples of Early Alphabetic inscriptions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> Other probable examples of Early Alphabetic inscriptions include an ostracon from a tomb in western <a href="/facts/Thebes%2c_Egypt/SkdRYU22">Thebes</a> and a inscribed sherd from <a href="/facts/Lachish/Id23lpVY">Lachish</a>, both dating to the 15th century BC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a>
</p><p>In 2010, Stefan Wimmer published an inscription discovered at <a href="/facts/Timna_Valley/dkvXLIaw">Timna Valley</a> which he also identified as written in proto-Sinaitic writing, although he also noted that its authenticity is not certain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a>
</p>
<h2 id="table-of-symbols">Table of Symbols</h2>
<p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/History_of_the_alphabet/8zeelL9y">History of the alphabet § Letter names and order</a></p>
<p>Below is a table synoptically showing selected Proto-Sinaitic signs and the proposed correspondences with Phoenician letters and Egyptian hieroglyphs. A full repertoire of the currently known letterforms can be found on pages 8 and 9 here: <a href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19299-revisiting-proto-sinaitic.pdf">https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19299-revisiting-proto-sinaitic.pdf</a>. Also shown are the reconstructed sound values and names.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a>
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th><a href="/facts/Egyptian_hieroglyphs/qXRpprLe">Hieroglyph</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Serabit_el-Khadim_proto-Sinaitic_inscriptions/3woRLNhY">Serabit El-Khadim</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></th><th><a href="/facts/Wadi_el-Hol_inscriptions/bIpXwHIa">Wadi El-Hol</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></th><th><a href="/facts/Timna_Valley/dkvXLIaw">Timna</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a> value</th><th>Reconstructed name</th><th><a href="/facts/Phoenician_alphabet/Vr4smuYg">Phoenician</a></th></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓃾</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td>—</td><td>/ʔ/</td><td><a href="/facts/%25CA%25BEalp/fFWqQp9C">ʾalp</a> "ox"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td>𐤀</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓉐</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td><td></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td rowspan="2">/b/</td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Bet_(letter)/Srgaea2b">bayt</a> "house"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2">𐤁</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓉔</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td><td>—</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓌙</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>/g/</td><td><a href="/facts/Gimel/X9bUMl2A">gaml</a> "throw-stick"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td>𐤂</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓉿</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td><td></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td rowspan="2">/d/</td><td><a href="/facts/Dalet/0twlfWSk">dalt</a> "door"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2">𐤃</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓆟</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> or<table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓆡</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td><a href="/facts/Dalet/0twlfWSk">dag</a> "fish"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓀠</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></td><td></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td rowspan="2">/h/</td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/He_(letter)/xX9tL4gb">haw</a> "man calling"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a>/ <a href="/facts/He_(letter)/xX9tL4gb">hll</a> "jubilate"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2">𐤄</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓀁</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td><td>—</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓌉</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td></td><td>?</td><td>—</td><td>/w/</td><td><a href="/facts/Waw_(letter)/TKp2ez3q">waw</a> "hook"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td>𐤅</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓐅</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> or <table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓂃</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></td><td></td><td>—</td><td></td><td>/z/ or /ð/</td><td><a href="/facts/Zayin/zyRrAtL3">zayn</a> "weapon"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> or <a href="/facts/Zayin/zyRrAtL3">ḏayp</a> "eyebrow"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></td><td>𐤆<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓉗</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> or <table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓉿</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></td><td></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>/ħ/</td><td><a href="/facts/Heth/HT1Vkutu">ḥaṣir</a> "mansion"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2">𐤇<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓎛</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>/x/</td><td><a href="/facts/Heth/HT1Vkutu">ḫayt</a> "thread"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓄤</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>/tˤ/</td><td><a href="/facts/Teth/l9eCffx5">ṭab</a> "good"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></td><td>𐤈</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓂝</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></td><td> </td><td></td><td>—</td><td>/j/</td><td><a href="/facts/Yodh/mvVQfBTm">yad</a> "hand"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></td><td>𐤉</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓂧</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></td><td></td><td>—</td><td></td><td>/k/</td><td><a href="/facts/Kaph/0wPVqGlz">kap</a> "palm"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a></td><td>𐤊</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓍢</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> or<table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓋿</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></td><td> </td><td>?</td><td></td><td>/l/</td><td><a href="/facts/Lamedh/17U3cu1e">lamd</a> "goad"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a></td><td>𐤋</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓈖</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>/m/</td><td><a href="/facts/Mem/ykDtAr5g">maym</a> "water"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a></td><td>𐤌</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓆓</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td>—</td><td>/n/</td><td><a href="/facts/Nun_(letter)/3mQbmbHv">naḥš</a> "snake"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a></td><td>𐤍</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓊽</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>/s/</td><td><a href="/facts/Samekh/gDVKbXbl">samk</a> "support"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a></td><td>𐤎</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓁹</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>/ʕ/</td><td><a href="/facts/%25CA%25BFen/PH5yVCtl">ʿayn</a> "eye"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a></td><td>𐤏<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓂋</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td rowspan="3">/p/</td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Pe_(Semitic_letter)/QDVgytTJ">pay</a> "mouth"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a></td><td rowspan="3">𐤐</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓂏</a>?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓇳</a></td><td>—</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓊋</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a></td><td>—</td><td><a href="/facts/Pe_(Semitic_letter)/QDVgytTJ">pi</a><a href="/facts/%25CA%25BEalp/fFWqQp9C">ʾ</a>t "corner"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓇑</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a> or <table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓇉</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>/sˤ/</td><td><a href="/facts/Tsade/cN3xQlt6">ṣad</a> "plant"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a></td><td>𐤑</td></tr><tr><td><p><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓃻</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a></p></td><td></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td rowspan="2">/kˤ/ or /q/</td><td><a href="/facts/Qoph/qKXUPmUR">qup</a> "monkey"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2">𐤒</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓎗</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td><a href="/facts/Qoph/qKXUPmUR">qaw</a> "cord, line"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓁶</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a> or<table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓂉</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>/r/</td><td><a href="/facts/Resh/PRjqY1m1">raʾš</a> "head"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a></td><td>𐤓</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓇴</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a></td><td rowspan="3">/ʃ/</td><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Shin_(letter)/D8AeI5cw">šamš</a> "sun"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a></td><td rowspan="4">𐤔<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a></td><td>—</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓌔</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a> or<table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓐮</a>?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a>/<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a></td><td></td><td>—</td><td>/t͡θ/</td><td><a href="/facts/Shin_(letter)/D8AeI5cw">ṯad</a> "breast"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs/VstDnBlD">𓏴</a>?<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td>—</td><td>/t/</td><td><a href="/facts/Tav_(letter)/xPAIoNzc">taw</a> "mark"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a></td><td>𐤕</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Tell_es-Safi_inscription/9ylmmkrY">Tell es-Safi inscription</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Proto-Canaanite/ycTf3Xyf">Proto-Canaanite</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet/CU8hRVYz">Paleo-Hebrew alphabet</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2>
<h3>Primary sources</h3>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Flinders_Petrie/Xgf6g1v6">Petrie, Flinders</a>; <a href="/facts/Charles_Trick_Currelly/GYupknp3">Currelly, Charles Trick</a> (1906). <a href="https://archive.org/details/researchesinsina00petruoft/page/130/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Researches in Sinai</i></a>. ATLA monograph preservation program. John Murray. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7905-2421-4. Retrieved 2023-08-13. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Alan_Gardiner/U2mbEGyS">Gardiner, Alan H.</a> (1916). <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3853586">"The Egyptian Origin of the Semitic Alphabet"</a>. <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</i>. 3 (1). Egypt Exploration Society: 1–16. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3853586">10.2307/3853586</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-5133">0307-5133</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3853586">3853586</a>. Retrieved 2023-08-13.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Alan_Gardiner/U2mbEGyS">Gardiner, A.H.</a>; <a href="/facts/T._Eric_Peet/EdYYo2kq">Peet, T.E.</a> (1917). <a href="https://archive.org/details/EXCMEM36/page/n1/mode/1up"><i>The Inscriptions of Sinai: Part 1: Introduction and Plates</i></a>. Memoirs (Egypt Exploration Society). Egyptian Exploration Fund.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Kirsopp_Lake/cXRqMEH8">Lake, Kirsopp</a>; <a href="/facts/Robert_Pierpont_Blake/UgvtoaxY">Blake, Robert P.</a> (1928). <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1507905">"The Serâbît Inscriptions: I. The Rediscovery of the Inscriptions"</a>. <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i>. 21 (1). Cambridge University Press: 1–8. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000021155">10.1017/S0017816000021155</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8160">0017-8160</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1507905">1507905</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161474162">161474162</a>. Retrieved 2023-08-13.</li>
<li>Butin, Romain F. (1928). <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1507906">"The Serâbît Inscriptions: II. The Decipherment and Significance of the Inscriptions"</a>. <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i>. 21 (1). Cambridge University Press: 9–67. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000021167">10.1017/S0017816000021167</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8160">0017-8160</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1507906">1507906</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163011970">163011970</a>. Retrieved 2023-08-13.</li>
<li>Butin, Romain F. (1932). <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1507943">"The Protosinaitic Inscriptions"</a>. <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i>. 25 (2). Cambridge University Press: 130–203. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000001231">10.1017/S0017816000001231</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8160">0017-8160</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1507943">1507943</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161237361">161237361</a>. Retrieved 2023-08-13.</li>
<li>Butin, Romain F.; Starr, Richard Francis Strong (1936). "The New ProtoSinaitic Inscriptions". <a href="https://archive.org/details/excavationsproto0000star/"><i>Excavations and Protosinaitic Inscriptions at Serabit El Khadem: Report of the Expedition of 1935</i></a>. Studies and documents. Christophers. Retrieved 2023-08-13.</li>
<li>Leibovitch, Joseph (1961). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FRoLAQAAMAAJ">"Deux nouvelles inscriptions proto- sinaitiques"</a>. <i>Le Muséon</i> (in French). 74. L'Association sans but lucratif "Le Muséon": 461 ff. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0771-6494">0771-6494</a>. Retrieved 2023-08-13.</li>
<li>Rainey, A. F. (1975). <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/27925505">"Notes on Some Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions"</a>. <i>Israel Exploration Journal</i>. 25 (2/3). Israel Exploration Society: 106–116. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-2059">0021-2059</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27925505">27925505</a>. Retrieved 2023-08-13.</li>
<li>Beit-Arieh, Itzhak (1982). <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3209843">"New Discoveries at Serâbît el-Khâdîm"</a>. <i>The Biblical Archaeologist</i>. 45 (1). The American Schools of Oriental Research: 13–18. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3209843">10.2307/3209843</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-0895">0006-0895</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3209843">3209843</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189473632">189473632</a>. Retrieved 2023-08-13.</li>
<li>Arieh, Itzhaq Beit; Giveon, Raphael; Saas, Benjamin (1978). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/1901180">"Two previously unknown Proto Sinaitic inscriptions (in: Explorations at Serâbît El-Khâdim — 1977)"</a>. <i>Tel Aviv</i>. 5 (3–4). Maney Publishing: 183–187. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F033443578788497659">10.1179/033443578788497659</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0334-4355">0334-4355</a>.</li>
<li>Sass, B. (1988). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8S9-QgAACAAJ"><i>The Genesis of the Alphabet and Its Development in the Second Millenium B.C.</i></a> Ägypten und Altes Testament. In Kommission bei O. Harrassowitz. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-447-02860-8. Retrieved 2023-08-13.</li></ul>
<h3>Secondary sources</h3>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/William_F._Albright/PX5lthdr">Albright, W.F.</a> (1966). <a href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969"><i>The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment</i></a>. Harvard theological studies. Harvard University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-89130-221-6.</li>
<li>I. Biggs, M. Dijkstra, <i>Corpus of Proto-sinaitic Inscriptions</i>, Alter Orient und Altes Testament, Neukirchener Verlag, 1990.</li>
<li>Colless, Brian E (1990). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Sinai". <i>Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies</i>. 28: 1–52. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2Fanes.28.0.525711">10.2143/anes.28.0.525711</a>.</li>
<li>Colless, Brian E (1991). "The proto-alphabetic inscriptions of Canaan". <i>Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies</i>. 29: 18–66. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2Fanes.29.0.525718">10.2143/anes.29.0.525718</a>.</li>
<li>Colless, Brian E., "The Byblos Syllabary and the Proto-alphabet", Abr-Nahrain / Ancient Near Eastern Studies 30 (1992) 15–62.</li>
<li>Colless, Brian E (2010). <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf">"Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah"</a> (PDF). <i>Antiguo Oriente</i>. 8: 75–96.</li>
<li>Colless, Brian E. (2014). <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32623054.pdf">"The Origin of the Alphabet: An Examination of the Goldwasser Hypothesis"</a> (PDF). <i>Antiguo Oriente</i>. 12: 71–104.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/John_Coleman_Darnell/4Jsdqfkp">Darnell, John Coleman</a>; <a href="/facts/F._W._Dobbs-Allsopp/Hs7my99S">Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W.</a>; Lundberg, Marilyn J.; <a href="/facts/P._Kyle_McCarter_Jr./YjQdhLS2">McCarter, P. Kyle</a>; Zuckerman, Bruce (2005). "Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi el-Hôl". <i>The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. 59: 63, 65, 67–71, 73–113, 115–124. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3768583">3768583</a>.</li>
<li>Cowley, A. E. (1916). <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3853587">"The Origin of the Semitic Alphabet"</a>. <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</i>. 3 (1). Egypt Exploration Society: 17–21. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3853587">10.2307/3853587</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-5133">0307-5133</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3853587">3853587</a>. Retrieved 2023-08-13.</li>
<li>Cowley, A. E. (1929). <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3854116">"The Sinaitic Inscriptions"</a>. <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</i>. 15 (3/4). Egypt Exploration Society: 200–218. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3854116">10.2307/3854116</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-5133">0307-5133</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3854116">3854116</a>. Retrieved 2023-08-13.</li>
<li>Daniels, P.T.; Bright, W. (1996). <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/89/mode/1up"><i>The World's Writing Systems</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-507993-7. Retrieved 2023-08-13.</li>
<li>Hamilton, Gordon J, <i>The origins of the West Semitic alphabet in Egyptian scripts</i> (2006)</li>
<li>Fellman, Bruce (2000) "The Birthplace of the ABCs." <i>Yale Alumni Magazine,</i> December 2000.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050217061048/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/00_12/egypt.html">[1]</a></li>
<li>Sacks, David (2004). <a href="https://archive.org/details/letterperfect00davi"><i>Letter Perfect: The Marvelous History of Our Alphabet from A to Z</i></a>. Broadway Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7679-1173-3.</li>
<li>Goldwasser, Orly, <a href="http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=02&ArticleID=06">How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630075033/http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=02&ArticleID=06">Archived</a> 2016-06-30 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i> 36:02, Mar/Apr 2010.</li>
<li>Millard, A. R. (1986) "The Infancy of the Alphabet" <i>World Archaeology.</i> pp. 390–398.</li>
<li>Ray, John D. (1986) "The Emergence of Writing in Egypt" <i>Early Writing Systems; 17/3</i> pp. 307–316.</li>
<li>Simons, Frank (2011). <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf">"Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet"</a> (PDF). <i>Rosetta</i>. 9: 16–40.</li>
<li>Stefan Jakob Wimmer / Samaher Wimmer-Dweikat: <i>The Alphabet from Wadi el-Hôl – A First Try</i>, in: <i><a href="/facts/G%25C3%25B6ttinger_Miszellen/8WTtjFyw">Göttinger Miszellen</a>. Beiträge zur ägyptologischen Diskussion</i>, Heft 180, Göttingen 2001, p. 107–111</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Proto-Sinaitic script.

<ul><li><a href="http://net.lib.byu.edu/imaging/negev/origins.html">Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions (byu.edu)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://lila.sns.it/mnamon/index.php?page=Simboli&id=25&lang=en">Proto-Sinaitic – 18th–14th cent. B.C.</a>, Mnamon Ancient writing systems in the Mediterranean</li>
<li><a href="http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=alfabetos/protosin">Escritura Proto-sinaítica (in Spanish)</a>, Promotora Española de Lingüística (Proel).</li></ul>
Wadi el-Hol
<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723031507/http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/information/wadi_el_hol/">USC West Semitic Research Project site on Wadi el-Hol, with photos</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050217061048/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/00_12/egypt.html">Yale news article on Wadi el-Hol from 2000 Dec</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.archaeology.org/0001/newsbriefs/egypt.html">Archeology article on Wadi el-Hol from 2000 Jan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/alphorg.htm">New York Times article on Wadi el-Hol from 1999 Nov</a></li>
<li><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/521235.stm">BBC article on Wadi el-Hol from 1999 Nov</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Simons 2011, p. 16: "The proto-Sinaitic corpus consists of approximately forty inscriptions and fragments, the vast majority of which were found at Serabit el-Khadim" - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>LeBlanc, Paul D. (2017). Deciphering the Proto-Sinaitic Script: Making Sense of the Wadi el-Hol and Serabit el-Khadim Early Alphabetic Inscriptions. Subclass Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-9952844-0-1. Its importance lies in the fact that proto-Sinaitic represents our alphabet's earliest developmental period. So far, only two major discoveries of these inscriptions have been made. The first batch came to light in 1904-1905, in the Sinai, when Hilda and Flinders Petrie discovered what are now referred to as the Serabit el-Khadim inscriptions. The second group was discovered by John and Deborah Darnell in as recently as the 1990s, in Middle Egypt, and is known as the pair of Wadi el-Hol inscriptions. <a href="978-0-9952844-0-1" target="_blank">978-0-9952844-0-1</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Woodard, Roger D. (2008). The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-1-139-46934-0. The problem of the Proto-Canaanite inscriptions is directly linked with that of the Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions. The latter are a group of inscriptions, numbering about thirty, discovered near Egyptian turquoise mines in the Sinai, dated variously to the eighteenth or fifteenth centuries BC, which have been only partially deciphered but which seem to represent a form of early West Semitic (for a recent overview with bibliography, see Pardee 1997b). <a href="978-1-139-46934-0" target="_blank">978-1-139-46934-0</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Golden, Jonathan M. (2009). Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction. OUP USA. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-537985-3. By the beginning of the second millennium BCE (the late Middle Bronze Age in Canaan), the scribes of Ugarit began to use a new script based on twenty-seven cuneiform characters. The southern Canaanites also developed new scripts of their own, two variations in fact-Proto-Sinaitic and Proto-Canaanite-both of which were also based upon the use of acronyms (Albright 1966; Cross 1967; Naveh 1982). Unfortunately, only a few examples of each have been recovered to date, and the ones that do exist are mostly incomplete and therefore difficult to decipher. As a result, some fundamental questions regarding the time of the first Proto-Canaanite scripts and the origins of the alphabet remain unanswered... Proto-Sinaitic... Today archaeologists know of some thirty to forty Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions that have been found on statuettes and stelae and carved into the rock faces around Serabit el-Khadim... <a href="978-0-19-537985-3" target="_blank">978-0-19-537985-3</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Garfinkel, Yosef; Golub, Mitka R.; Misgav, Haggai; Ganor, Saar (May 2015). "The ʾIšbaʿal Inscription from Khirbet Qeiyafa". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 373 (373): 217–233. doi:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.373.0217. JSTOR 10.5615/bullamerschoorie.373.0217. S2CID 164971133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Rollston, C. (2020). The Emergence of Alphabetic Scripts. In R. Hasselbach-Andee (Ed.), A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages (1st ed., pp. 65–81). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781119193814.ch4 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:7"><p>"Sinaitic inscriptions | ancient writing". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-08-21. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sinaitic-inscriptions" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sinaitic-inscriptions</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:8"><p>The Development of the Greek Alphabet within the Chronology of the ANE (2009), Quote: "Naveh gives four major reasons why it is universally agreed that the Greek alphabet was developed from an early Phoenician alphabet.
According to Herodutous "the Phoenicians who came with Cadmus... brought into Hellas the alphabet, which had hitherto been unknown, as I think, to the Greeks."
The Greek Letters, alpha, beta, gimmel have no meaning in Greek but the meaning of most of their Semitic equivalents is known. For example, 'aleph' means 'ox', 'bet' means 'house' and 'gimmel' means 'throw stick'.
Early Greek letters are very similar and sometimes identical to the West Semitic letters.
The letter sequence between the Semitic and Greek alphabets is identical. (Naveh 1982)"
 <a href="http://www.arcalog.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Near-Eastern-Chronology-and-the-development-of-the-Greek-Alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.arcalog.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Near-Eastern-Chronology-and-the-development-of-the-Greek-Alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:9"><p>John F. Healey, The Early Alphabet University of California Press, 1990, ISBN 978-0-520-07309-8, p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:10"><p>Albright 1966. - Albright, W.F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment. Harvard theological studies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-89130-221-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:11"><p>Simons 2011, p. 24. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:12"><p>Coulmas (1989) p. 141. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:13"><p>"Earliest Known Hebrew Text in Proto-Canaanite Script Discovered in Area Where 'David Slew Goliath'". Science Daily. November 3, 2008. <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081103091035.htm" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081103091035.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:14"><p>"Most ancient Hebrew biblical inscription deciphered". University of Haifa. January 10, 2010. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved November 5, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005020653/http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/?p=2043" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111005020653/http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/?p=2043</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:15"><p>Naveh, Joseph (1987), "Proto-Canaanite, Archaic Greek, and the Script of the Aramaic Text on the Tell Fakhariyah Statue", in Miller; et al. (eds.), Ancient Israelite Religion, ISBN 0-8006-0831-3. <a href="0-8006-0831-3" target="_blank">0-8006-0831-3</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:16"><p>Weill, R. (1904). Recueil des inscriptions égyptiennes du Sinaī: bibliographie, texte, traduction et commentaire, précédé de la géographie des établissements égyptiens de la péninsule (in French). Société nouvelle de librairie et d'édition. p. 154. Retrieved 2023-08-08. <a href="https://archive.org/details/Weill_1904/page/n84/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/Weill_1904/page/n84/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:17"><p>Gardiner 1916, p. 1-16. - Gardiner, Alan H. (1916). "The Egyptian Origin of the Semitic Alphabet". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 3 (1). Egypt Exploration Society: 1–16. doi:10.2307/3853586. ISSN 0307-5133. JSTOR 3853586. Retrieved 2023-08-13. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3853586" target="_blank">http://www.jstor.org/stable/3853586</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:18"><p>Simons 2011, p. 24; quote: "The two latest discoveries, those found in the Wadi el-Hol, north of Luxor, in Egypt's western desert, can be dated with rather more certainty than the others and offer compelling evidence that the early date [1850 BC] is the more likely of the two" <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:19"><p>Goldwasser, Orly (Mar–Apr 2010). "How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs". Biblical Archaeology Review. 36 (1). Washington, DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. ISSN 0098-9444. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 6 Nov 2011. <a href="/wiki/Orly_Goldwasser" target="_blank">/wiki/Orly_Goldwasser</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:20"><p>Petrie & Currelly 1906. - Petrie, Flinders; Currelly, Charles Trick (1906). Researches in Sinai. ATLA monograph preservation program. John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7905-2421-4. Retrieved 2023-08-13. <a href="https://archive.org/details/researchesinsina00petruoft/page/130/mode/2up?view=theater" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/researchesinsina00petruoft/page/130/mode/2up?view=theater</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:21"><p>Gardiner 1916, p. 1-16. - Gardiner, Alan H. (1916). "The Egyptian Origin of the Semitic Alphabet". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 3 (1). Egypt Exploration Society: 1–16. doi:10.2307/3853586. ISSN 0307-5133. JSTOR 3853586. Retrieved 2023-08-13. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3853586" target="_blank">http://www.jstor.org/stable/3853586</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:22"><p>Joseph Naveh; Solomon Asher Birnbaum; David Diringer; Zvi Hermann Federbush; Jonathan Shunary; Jacob Maimon (2007), "ALPHABET, HEBREW", Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol. 1 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 689–728, ISBN 978-0-02-865929-9 <a href="978-0-02-865929-9" target="_blank">978-0-02-865929-9</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:23"><p>Albright 1966. - Albright, W.F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment. Harvard theological studies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-89130-221-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:24"><p>John F. Healey, The Early Alphabet University of California Press, 1990, ISBN 978-0-520-07309-8, p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:25"><p>Goldwasser, Orly (Mar–Apr 2010). "How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs". Biblical Archaeology Review. 36 (1). Washington, DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. ISSN 0098-9444. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 6 Nov 2011. <a href="/wiki/Orly_Goldwasser" target="_blank">/wiki/Orly_Goldwasser</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:26"><p>This is in marked contrast to the history of adoption of the Phoenician alphabet in the Iron Age (where ʾālep gave rise to the Greek letter aleph, i.e. the Semitic term for "ox" was left untranslated and adopted as simply the name of the letter). <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:27"><p>Picker, Werner (2007). Origin and development of the Libyco-Berber. Köln: Rüdiger Koppel Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89645-394-5. Retrieved 2022-04-16. <a href="978-3-89645-394-5" target="_blank">978-3-89645-394-5</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:28"><p>Goldwasser, Orly (Mar–Apr 2010). "How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs". Biblical Archaeology Review. 36 (1). Washington, DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. ISSN 0098-9444. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 6 Nov 2011. <a href="/wiki/Orly_Goldwasser" target="_blank">/wiki/Orly_Goldwasser</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:29"><p>"The proto-Sinaitic corpus consists of approximately forty inscriptions and fragments, the vast majority of which were found at Serabit el-Khadim" (Simons 2011:16). <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:30"><p>Wilson-Wright, Aren Max. “Sinai 357: A Northwest Semitic Votive Inscription to Teššob.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 136, no. 2, 2016, pp. 247–63 doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.2.247 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:31"><p>Goldwasser (2010): "The alphabet was invented in this way by Canaanites at Serabit in the Middle Bronze Age, in the middle of the 19th century B.C.E., probably during the reign of Amenemhet III of the XIIth Dynasty." - Goldwasser, Orly (Mar–Apr 2010). "How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs". Biblical Archaeology Review. 36 (1). Washington, DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. ISSN 0098-9444. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 6 Nov 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630075033/http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=02&ArticleID=06" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160630075033/http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=02&ArticleID=06</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:32"><p>Parker, Hope, "The Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions at Serabit El-Khadim in their archaeological context : date and function", Ägypten und Levante/Egypt and the Levant 32, pp. 269-311, 2022 JSTOR 27221505 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:33"><p>"Discovery of Egyptian Inscriptions Indicates an Earlier Date for Origin of the Alphabet". archive.nytimes.com. <a href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/111499sci-alphabet-origin.html" target="_blank">https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/111499sci-alphabet-origin.html</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:34"><p>Baker, Dorie (13 December 1999). "Finding sheds new light on the alphabet's origins". Yale Bulletin and Calendar. <a href="http://archives.news.yale.edu/v28.n16/story4.html" target="_blank">http://archives.news.yale.edu/v28.n16/story4.html</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:35"><p>Goldwasser, Orly (Mar–Apr 2010). "How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs". Biblical Archaeology Review. 36 (1). Washington, DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. ISSN 0098-9444. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 6 Nov 2011. <a href="/wiki/Orly_Goldwasser" target="_blank">/wiki/Orly_Goldwasser</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:36"><p>Goldwasser, Orly (Mar–Apr 2010). "How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs". Biblical Archaeology Review. 36 (1). Washington, DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. ISSN 0098-9444. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 6 Nov 2011. <a href="/wiki/Orly_Goldwasser" target="_blank">/wiki/Orly_Goldwasser</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:37"><p>Colless (2010), p. 91. Note: The 'y' appears in the Colless article p. 95, but not in the Wikimedia Commons trace image inscr1.jpg - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:38"><p>Schwartz, Glenn M. (2021). "Non-cuneiform writing at third-millennium Umm El-Marra, Syria: evidence of an Early Alphabetic tradition?". Pasiphae. XV (15). Fabrizio Serra: 255–266. doi:10.19272/202133301018. <a href="http://www.libraweb.net/articoli3.php?chiave=202133301&rivista=333&articolo=202133301018" target="_blank">http://www.libraweb.net/articoli3.php?chiave=202133301&rivista=333&articolo=202133301018</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:39"><p>Richey, Madadh (2023). "Syria, Mesopotamia, and the Origins of the Alphabet". Maarav. 27 (1–2): 1–38. doi:10.1086/727576. ISSN 0149-5712. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:40"><p>Dalley, Stephanie (2009). Babylonian Tablets from the First Sealand Dynasty in the Schøyen Collection. CDL Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-934309-08-7. <a href="978-1-934309-08-7" target="_blank">978-1-934309-08-7</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:41"><p>Haring, Ben (2015). "Halaḥam on an Ostracon of the Early New Kingdom?". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 74 (2): 189–196. doi:10.1086/682330. ISSN 0022-2968. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:42"><p>Fischer-Elfert, Hans-W.; Krebernik, Manfred (2016). "Zu den Buchstabennamen auf dem Halaḥam-Ostrakon aus TT 99 (Grab des Sennefri)". Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde (in German). 143 (2): 169–176. doi:10.1515/zaes-2016-0011. ISSN 2196-713X. <a href="https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:27-dbt-20221127-171517-008" target="_blank">https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:27-dbt-20221127-171517-008</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:43"><p>Höflmayer, Felix; Misgav, Haggai; Webster, Lyndelle; Streit, Katharina (2021). "Early alphabetic writing in the ancient Near East: the 'missing link' from Tel Lachish". Antiquity. 95 (381): 705–719. doi:10.15184/aqy.2020.157. ISSN 0003-598X. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2020.157" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2020.157</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:44"><p>Wimmer, Stefan Jakob (2010-01-01). "A Proto-Sinaitic Inscription in Timna/Israel: New Evidence on the Emergence of the Alphabet". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. 2 (2). doi:10.2458/azu_jaei_v02i2_wimmer. ISSN 1944-2815. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/40029675" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/40029675</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:45"><p>See also: Simons (2011),

Figure Three: "Chart of all early proto-Canaanite letters with comparison to proto-Sinaitic signs" (p. 39),
Figure Four: "Representative selection of later proto-Canaanite letters with comparison to early proto-Canaanite and proto-Sinaitic signs" (p. 40).

See Also: A comparison of glyphs from western ("Proto-Canaanite", Byblos) and southern scripts along with the reconstructed "Linear Ugaritic" (Lundin 1987) is found in Manfried Dietrich and Oswald Loretz, Die Keilalphabete: die phönizisch-kanaanäischen und altarabischen Alphabete in Ugarit, Ugarit-Verlag, 1988, p. 102, reprinted in Wilfred G. E. Watson, Nicolas Wyatt (eds.), Handbook of Ugaritic Studies (1999), p. 86. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z2Jo01iq1YC&pg=PA86" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z2Jo01iq1YC&pg=PA86</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:46"><p>Cross, F. M. (1980) Newly Found Inscriptions in Old Canaanite and Early Phoenician Scripts. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 238, 1–20. doi:10.2307/1356511 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:47"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:48"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:49"><p>Colless 2010. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:50"><p>Wimmer, Stefan Jakob (2010-01-01). "A Proto-Sinaitic Inscription in Timna/Israel: New Evidence on the Emergence of the Alphabet". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. 2 (2). doi:10.2458/azu_jaei_v02i2_wimmer. ISSN 1944-2815. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/40029675" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/40029675</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:51"><p>Colless 2010. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:52"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:53"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:54"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:55"><p>Albright 1966, fig. 1. - Albright, W.F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment. Harvard theological studies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-89130-221-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:56"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:57"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:58"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:59"><p>Darnell, John Coleman; Lundberg, Marilyn J. "Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi el-Hôl: New Evidence for the Origin of the Alphabet from the Western Desert of Egypt". C. Dobbs-Allsopp, P.K. McCarter, M.J. Lundberg, and B. Zuckerman, Co-authors, with the Assistance of C. Manassa Darnell, in Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 59 (2005): 63-124. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/19066825" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/19066825</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:60"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:61"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:62"><p>Albright 1966, fig. 1. - Albright, W.F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment. Harvard theological studies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-89130-221-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:63"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:64"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:65"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:66"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:67"><p>𓆛's name may be reconstructed as "dagg" (Ugaritic, Hebrew), "nūn" (Aramaic, Akkadian, Phoenician?),  or "samk" (Arabic, Old South Arabian?). However, the development of Proto-Sinaitic in Sinai and Egypt makes it part of the Northwest Semitic Languages, where "dagg" and "nūn" were used.

When both 𓉿 and 𓆛 are found within the same inscription, they are either thought to be the same allophone, or they are thought to be misinterpreted as 𓉗 or Samekh respectively.[citation needed] <a href="/wiki/Samekh" target="_blank">/wiki/Samekh</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:85"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:86"><p>Several sound mergers may have occurred by the time of the Phoenician language, including the merger of /ð/ into /z/, the merger of /x/ into /ħ/, the merger of /ɣ/ into /ʕ/, and the merger of /θ/ into /ʃ/.[citation needed] <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" target="_blank">/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:87"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:88"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:89"><p>Several sound mergers may have occurred by the time of the Phoenician language, including the merger of /ð/ into /z/, the merger of /x/ into /ħ/, the merger of /ɣ/ into /ʕ/, and the merger of /θ/ into /ʃ/.[citation needed] <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" target="_blank">/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:90"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:91"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:92"><p>The Canaanites seem to have replaced the 𓄤 glyph with one resembling a spinning wheel (ṭayt) 𓊖. <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:93"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:94"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:95"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:96"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:97"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:98"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:99"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:100"><p>Albright 1966, fig. 1. - Albright, W.F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment. Harvard theological studies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-89130-221-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:101"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:102"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:103"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:104"><p>Albright 1966, fig. 1. - Albright, W.F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment. Harvard theological studies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-89130-221-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:105"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:106"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:107"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:108"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:109"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:110"><p>Albright 1966, fig. 1. - Albright, W.F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment. Harvard theological studies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-89130-221-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:111"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:112"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:113"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:114"><p>Albright 1966, fig. 1. - Albright, W.F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment. Harvard theological studies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-89130-221-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:115"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:116"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:117"><p>Albright 1966, fig. 1. - Albright, W.F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment. Harvard theological studies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-89130-221-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:118"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:119"><p>Several sound mergers may have occurred by the time of the Phoenician language, including the merger of /ð/ into /z/, the merger of /x/ into /ħ/, the merger of /ɣ/ into /ʕ/, and the merger of /θ/ into /ʃ/.[citation needed] <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" target="_blank">/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:120"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:121"><p>Albright 1966, fig. 1. - Albright, W.F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment. Harvard theological studies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-89130-221-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:122"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:123"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:124"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:125"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:126"><p>Darnell, John Coleman; Lundberg, Marilyn J. "Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi el-Hôl: New Evidence for the Origin of the Alphabet from the Western Desert of Egypt". C. Dobbs-Allsopp, P.K. McCarter, M.J. Lundberg, and B. Zuckerman, Co-authors, with the Assistance of C. Manassa Darnell, in Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 59 (2005): 63-124. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/19066825" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/19066825</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:127"><p>Albright 1966, fig. 1. - Albright, W.F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment. Harvard theological studies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-89130-221-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:128"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:129"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:130"><p>Albright 1966, p. 21, fig. 5. - Albright, W.F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment. Harvard theological studies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-89130-221-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:131"><p>Albright 1966, fig. 1. - Albright, W.F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment. Harvard theological studies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-89130-221-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:132"><p>Albright 1966, fig. 1. - Albright, W.F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment. Harvard theological studies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-89130-221-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:133"><p>Pandey, Anshuman (30 July 2019). "Revisiting the Encoding of Proto Sinaitic in Unicode" (PDF). Unicode.org. <a href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19299-revisiting-proto-sinaitic.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19299-revisiting-proto-sinaitic.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:134"><p>Albright 1966, fig. 1. - Albright, W.F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment. Harvard theological studies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-89130-221-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:135"><p>Pandey, Anshuman (30 July 2019). "Revisiting the Encoding of Proto Sinaitic in Unicode" (PDF). Unicode.org. <a href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19299-revisiting-proto-sinaitic.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19299-revisiting-proto-sinaitic.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:136"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:137"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:138"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:139"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:140"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:141"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:142"><p>Albright 1966, fig. 1. - Albright, W.F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment. Harvard theological studies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-89130-221-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:143"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:144"><p>Colless 2010, p. 94, fig. 2. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:145"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:146"><p>Darnell, John Coleman; Lundberg, Marilyn J. "Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi el-Hôl: New Evidence for the Origin of the Alphabet from the Western Desert of Egypt". C. Dobbs-Allsopp, P.K. McCarter, M.J. Lundberg, and B. Zuckerman, Co-authors, with the Assistance of C. Manassa Darnell, in Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 59 (2005): 63-124. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/19066825" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/19066825</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:147"><p>Several sound mergers may have occurred by the time of the Phoenician language, including the merger of /ð/ into /z/, the merger of /x/ into /ħ/, the merger of /ɣ/ into /ʕ/, and the merger of /θ/ into /ʃ/.[citation needed] <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" target="_blank">/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:148"><p>Colless 2010, p. 90. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:149"><p>Wimmer, Stefan Jakob (2010-01-01). "A Proto-Sinaitic Inscription in Timna/Israel: New Evidence on the Emergence of the Alphabet". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. 2 (2). doi:10.2458/azu_jaei_v02i2_wimmer. ISSN 1944-2815. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/40029675" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/40029675</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:150"><p>Wilson-Wright, Aren Max (2016). "Sinai 357: A Northwest Semitic Votive Inscription to Teššob". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 136 (2): 247–263. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.2.247. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.2.247. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.2.247" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.2.247</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:151"><p>Colless 2010, p. 90. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:152"><p>Several sound mergers may have occurred by the time of the Phoenician language, including the merger of /ð/ into /z/, the merger of /x/ into /ħ/, the merger of /ɣ/ into /ʕ/, and the merger of /θ/ into /ʃ/.[citation needed] <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" target="_blank">/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:153"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:154"><p>Wilson-Wright, Aren Max (2016). "Sinai 357: A Northwest Semitic Votive Inscription to Teššob". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 136 (2): 247–263. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.2.247. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.2.247. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.2.247" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.2.247</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:155"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:156"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:157"><p>There is no hieroglyph for Waw/hook, and there are no strong graphical matches for hieroglyphs: Ziqq/fetter (𓍿), Taw/mark (𓏴), and Ṯad/breasts (𓂑𓂑). Colless suggests these letters may have derived independently outside Egypt.[53] Others have interpreted Ziqq, Waw, and Ṯad as coming from reinterpreted hieroglyphs, a copper ingot (𓈔),[42] a mace (𓌉),[11] and Aa32 (𓐮),[43] respectively. <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:158"><p>Simons 2011, p. 38, fig. 2. - Simons, Frank (2011). "Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet" (PDF). Rosetta. 9: 16–40. <a href="http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:159"><p>Colless 2010, p. 96, fig. 5. - Colless, Brian E (2010). "Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah" (PDF). Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75–96. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32621526.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:160"><p>Albright 1966, fig. 1. - Albright, W.F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment. Harvard theological studies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-89130-221-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:161"><p>There is no hieroglyph for Waw/hook, and there are no strong graphical matches for hieroglyphs: Ziqq/fetter (𓍿), Taw/mark (𓏴), and Ṯad/breasts (𓂑𓂑). Colless suggests these letters may have derived independently outside Egypt.[53] Others have interpreted Ziqq, Waw, and Ṯad as coming from reinterpreted hieroglyphs, a copper ingot (𓈔),[42] a mace (𓌉),[11] and Aa32 (𓐮),[43] respectively. <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Proto-Sinaitic script open-in-new

Proto-Sinaitic script