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Commelinids
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>Members of the commelinid clade have <a href="/facts/Cell_wall/DYXJVrnw">cell walls</a> containing <a href="/facts/UV/kncBUqn5">UV</a>-<a href="/facts/Fluorescence/qsJVT2qP">fluorescent</a> <a href="/facts/Ferulic_acid/zkuT33jj">ferulic acid</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="taxonomy-and-phylogeny">Taxonomy and Phylogeny</h2> <p>The commelinids constitute a well-supported clade within the monocots,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> and this clade has been recognized in all four APG classification systems. It consists of four orders: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Arecales/YdwvX2Gk">Arecales</a> (palms)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Commelinales/jAVDBI0N">Commelinales</a> (spiderwort, water hyacinth)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Poales/hBRDsaPS">Poales</a> (grasses, rushes, bromeliads)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zingiberales/6H16YM65">Zingiberales</a> (gingers, banana)</li></ul> <table><tbody><tr><td>Phylogenetic tree showing position of the commelinids within the monocots<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Monocots/mXCuuCYo">monocots</a> 131</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Acorales/TPJ0k5ut">Acorales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Alismatales/pUXrplRf">Alismatales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td>122</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Petrosaviales/VnHdeWrh">Petrosaviales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td>120</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Dioscoreales/RhBsHETg">Dioscoreales</a> 115</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Pandanales/WJNSB3E1">Pandanales</a> 91</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Liliales/GRW8rjkz">Liliales</a> 121</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td>121</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Asparagales/dnfLtq6M">Asparagales</a> 120</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td>commelinids 118</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Arecales/YdwvX2Gk">Arecales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Poales/hBRDsaPS">Poales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Commelinales/jAVDBI0N">Commelinales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Zingiberales/6H16YM65">Zingiberales</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><a href="/facts/Lilioid_monocots/YrVsSgrg">Lilioid monocots</a>Alismatid monocots</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of <a href="/facts/APG_IV/YRp3zPNp">APG IV</a> (2016) the family <a href="/facts/Dasypogonaceae/9KFsbVgt">Dasypogonaceae</a> is no longer directly placed under commelinids but instead a family of order <a href="/facts/Arecales/YdwvX2Gk">Arecales</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="historical-taxonomy">Historical Taxonomy</h2> <p>The commelinids were first recognized as a formal group in 1967 by <a href="/facts/Armen_Takhtajan/FWqwv9fn">Armen Takhtajan</a>, who named them the Commelinidae and assigned them to a subclass of <a href="/facts/Liliopsida/1QfLWr8m">Liliopsida</a> (monocots).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The name was also used in the 1981 <a href="/facts/Cronquist_system/XHFWQ4dQ">Cronquist system</a>. However, by the release of his 1980 system of classification, Takhtajan had merged this subclass into a larger one, and no longer considered it to be a clade. </p> <h3>Takhtajan system</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Takhtajan_system/vBNjI9LG">Takhtajan system</a> treated this as one of six subclasses within the class <a href="/facts/Liliopsida/1QfLWr8m">Liliopsida</a> (=<a href="/facts/Monocotyledon/mXCuuCYo">monocotyledons</a>). It consisted of the following: </p><p> subclass Commelinidae superorder <a href="/facts/Bromelianae/xPQ7oPJP">Bromelianae</a> order <a href="/facts/Bromeliales/xPQ7oPJP">Bromeliales</a> order Velloziales superorder Pontederianae order Philydrales order Pontederiales order <a href="/facts/Haemodorales/jAVDBI0N">Haemodorales</a> superorder <a href="/facts/Zingiberanae/6H16YM65">Zingiberanae</a> order Musales order Lowiales order <a href="/facts/Zingiberales/6H16YM65">Zingiberales</a> order <a href="/facts/Cannales/6H16YM65">Cannales</a> superorder <a href="/facts/Commelinanae/jAVDBI0N">Commelinanae</a> order <a href="/facts/Commelinales/jAVDBI0N">Commelinales</a> order Mayacales order <a href="/facts/Xyridales/hBRDsaPS">Xyridales</a> order Rapateales order <a href="/facts/Eriocaulales/hBRDsaPS">Eriocaulales</a> superorder Hydatellanae order <a href="/facts/Hydatellales/sfaS5Gdq">Hydatellales</a> superorder <a href="/facts/Juncanae/sUvKSmCG">Juncanae</a> order <a href="/facts/Juncales/lDK1oudK">Juncales</a> order <a href="/facts/Cyperales/hBRDsaPS">Cyperales</a> superorder Poanae order Flagellariales order <a href="/facts/Restionales/AYHqCJHc">Restionales</a> order Centrolepidales order <a href="/facts/Poales/hBRDsaPS">Poales</a> </p> <h3>Cronquist system</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Cronquist_system/XHFWQ4dQ">Cronquist system</a> treated this as one of four subclasses within the class Liliopsida. It consisted of the following: </p><p> subclass Commelinidae order <a href="/facts/Commelinales/jAVDBI0N">Commelinales</a> order <a href="/facts/Eriocaulales/hBRDsaPS">Eriocaulales</a> order <a href="/facts/Restionales/AYHqCJHc">Restionales</a> order <a href="/facts/Juncales/lDK1oudK">Juncales</a> order <a href="/facts/Cyperales/hBRDsaPS">Cyperales</a> order <a href="/facts/Hydatellales/sfaS5Gdq">Hydatellales</a> order <a href="/facts/Typhales/M5Faqucr">Typhales</a> </p> <h3>APG system</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/APG_II_system/hxewkKQy">APG II system</a> does not use formal botanical names above the <a href="/facts/Rank_(botany)/bPFQpe9A">rank</a> of order; most of the members were assigned to the clade commelinids in the monocots (its predecessor, the <a href="/facts/APG_system/8fLMu2zs">APG system</a> used the clade commelinoids).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_commelinid_families/MlPW9EKf">List of commelinid families</a></li></ul> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group/HPTcwEPr">APG IV</a> (2016). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12385">"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society/A18kPthX">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>. 181 (1): 1–20. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12385">10.1111/boj.12385</a>.</li> <li>Barrett, Craig F.; Baker, William J.; Comer, Jason R.; Conran, John G.; Lahmeyer, Sean C.; Leebens-Mack, James H.; Li, Jeff; Lim, Gwynne S.; Mayfield-Jones, Dustin R.; Perez, Leticia; Medina, Jesus; Pires, J. Chris; Santos, Cristian; Wm. Stevenson, Dennis; Zomlefer, Wendy B.; Davis, Jerrold I. (January 2016). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.13617">"Plastid genomes reveal support for deep phylogenetic relationships and extensive rate variation among palms and other commelinid monocots"</a>. <i>New Phytologist</i>. 209 (2): 855–870. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NewPh.209..855B">2016NewPh.209..855B</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.13617">10.1111/nph.13617</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26350789">26350789</a>.</li> <li>Dahlgren, R. M. T.; Clifford, H. T.; Yeo, P. F. (1985). <i>The Families of the Monocotyledons: Structure, Evolution, and Taxonomy</i>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-540-13655-2.</li> <li>Harris, P.J.; Hartley, R.D. (1976). "Detection of bound ferulic acid in cell walls of the Gramineae by ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy". <i><a href="/facts/Nature_(journal)/XmlJXkFx">Nature</a></i>. 259 (5543): 508–510. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Natur.259..508H">1976Natur.259..508H</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F259508a0">10.1038/259508a0</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4272319">4272319</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li> Data related to Commelinids at Wikispecies</li> <li> Media related to Commelinids at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>APG (1998). "An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 85 (4): 531–553. Bibcode:1998AnMBG..85..531.. doi:10.2307/2992015. JSTOR 2992015. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/2234" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/2234</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>APG II (2003). "An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 141 (4): 399–436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x. <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" target="_blank">/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Harris & Hartley 1976. - Harris, P.J.; Hartley, R.D. (1976). "Detection of bound ferulic acid in cell walls of the Gramineae by ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy". Nature. 259 (5543): 508–510. Bibcode:1976Natur.259..508H. doi:10.1038/259508a0. S2CID 4272319. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Natur.259..508H" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Natur.259..508H</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Dahlgren, R. M. T.; Rassmussen, F. (1983). "Monocotyledon evolution. Characters and phylogenetic estimation". Evolutionary Biology. Vol. 16. pp. 255–395. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6971-8_7. ISBN 978-1-4615-6973-2. <a href="978-1-4615-6973-2" target="_blank">978-1-4615-6973-2</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Harris & Hartley 1976. - Harris, P.J.; Hartley, R.D. (1976). "Detection of bound ferulic acid in cell walls of the Gramineae by ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy". Nature. 259 (5543): 508–510. Bibcode:1976Natur.259..508H. doi:10.1038/259508a0. S2CID 4272319. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Natur.259..508H" target="_blank">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Natur.259..508H</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Dahlgren, R. M. T.; Rassmussen, F. (1983). "Monocotyledon evolution. Characters and phylogenetic estimation". Evolutionary Biology. Vol. 16. pp. 255–395. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6971-8_7. ISBN 978-1-4615-6973-2. <a href="978-1-4615-6973-2" target="_blank">978-1-4615-6973-2</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Cantino, Philip D.; James A. Doyle; Sean W. Graham; Walter S. Judd; Richard G. Olmstead; Douglas E. Soltis; Pamela S. Soltis; Michael J. Donoghue (2007). "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta". Taxon. 56 (3): E1 – E44. doi:10.2307/25065865. JSTOR 25065865. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Soltis" target="_blank">/wiki/Douglas_E._Soltis</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>APG IV 2016. - APG IV (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12385" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12385</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>APG IV 2016. - APG IV (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12385" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12385</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Takhtajan, A. (1967). Система и филогения цветковых растений (Systema et Phylogenia Magnoliophytorum). Moscow: Nauka. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ the official APG website <a href="http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/" target="_blank">http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 141 (4): 399–436. 2003. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>