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hAT transposon
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<h2 id="nomenclature-and-classification">Nomenclature and classification</h2> <p>Superfamilies are identified by shared <a href="/facts/DNA_sequence/hsPsNCQW">DNA sequence</a> and ability to respond to the same <a href="/facts/Transposase/eYld61TN">transposase</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Common features of hAT transposons include a size of 2.5-5 <a href="/facts/Kilobase/xmPpPQ9W">kilobases</a> with short <a href="/facts/Terminal_inverted_repeat/81kE3X3s">terminal inverted repeats</a> and short flanking target site duplications generated during the transposition process.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>The hAT superfamily's name derives from three of its members: the <i>hobo</i> element from <i><a href="/facts/Drosophila_melanogaster/KtnHVCcB">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i>, the <i><a href="/facts/Ac%2fDs_transposable_controlling_elements/2ponJ7Nz">Activator</a></i> or <i>Ac</i> element from <i><a href="/facts/Zea_mays/lJ6c5xMH">Zea mays</a></i>, and the <i>Tam3</i> element from <i><a href="/facts/Antirrhinum_majus/ueomS61j">Antirrhinum majus</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The superfamily has been divided based on <a href="/facts/Bioinformatics/D5x2L8ee">bioinformatics</a> analysis into at least two clusters defined by their <a href="/facts/Phylogenetic/bw4rsovt">phylogenetic</a> relationships: the <i>Ac</i> family and the <i>Buster</i> family.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> More recently, a third group called <i>Tip</i> has been described.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="family-members">Family members</h2> <p>The hAT transposon superfamily includes the first transposon discovered, <i><a href="/facts/Ac%2fDs_transposable_controlling_elements/2ponJ7Nz">Ac</a></i> from <i><a href="/facts/Zea_mays/lJ6c5xMH">Zea mays</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Maize/lJ6c5xMH">maize</a>), first reported by <a href="/facts/Barbara_McClintock/aupcEqKv">Barbara McClintock</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> McClintock was awarded the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> in 1983 for this discovery.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> The family also includes a subgroup known as <i>space invaders</i> or <i>SPIN</i> elements, which have very high <a href="/facts/Copy_number/g7GPKrsx">copy numbers</a> in some genomes and which are among the most efficient known transposons. Although no extant active example is known, laboratory-generated <a href="/facts/Consensus_sequence/StFdcuTb">consensus sequences</a> of active SPIN elements are able to generate high <a href="/facts/Copy_number/g7GPKrsx">copy numbers</a> when introduced to cells from a wide range of species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution">Distribution</h2> <p>hAT transposons are widely distributed across <a href="/facts/Eukaryotic/SkwyPLMA">eukaryotic</a> <a href="/facts/Genome/tjhWET4V">genomes</a>, but are not active in all organisms. Inactive hAT transposon sequences are present in <a href="/facts/Mammal/phSwTzBo">mammal</a> genomes, including the <a href="/facts/Human_genome/VTV85pbn">human genome</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> they are among the transposon families believed to have been present in the ancestral <a href="/facts/Vertebrate/tT54FSTT">vertebrate</a> genome.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Among mammals, the genome of the little brown bat <i><a href="/facts/Myotis_lucifugus/W1mRNlvs">Myotis lucifugus</a></i> is notable for its relatively high and recently acquired number of inactive hAT transposons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>The distribution of <i>SPIN</i> elements is patchy and does not relate well to known phylogenetic relationships, prompting suggestions that these elements may have spread through <a href="/facts/Horizontal_gene_transfer/FPyUIsf2">horizontal gene transfer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="domestication">Domestication</h2> <p>Transposons are said to be <a href="/facts/Exapt/aK8nu0xE">exapted</a> or "domesticated" when they have acquired functional roles in the host genome. Several sequences evolutionarily related to the hAT family have been exapted in diverse organisms, including <i><a href="/facts/Homo_sapiens/rlcTENsr">Homo sapiens</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> An example is the <a href="/facts/ZBED/eevNAs8f">ZBED</a> gene family, which encode a group of <a href="/facts/Zinc_finger/dWrlw4t7">zinc finger</a>-containing regulatory proteins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Arensburger, Peter; Hice, Robert H.; Zhou, Liqin; Smith, Ryan C.; Tom, Ariane C.; Wright, Jennifer A.; Knapp, Joshua; O'Brochta, David A.; Craig, Nancy L.; Atkinson, Peter W. (May 2011). "Phylogenetic and Functional Characterization of the Transposon Superfamily". Genetics. 188 (1): 45–57. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.126813. PMC 3120152. PMID 21368277. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120152" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120152</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Kempken, F; Windhofer, F (April 2001). "The hAT family: a versatile transposon group common to plants, fungi, animals, and man". Chromosoma. 110 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1007/s004120000118. PMID 11398971. S2CID 1925295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Rossato, Dirleane Ottonelli; Ludwig, Adriana; Deprá, Maríndia; Loreto, Elgion L. S.; Ruiz, Alfredo; Valente, Vera L. S. (February 2014). "BuT2 Is a Member of the Third Major Group of hAT Transposons and Is Involved in Horizontal Transfer Events in the Genus Drosophila". Genome Biology and Evolution. 6 (2): 352–365. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu017. PMC 3942097. PMID 24459285. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3942097" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3942097</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Arensburger, Peter; Hice, Robert H.; Zhou, Liqin; Smith, Ryan C.; Tom, Ariane C.; Wright, Jennifer A.; Knapp, Joshua; O'Brochta, David A.; Craig, Nancy L.; Atkinson, Peter W. (May 2011). "Phylogenetic and Functional Characterization of the Transposon Superfamily". Genetics. 188 (1): 45–57. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.126813. PMC 3120152. PMID 21368277. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120152" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120152</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Rossato, Dirleane Ottonelli; Ludwig, Adriana; Deprá, Maríndia; Loreto, Elgion L. S.; Ruiz, Alfredo; Valente, Vera L. S. (February 2014). "BuT2 Is a Member of the Third Major Group of hAT Transposons and Is Involved in Horizontal Transfer Events in the Genus Drosophila". Genome Biology and Evolution. 6 (2): 352–365. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu017. PMC 3942097. PMID 24459285. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3942097" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3942097</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Rubin, E; Lithwick, G; Levy, AA (July 2001). "Structure and evolution of the hAT transposon superfamily". Genetics. 158 (3): 949–57. doi:10.1093/genetics/158.3.949. PMC 1461711. PMID 11454746. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1461711" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1461711</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Arensburger, Peter; Hice, Robert H.; Zhou, Liqin; Smith, Ryan C.; Tom, Ariane C.; Wright, Jennifer A.; Knapp, Joshua; O'Brochta, David A.; Craig, Nancy L.; Atkinson, Peter W. (May 2011). "Phylogenetic and Functional Characterization of the Transposon Superfamily". Genetics. 188 (1): 45–57. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.126813. PMC 3120152. PMID 21368277. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120152" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120152</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Rossato, Dirleane Ottonelli; Ludwig, Adriana; Deprá, Maríndia; Loreto, Elgion L. S.; Ruiz, Alfredo; Valente, Vera L. S. (February 2014). "BuT2 Is a Member of the Third Major Group of hAT Transposons and Is Involved in Horizontal Transfer Events in the Genus Drosophila". Genome Biology and Evolution. 6 (2): 352–365. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu017. PMC 3942097. PMID 24459285. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3942097" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3942097</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Arensburger, Peter; Hice, Robert H.; Zhou, Liqin; Smith, Ryan C.; Tom, Ariane C.; Wright, Jennifer A.; Knapp, Joshua; O'Brochta, David A.; Craig, Nancy L.; Atkinson, Peter W. (May 2011). "Phylogenetic and Functional Characterization of the Transposon Superfamily". Genetics. 188 (1): 45–57. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.126813. PMC 3120152. PMID 21368277. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120152" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120152</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>McCLINTOCK, B (June 1950). "The origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 36 (6): 344–55. Bibcode:1950PNAS...36..344M. doi:10.1073/pnas.36.6.344. PMC 1063197. PMID 15430309. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063197" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063197</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 September 2018. <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1983/summary/" target="_blank">https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1983/summary/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Arensburger, Peter; Hice, Robert H.; Zhou, Liqin; Smith, Ryan C.; Tom, Ariane C.; Wright, Jennifer A.; Knapp, Joshua; O'Brochta, David A.; Craig, Nancy L.; Atkinson, Peter W. (May 2011). "Phylogenetic and Functional Characterization of the Transposon Superfamily". Genetics. 188 (1): 45–57. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.126813. PMC 3120152. PMID 21368277. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120152" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120152</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Li, X.; Ewis, H.; Hice, R. H.; Malani, N.; Parker, N.; Zhou, L.; Feschotte, C.; Bushman, F. D.; Atkinson, P. W.; Craig, N. L. (22 October 2012). "A resurrected mammalian hAT transposable element and a closely related insect element are highly active in human cell culture". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (6): E478 – E487. doi:10.1073/pnas.1121543109. PMC 3568352. PMID 23091042. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3568352" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3568352</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Arensburger, Peter; Hice, Robert H.; Zhou, Liqin; Smith, Ryan C.; Tom, Ariane C.; Wright, Jennifer A.; Knapp, Joshua; O'Brochta, David A.; Craig, Nancy L.; Atkinson, Peter W. (May 2011). "Phylogenetic and Functional Characterization of the Transposon Superfamily". Genetics. 188 (1): 45–57. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.126813. PMC 3120152. PMID 21368277. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120152" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120152</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Chalopin, Domitille; Naville, Magali; Plard, Floriane; Galiana, Delphine; Volff, Jean-Nicolas (February 2015). "Comparative Analysis of Transposable Elements Highlights Mobilome Diversity and Evolution in Vertebrates". Genome Biology and Evolution. 7 (2): 567–580. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv005. PMC 4350176. PMID 25577199. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350176" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350176</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Arensburger, Peter; Hice, Robert H.; Zhou, Liqin; Smith, Ryan C.; Tom, Ariane C.; Wright, Jennifer A.; Knapp, Joshua; O'Brochta, David A.; Craig, Nancy L.; Atkinson, Peter W. (May 2011). "Phylogenetic and Functional Characterization of the Transposon Superfamily". Genetics. 188 (1): 45–57. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.126813. PMC 3120152. PMID 21368277. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120152" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120152</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Arensburger, Peter; Hice, Robert H.; Zhou, Liqin; Smith, Ryan C.; Tom, Ariane C.; Wright, Jennifer A.; Knapp, Joshua; O'Brochta, David A.; Craig, Nancy L.; Atkinson, Peter W. (May 2011). "Phylogenetic and Functional Characterization of the Transposon Superfamily". Genetics. 188 (1): 45–57. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.126813. PMC 3120152. PMID 21368277. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120152" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120152</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Li, X.; Ewis, H.; Hice, R. H.; Malani, N.; Parker, N.; Zhou, L.; Feschotte, C.; Bushman, F. D.; Atkinson, P. W.; Craig, N. L. (22 October 2012). "A resurrected mammalian hAT transposable element and a closely related insect element are highly active in human cell culture". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (6): E478 – E487. doi:10.1073/pnas.1121543109. PMC 3568352. PMID 23091042. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3568352" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3568352</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Arensburger, Peter; Hice, Robert H.; Zhou, Liqin; Smith, Ryan C.; Tom, Ariane C.; Wright, Jennifer A.; Knapp, Joshua; O'Brochta, David A.; Craig, Nancy L.; Atkinson, Peter W. (May 2011). "Phylogenetic and Functional Characterization of the Transposon Superfamily". Genetics. 188 (1): 45–57. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.126813. PMC 3120152. PMID 21368277. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120152" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120152</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Hayward, Alexander; Ghazal, Awaisa; Andersson, Göran; Andersson, Leif; Jern, Patric; Robinson-Rechavi, Marc (22 March 2013). "ZBED Evolution: Repeated Utilization of DNA Transposons as Regulators of Diverse Host Functions". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e59940. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...859940H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059940. PMC 3606216. PMID 23533661. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3606216" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3606216</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>