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A-class torpedo boat
open-in-new
<h2 id="a-i-type-a1-a25">A-I type (<i>A1</i> – <i>A25</i>)</h2> <p>All 25 were ordered in 1914, and were designed and built by <a href="/facts/AG_Vulcan_Stettin/JF2Jg8Cl">A.G. 'Vulcan'</a>, at their <a href="/facts/Hamburg/kmAAsYtT">Hamburg</a> yard. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Yard No.</th><th>Launched</th><th>Commissioned</th><th>Fate</th></tr><tr><td><i>A1</i></td><td>20</td><td>16 January 1915</td><td>29 January 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A2</i></td><td>21</td><td>17 March 1915</td><td>23 March 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A3</i></td><td>22</td><td>24 June 1915</td><td>13 July 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A4</i></td><td>23</td><td>26 June 1915</td><td>30 June 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A5</i></td><td>24</td><td>5 May 1915</td><td>10 May 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A6</i></td><td>25</td><td>3 April 1915</td><td>8 April 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A7</i></td><td>26</td><td>2 February 1915</td><td>19 April 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A8</i></td><td>27</td><td>25 April 1915</td><td>21 May 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A9</i></td><td>28</td><td>4 August 1915</td><td>6 August 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A10</i></td><td>29</td><td>16 August 1915</td><td>23 August 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A11</i></td><td>30</td><td>4 June 1915</td><td>7 June 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A12</i></td><td>31</td><td>28 April 1915</td><td>2 May 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A13</i></td><td>32</td><td>15 May 1915</td><td>21 May 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A14</i></td><td>33</td><td>22 July 1915</td><td>27 July 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A15</i></td><td>34</td><td>10 July 1915</td><td>15 July 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A16</i></td><td>35</td><td>16 June 1915</td><td>19 June 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A17</i></td><td>36</td><td>8 June 1915</td><td>6 July 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A18</i></td><td>37</td><td>2 July 1915</td><td>20 July 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A19</i></td><td>38</td><td>9 September 1915</td><td>15 October 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A20</i></td><td>39</td><td>27 August 1915</td><td>1 September 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A21</i></td><td>40</td><td>1 June 1915</td><td>29 June 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A22</i></td><td>41</td><td>22 May 1915</td><td>8 June 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A23</i></td><td>42</td><td>5 May 1915</td><td>29 May 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A24</i></td><td>43</td><td>12 June 1915</td><td>6 August 1915</td></tr><tr><td><i>A25</i></td><td>44</td><td>13 July 1915</td><td>27 July 1915</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><i>A2</i> and <i>A6</i> were sunk by British destroyers on 1 May 1915 during the <a href="/facts/Battle_off_Noordhinder_Bank/Lp0n3DpI">Battle off Noordhinder Bank</a>.</li> <li><i>A3</i> was sunk on 7 November 1915 en route from Kiel to Danzig.</li> <li><i>A15</i> was sunk by French destroyers on 23 August 1915.</li> <li><i>A13</i> was bombed in dock at Ostend on 16 August 1917.</li> <li><i>A10</i> was sunk by mines off Flanders on 7 February 1918.</li> <li><i>A7</i> and <i>A19</i> were sunk by British and French destroyers off the Flanders coast on 21 March 1918.</li> <li><i>A1</i>, <i>A18</i> and <i>A21</i>–<i>A25</i> surrendered and were stricken between 1921 and 1922.</li> <li><i>A11</i> and <i>A17</i> were sunk during the <a href="/facts/Kapp_Putsch/nr7BayGy">Kapp Putsch</a> in 1920.</li> <li><i>A4</i>, <i>A12</i> and <i>A14</i> were abandoned in <a href="/facts/Antwerp/v3Rwa1Mu">Antwerp</a> after the German evacuation at the end of the <a href="/facts/First_World_War/vITTUanQ">First World War</a>. Taken over by Belgium. Remained operational until 1927.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> <li><i>A5</i>, <i>A8</i>, <i>A9</i>, <i>A16</i> and <i>A20</i> were interned in <a href="/facts/The_Netherlands/y8xn5stT">the Netherlands</a> at the end of the war, and handed over to Belgium as reparations in 1919. Decommissioned in 1927 and most scrapped. <i>A20</i> remained in use as training vessel and captured by Germans in 1940.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Scrapped 1948.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="a-ii-type-a26-a55">A-II type (<i>A26</i> – <i>A55</i>)</h2> <p>All 30 were ordered in two batches - 24 vessels in 1915, and 6 added later. All were designed and built by <a href="/facts/Schichau-Werke/3rvtF93p">F. Schichau Werke</a>, at their <a href="/facts/Elbing/Qfv06nSU">Elbing</a> yard. The second batch were 2 tonnes heavier, and had a breadth of 5.82 metres (18ft 5.25in). </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Yard No.</th><th>Launched</th><th>Commissioned</th><th>Fate</th></tr><tr><td><i>A26</i></td><td>959</td><td>20 May 1916</td><td>22 July 1916</td></tr><tr><td><i>A27</i></td><td>960</td><td>27 May 1916</td><td>12 August 1916</td><td>Surrendered on 20 August 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A28</i></td><td>961</td><td>10 June 1916</td><td>26 August 1916</td><td>Surrendered on 20 August 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A29</i></td><td>962</td><td>15 June 1916</td><td>9 September 1916</td><td>Surrendered on 20 August 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A30</i></td><td>963</td><td>15 July 1916</td><td>28 September 1916</td></tr><tr><td><i>A31</i></td><td>964</td><td>1 July 1916</td><td>30 September 1916</td><td>Surrendered on 20 August 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A32</i></td><td>965</td><td>15 July 1916</td><td>14 October 1916</td></tr><tr><td><i>A33</i></td><td>966</td><td>29 July 1916</td><td>30 October 1916</td><td>Surrendered on 15 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A34</i></td><td>967</td><td>20 July 1916</td><td>8 November 1916</td><td>Surrendered on 15 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A35</i></td><td>968</td><td>19 August 1916</td><td>1 December 1916</td><td>Surrendered on 20 August 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A36</i></td><td>969</td><td>14 August 1916</td><td>27 November 1916</td><td>Surrendered on 20 August 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A37</i></td><td>970</td><td>12 August 1916</td><td>24 November 1916</td><td>Surrendered on 15 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A38</i></td><td>971</td><td>17 October 1916</td><td>14 March 1917</td><td>Surrendered on 15 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A39</i></td><td>972</td><td>12 September 1916</td><td>16 December 1916</td><td>Surrendered on 20 August 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A40</i></td><td>973</td><td>2 September 1916</td><td>8 December 1916</td></tr><tr><td><i>A41</i></td><td>974</td><td>8 December 1916</td><td>16 March 1917</td><td>Surrendered on 20 August 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A42</i></td><td>975</td><td>1 November 1916</td><td>5 January 1917</td></tr><tr><td><i>A43</i></td><td>976</td><td>25 December 1916</td><td>2 April 2017</td></tr><tr><td><i>A44</i></td><td>977</td><td>10 March 1917</td><td>30 April 1917</td><td>Surrendered on 15 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A45</i></td><td>978</td><td>8 November 1916</td><td>15 June 1917</td><td>Surrendered on 3 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A46</i></td><td>979</td><td>24 March 1917</td><td>22 May 1917</td></tr><tr><td><i>A47</i></td><td>980</td><td>23 April 2017</td><td>22 June 1917</td></tr><tr><td><i>A48</i></td><td>981</td><td>9 June 1917</td><td>31 July 1917</td></tr><tr><td><i>A49</i></td><td>982</td><td>19 May 1917</td><td>20 August 1917</td></tr><tr><td><i>A50</i></td><td>988</td><td>8 July 1917</td><td>20 August 1917</td></tr><tr><td><i>A51</i></td><td>989</td><td>16 May 1917</td><td>26 July 1917</td><td>Scuttled at <a href="/facts/Fiume/6WS5rse2">Fiume</a> on 29 October 1918.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A52</i></td><td>990</td><td>18 January 1917</td><td>1 April 1917</td></tr><tr><td><i>A53</i></td><td>991</td><td>3 February 1917</td><td>7 April 1917</td></tr><tr><td><i>A54</i></td><td>992</td><td>22 February 1917</td><td>14 April 1917</td></tr><tr><td><i>A55</i></td><td>993</td><td>10 March 1917</td><td>27 April 1917</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><i>A26</i>–<i>A29</i>, <i>A31</i>, <i>A33</i>–<i>A39</i>, <i>A41</i>, <i>A44</i>–<i>A46</i>, <i>A48</i>, <i>A49</i>, and <i>A52</i>–<i>A55</i> were surrendered and stricken between 1920 and 1921.</li> <li><i>A30</i>, <i>A40</i>, <i>A42</i> and <i>A47</i> interned in the Netherlands at end of the war and allocated to Belgium in 1919 under Versailles Treaty. Discarded in 1927.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li><i>A32</i> was sunk during the "<a href="/facts/Operation_Albion/YpD96z9P">Operation Albion</a>" on 25 October 1917, raised and repaired in 1923, and served as <i>Sulev</i> in the <a href="/facts/Estonian_Navy/x2r3rxq7">Estonian Navy</a>. Taken by Russia in October 1940, it was renamed <i>Аметист</i> ("Amethyst") and served in the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Navy/t2buEMEK">Soviet Navy</a> as a patrol vessel, then reduced to a tender in 1942 until scrapped in 1950.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li><i>A43</i> was scrapped in 1943.</li> <li><i>A50</i> was mined in the North Sea on 17 November 1917.</li> <li><i>A51</i> was scuttled at <a href="/facts/Fiume/6WS5rse2">Fiume</a> on 29 October 1918.</li></ul> <h2 id="a-iii-type---a-g-vulcan-design-a56-a67-a80-a91-and-a96-a113">A-III type - A. G. Vulcan design (<i>A56</i> – <i>A67</i>, <i>A80</i> – <i>A91</i>, and <i>A96</i> – <i>A113</i>)</h2> <p>These 42 vessels were ordered in three batches - <i>A56</i> to <i>A67</i> in 1916, <i>A80</i> to <i>A91</i> in 1917, and <i>A96</i> – <i>A113</i> in 1918. Designed by A. G. Vulcan, who built all of them except for <i>A83</i>, <i>A84</i> and <i>A85</i>, which were built by <a href="/facts/Howaldtswerke/J7F0JYxL">Howaldtswerke</a> at <a href="/facts/Kiel/77oB2pHt">Kiel</a>, while the hulls of <i>A64</i> to <i>A67</i> were subcontracted to <a href="/facts/Seebeckwerft/8W4xbWUM">Seebeckwerft</a>. None of the 1918 batch of 18 vessels were ever completed, and they were all stricken on 3 November 1918, some being up to 35% complete (these were broken up on the stocks) but none being launched. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Yard No.</th><th>Launched</th><th>Commissioned</th><th>Fate</th></tr><tr><td><i>A56</i></td><td>476</td><td>28 February 1917</td><td>14 April 1917</td><td>Sunk by mine on 12 March 1918.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A57</i></td><td>477</td><td>28 February 1917</td><td>28 April 1917</td><td>Sunk by mine on 1 March 1918.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A58</i></td><td>478</td><td>31 March 1917</td><td>19 May 1917</td><td>Sunk by mine on 16 August 1918.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A59</i></td><td>479</td><td>13 April 1917</td><td>9 June 1917</td><td>Surrendered on 30 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A60</i></td><td>480</td><td>15 May 1917</td><td>23 June 1917</td><td>Sunk by mine on 23 June 1917.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A61</i></td><td>481</td><td>15 May 1917</td><td>11 July 1917</td><td>Surrendered on 15 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A62</i></td><td>482</td><td>8 June 1917</td><td>25 July 1917</td><td>Surrendered on 15 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A63</i></td><td>483</td><td>16 June 1917</td><td>11 August 1917</td><td>Surrendered on 30 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A64</i></td><td>484</td><td>30 March 1918</td><td>8 August 1918</td><td>Surrendered on 15 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A65</i></td><td>485</td><td>30 March 1918</td><td>24 August 1918</td><td>Surrendered on 3 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A66</i></td><td>486</td><td>23 June 1918</td><td>20 September 1918</td><td>Surrendered on 30 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A67</i></td><td>487</td><td>23 June 1918</td><td>not completed</td><td>Stricken (incompleted) on 3 November 1919.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A80</i></td><td>514</td><td>24 October 1917</td><td>21 December 1917</td><td>Surrendered on 30 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A81</i></td><td>515</td><td>27 November 1917</td><td>10 January 1918</td><td>Surrendered on 30 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A82</i></td><td>516</td><td>27 March 1918</td><td>1 June 1918</td><td>Scuttlked at Fiume on 29 October 1918.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A83</i></td><td>614</td><td>18 May 1918</td><td>28 May 1918</td><td>Stricken (incompleted) on 3 November 1919.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A84</i></td><td>615</td><td>18 May 1918</td><td>19 April 1918</td><td>Stricken (incompleted) on 3 November 1919</td></tr><tr><td><i>A85</i></td><td>616</td><td>18 May 1918</td><td>6 June 1918</td><td>Stricken (incompleted) on 3 November 1919</td></tr><tr><td><i>A86</i></td><td>535</td><td>5 February 1918</td><td>16 March 1918</td><td>Surrendered on 30 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A87</i></td><td>536</td><td>21 February 1918</td><td>8 April 1918</td><td>Surrendered on 15 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A88</i></td><td>537</td><td>2 March 1918</td><td>27 April 1918</td><td>Surrendered on 30 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A89</i></td><td>538</td><td>22 March 1918</td><td>14 May 1918</td><td>Surrendered on 30 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A90</i></td><td>539</td><td>6 April 1918</td><td>6 June 1918</td><td>Surrendered on 30 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A91</i></td><td>540</td><td>27 April 1918</td><td>22 June 1918</td><td>Surrendered on 30 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A96</i>- <i>A113</i></td><td>575- 592</td><td>none launched</td><td></td><td>Stricken on3 November 1918</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><i>A56</i>–<i>A58</i> were mined in 1918.</li> <li><i>A59</i>, <i>A60</i> and <i>A61</i> caused severe damage to <a href="/facts/HMS_Terror_(I03)/TwfPdxQp">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> on 19 October 1917.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li><i>A59</i> was transferred to Poland in 1921, becoming ORP Ślązak. Became target ship in 1937 and captured by Germans in 1939. Sunk under tow.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li><i>A60</i> was mined in 1917.</li> <li><i>A61</i> and <i>A62</i> were transferred to Britain in 1920, scrapped in 1923.</li> <li><i>A63</i> and <i>A66</i> were given to France in 1920, scrapped in 1923.</li> <li><i>A64</i> was transferred to Poland 1921 becoming ORP Krakowiak. Stricken in October 1936 and scrapped.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li><i>A65</i> was given to Brazil, and scuttled in Britain.</li> <li><i>A67</i> was scrapped incomplete in 1921.</li> <li><i>A80</i> was transferred to Poland in 1921 as ORP Góral. Renamed <i>Podhalanin</i> in 1922. Converted to oil hulk in 1939. Sunk by German bombers while under tow on 24 September 1939.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li><i>A81</i>, <i>A86</i>–<i>A91</i> were stricken in 1920.</li> <li><i>A82</i> was scuttled at <a href="/facts/Fiume/6WS5rse2">Fiume</a> in 1918.</li> <li><i>A83</i>, <i>A84</i> and <i>A85</i> were scrapped incomplete, 1919.</li></ul> <h2 id="a-iii-type---schichau-1916-design-a68-a79">A-III type - Schichau 1916 design (<i>A68</i> – <i>A79</i>)</h2> <p>These twelve vessels were ordered in 1916, and were designed and built by F. Schichau at Elbing. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Yard No.</th><th>Launched</th><th>Commissioned</th><th>Fate</th></tr><tr><td><i>A68</i></td><td>994</td><td>11 April 1917</td><td>13 June 1917</td><td>Surrendered on 3 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A69</i></td><td>995</td><td>28 April 1917</td><td>4 July 1917</td><td>Surrendered on 3 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A70</i></td><td>996</td><td>19 May 1917</td><td>23 July 1917</td><td>Surrendered on 30 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A71</i></td><td>997</td><td>9 June 1917</td><td>13 August 1917</td><td>Sunk by mine on 4 May 1918.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A72</i></td><td>998</td><td>30 June 1917</td><td>1 September 1917</td><td>Sunk by mine on 14 May 1918.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A73</i></td><td>999</td><td>7 July 1917</td><td>21 September 1917</td><td>Sunk by mine on 20 January 1918.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A74</i></td><td>1000</td><td>4 August 1917</td><td>9 October 1917</td><td>Surrendered on 3 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A75</i></td><td>1001</td><td>11 August 1917</td><td>26 October 1917</td><td>Surrendered on 30 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A76</i></td><td>1002</td><td>1 September 1917</td><td>12 November 1917</td><td>Surrendered on 30 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A77</i></td><td>1003</td><td>22 September 1917</td><td>27 November 1917</td><td>Sunk by mine on 20 January 1918.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A78</i></td><td>1004</td><td>13 October 1917</td><td>15 December 1917</td><td>Surrendered on 3 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A79</i></td><td>1005</td><td>8 November 1917</td><td>12 January 1918</td><td>Sunk by mine on 10 July 1918.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><i>A68</i> was transferred to Poland in 1921, becoming <a href="/facts/ORP_Kujawiak_(1921)/oYdYxWP3">ORP <i>Kujawiak</i></a>. Converted to oil hulk 1939. Sunk by German bombers 3 September 1939 off Danzig.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li><i>A68</i>, <i>A69</i>, <i>A70</i>, <i>A74</i>, <i>A75</i>, <i>A76</i>, and <i>A78</i> all surrendered in September 1920 (and so were stricken) and were scrapped in 1922/23.</li> <li><i>A71</i>, <i>A72</i>, <i>A73</i>, <i>A77</i> and <i>A79</i> were all sunk by mines in the North Sea during 1918.</li></ul> <h2 id="a-iii-type---schichau-1917-design-a92-a95">A-III type - Schichau 1917 design (<i>A92</i> – <i>A95</i>)</h2> <p>These last four vessels were designed and built by <a href="/facts/Schichau-Werke/3rvtF93p">F. Schichau Werke</a>, at their <a href="/facts/Elbing/Qfv06nSU">Elbing</a> yard, with a slight variation in their dimensions from the 1916 design. The first two served in a minesweeper flotilla and the last two in an escort flotilla prior to the surrender. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Yard No.</th><th>Launched</th><th>Commissioned</th><th>Fate</th></tr><tr><td><i>A92</i></td><td>1019</td><td>16 March 1918</td><td>24 May 1918</td><td>Surrendered on 15 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A93</i></td><td>1020</td><td>9 April 1918</td><td>18 June 1918</td><td>Surrendered on 30 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A94</i></td><td>1021</td><td>27 April 1918</td><td>19 July 1918</td><td>Surrendered on 30 September 1920.</td></tr><tr><td><i>A95</i></td><td>1022</td><td>25 May 1918</td><td>19 August 1918</td><td>Surrendered on 30 September 1920.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>All four vessels were scrapped at Bo'ness in 1923 (<i>A93</i> in 1922).</li></ul> <h2 id="citations">Citations</h2> <ul><li>Dodson, Aidan (2019). "Beyond the Kaiser: The IGN's Destroyers and Torpedo Boats After 1918". In Jordan, John (ed.). <i>Warship 2019</i>. Oxford, UK: Osprey. pp. 129–144. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4728-3595-6.</li> <li>Gröner, Erich (1983). <i>Torpedoboote, Zerstörer, Schnellboote, Minensuchboote, Minenräumboote</i>. Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815–1945. Vol. II. Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-7637-4801-6.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Dodson 2019, p. 136. - Dodson, Aidan (2019). "Beyond the Kaiser: The IGN's Destroyers and Torpedo Boats After 1918". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2019. Oxford, UK: Osprey. pp. 129–144. ISBN 978-1-4728-3595-6. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Dodson 2019, p. 136. - Dodson, Aidan (2019). "Beyond the Kaiser: The IGN's Destroyers and Torpedo Boats After 1918". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2019. Oxford, UK: Osprey. pp. 129–144. ISBN 978-1-4728-3595-6. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Gröner 1983, p. 36. - Gröner, Erich (1983). Torpedoboote, Zerstörer, Schnellboote, Minensuchboote, Minenräumboote. Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815–1945. Vol. II. Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. ISBN 3-7637-4801-6. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Dodson 2019, p. 136. - Dodson, Aidan (2019). "Beyond the Kaiser: The IGN's Destroyers and Torpedo Boats After 1918". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2019. Oxford, UK: Osprey. pp. 129–144. ISBN 978-1-4728-3595-6. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Sulev". hot.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 2010-09-14. Retrieved 2 March 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100914204853/http://www.hot.ee/skycat/Sulev.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100914204853/http://www.hot.ee/skycat/Sulev.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Архив фотографий кораблей русского и советского ВМФ [Photo Archive of the Russian and Soviet Navy]. navsource.narod.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2 March 2010. <a href="Архив фотографий кораблей русского и советского ВМФ" target="_blank">Архив фотографий кораблей русского и советского ВМФ</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Buxton, Ian (2008) [First published 1978]. Big gun monitors : design, construction and operations 1914-1945 (2nd Revised ed.). Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword. c. 8.4 para. 7. ISBN 978-1-84415-719-8. <a href="978-1-84415-719-8" target="_blank">978-1-84415-719-8</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Dodson 2019, pp. 134, 142–143. - Dodson, Aidan (2019). "Beyond the Kaiser: The IGN's Destroyers and Torpedo Boats After 1918". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2019. Oxford, UK: Osprey. pp. 129–144. ISBN 978-1-4728-3595-6. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Dodson 2019, pp. 134, 142–143. - Dodson, Aidan (2019). "Beyond the Kaiser: The IGN's Destroyers and Torpedo Boats After 1918". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2019. Oxford, UK: Osprey. pp. 129–144. ISBN 978-1-4728-3595-6. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Dodson 2019, pp. 134–135, 142–143. - Dodson, Aidan (2019). "Beyond the Kaiser: The IGN's Destroyers and Torpedo Boats After 1918". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2019. Oxford, UK: Osprey. pp. 129–144. ISBN 978-1-4728-3595-6. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Dodson 2019, pp. 134–135, 142–143. - Dodson, Aidan (2019). "Beyond the Kaiser: The IGN's Destroyers and Torpedo Boats After 1918". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2019. Oxford, UK: Osprey. pp. 129–144. ISBN 978-1-4728-3595-6. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>