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TI-BASIC 83
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<h2 id="syntax">Syntax</h2> <p>The syntax for TI-BASIC 83 is significantly different compared to most dialects of <a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a>. For example, the language does not permit indentation with <a href="/facts/Whitespace_characters/Q5xRIaSz">whitespace characters</a>. It also depends on the <a href="/facts/TI_calculator_character_set/GRbAmXxh">TI calculator character set</a> because it is <a href="/facts/Tokenized/T1JYWpIf">tokenized</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a>: 25 Aside from these differences, TI-BASIC retains most <a href="/facts/Control_flow/2XTDfErC">control flow</a> statements: conditionals, various loops, <a href="/facts/GOTO/V3bV9yVn">GOTOs</a> and <a href="/facts/Label_(computer_science)/DT6KU8R5">Labels</a>. Conditionals and loops use End to denote the end of their bodies. </p><p>Each command can be placed on a new line, or separated by a colon for brevity. As such, the following snippets are identical in function. </p> :Disp 42 :Disp "FOOBAR and :Disp 42:Disp "FOOBAR <p>In the above example the closing double quotes can be omitted because the colon causes all open markers to be closed. </p><p>Unlike many <a href="/facts/High-level_programming_languages/smjECUhx">high-level programming languages</a>, TI-BASIC has only one assignment operator: →. The rightward arrow (Known as "STO" on most calculators) assigns the value on the left to the variable on the right. </p> <h3>Conditionals</h3> <p>TI-BASIC includes simple constructs using the If statement. When the If token does not have a Then token on the following line it will only execute the next single command. </p> :If condition :command <p>Where condition is any boolean statement. One benefit of this format is brevity as it does not include Then and End. An If statement may have more than one command in its body if, instead of a command, a Then token is placed. </p> :If condition :Then :command :command :End <p>When using Then, the body must be closed by an End token. One more construct utilizes Else. This allows one of two bodies to be executed. </p> :If condition :Then :body one :Else :body two :End <p>In this case the calculator evaluates condition, if it evaluates to true body one is executed, however, if condition evaluates to false, body two is executed. Unlike many other programming languages, TI-BASIC has no else if construct, or any <a href="/facts/Switch_statement/oQCWnGWh">switch statement</a>. </p> <h4>Menu( statement</h4> <p>It does, however, have a Menu( statement which allows a user to select one of a number of options. Similar to a switch menus do have fallthrough. The general syntax is Menu(, a quoted title string, and followed by quoted option name and label name. An example: </p> :Menu("TITLE","FIRST",1,"SECOND",2,"THIRD",3) :Lbl 1 :body one :Lbl 2 :body two :Lbl 3 :body three <p>The image is how the calculator renders the example above. </p><p>In terms of functionality, the Menu('s flow is similar to some switch statement and cases, with a key difference that the user supplies the switch's usual expression. Like many switches and cases, the Lbl allows fall-through. For example, in the code above, if a user selects "FIRST", all three bodies are executed. However, selecting "SECOND" means only the second and third bodies are executed. </p> <h3>Loops</h3> <p>TI-BASIC includes three types of loops: For(, While, and Repeat. </p> <h4>For(</h4> <p>For( is similar to many other languages. It will repeat commands either a set number of times, or a variable number. </p> :For(variable,start,end[,increment]) :body :End <h4>While and Repeat</h4> <p>While takes a single argument, a condition which must be fulfilled, without parentheses. Repeat functions the same way except that it loops when the given condition is false.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> :While condition :body :End <h3>DS<( and IS>(</h3> <p>DS<( and IS>( are specialized conditionals that are similar in overall function to If statements. However, they have the unique property of changing the value of the given variable. </p> :DS<(variable,value) :Command <h2 id="data-types-and-variables">Data types and variables</h2> <p>TI-BASIC is strongly and mostly statically typed. Most variables, besides lists and programs, have predefined names and allowed types. Each variable can usually only hold one data type, the exceptions are the numeric and all list variables which can hold either real or complex values. </p> <h3>Numeric</h3> <p>There are 27 numeric variables, A through Z, and θ.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a>: 28 These can hold two types of values, real and complex. All numbers are stored in the <a href="/facts/Random-access_memory/DuD4bxh6">RAM</a> as <a href="/facts/Floating-point_numbers/eIckahxe">floating-point numbers</a> with 14-digit mantissa, or <a href="/facts/Significand/JFCVyTz4">significand</a>, and an exponent range of -128 to 127. <a href="/facts/Complex_number/2w7mqI7e">Complex numbers</a> are stored as two consecutive reals. </p> <h3>List</h3> <p>Lists are also supported through the use of six built-in lists, and user created lists with up to five characters as the name. They are capable of holding up to 999 elements. A list may hold entirely real numbers or entirely imaginary numbers. Some functions in the calculator are able to operate over entire lists, via <a href="/facts/Array_programming/gFx1SxIY">Array programming</a>. </p> <h3>Matrix</h3> <p>Matrices are supported through the use of ten built-in matrices. Matrices do not support user created names or complex numbers. </p> <h3>Strings</h3> <p>There are ten built-in strings for storing variable text, named Str1 through Str0. </p> <h3>Other data types</h3> <p>The TI-83 family supports several more data types other than numeric, list, and matrix types: token based data, screen image data, and graph database data. These data types cannot be directly manipulated by TI-BASIC. </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i>TI-Basic Z80 Programming</i> <ul><li><a href="http://education.ti.com/">Texas Instruments' official website</a></li> <li><a href="http://tibasicdev.wikidot.com/">TI-Basic Developer</a>, unofficial documentation</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"TI-84 Plus". education.ti.com. <a href="https://education.ti.com/en/products/calculators/graphing-calculators/ti-84-plus?category=specifications" target="_blank">https://education.ti.com/en/products/calculators/graphing-calculators/ti-84-plus?category=specifications</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"TI-83 Plus Developer Guide" (PDF). Texas Instruments. Retrieved 15 April 2019. <a href="https://education.ti.com/download/en/ed-tech/830D08FF31804AEAA2F03B8F5E89AD14/672891A1E98349CAB91C11B4928C253C/sdk83pguide.pdf" target="_blank">https://education.ti.com/download/en/ed-tech/830D08FF31804AEAA2F03B8F5E89AD14/672891A1E98349CAB91C11B4928C253C/sdk83pguide.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"TI-83 Plus Developer Guide" (PDF). Texas Instruments. Retrieved 15 April 2019. <a href="https://education.ti.com/download/en/ed-tech/830D08FF31804AEAA2F03B8F5E89AD14/672891A1E98349CAB91C11B4928C253C/sdk83pguide.pdf" target="_blank">https://education.ti.com/download/en/ed-tech/830D08FF31804AEAA2F03B8F5E89AD14/672891A1E98349CAB91C11B4928C253C/sdk83pguide.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"TI-83 Plus Developer Guide" (PDF). Texas Instruments. Retrieved 15 April 2019. <a href="https://education.ti.com/download/en/ed-tech/830D08FF31804AEAA2F03B8F5E89AD14/672891A1E98349CAB91C11B4928C253C/sdk83pguide.pdf" target="_blank">https://education.ti.com/download/en/ed-tech/830D08FF31804AEAA2F03B8F5E89AD14/672891A1E98349CAB91C11B4928C253C/sdk83pguide.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"TI-83 Graphing Calculator Guidebook" (PDF). Texas Instruments. p. 16-11. Retrieved 12 October 2021. <a href="http://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/math/home/programs/undergrad/TI_Manuals/ti83Guidebook.pdf" target="_blank">http://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/math/home/programs/undergrad/TI_Manuals/ti83Guidebook.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"TI-83 Plus Developer Guide" (PDF). Texas Instruments. Retrieved 15 April 2019. <a href="https://education.ti.com/download/en/ed-tech/830D08FF31804AEAA2F03B8F5E89AD14/672891A1E98349CAB91C11B4928C253C/sdk83pguide.pdf" target="_blank">https://education.ti.com/download/en/ed-tech/830D08FF31804AEAA2F03B8F5E89AD14/672891A1E98349CAB91C11B4928C253C/sdk83pguide.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>