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Moeritherium
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<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <h3>Early history</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Type_species/kL03T6V4">type species</a> of <i>Moeritherium</i>, <i>M. lyonsi</i>, was discovered in strata belonging to the <a href="/facts/Qasr_el_Sagha_Formation/3lnHec7f">Qasr el Sagha Formation</a> in the <a href="/facts/Fayyum_(fossil_deposit)/TWDpNqUY">Fayum fossil deposits</a> of <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Type_(biology)/mTM1beKX">type specimen</a> (CGM C.10000) consists of an almost complete mandible.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> It was described in 1901 by <a href="/facts/Charles_William_Andrews/RQmgjDYL">Charles William Andrews</a>, who proposed two hypotheses for its phylogenetic position: either <i>Moeritherium</i> was part of the obsolete order <a href="/facts/Amblypoda/Gbdeuleq">Amblypoda</a>, or it was an early <a href="/facts/Proboscidea/Dzk4qsH0">proboscidean</a>, perhaps "a generalised forerunner of the <a href="/facts/Mastodon/vUAJuegY">Mastodon</a> type". In any case, he regarded it as an ungulate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h3>Additional species</h3> <p>In 1902, after conducting a more thorough examination of specimens collected by himself and his colleague, Hugh John Llewellyn Beadnell, he named a second species from the Qasr el Sagha, <i>M. gracile</i>; a third was recognised in the same paper, though he did not provide a name, and referred to it simply as <i>M.</i> sp. The two species were distinguished from <i>M. lyonsi</i> by a more <a href="/facts/Gracility/N8kyouWS">gracile</a> build and a larger body size respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The lack of material overlap has made it difficult to determine how <i>M. gracile</i> actually relates to <i>M. lyonsi</i>, as their <a href="/facts/Holotype/a8n9vhHa">holotypes</a> consist of different skull elements; the type specimen of the former (CGM C.10003) is a palate with no associated lower teeth. Regardless, they are treated as belonging to the same genus, and are likely separate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Two years later, a fourth taxon, <i>M. trigodon</i>, was described, also by Andrews, based on remains recovered from the "<a href="/facts/Estuary/WmkSInmK">fluvio-marine</a> beds"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> (equivalent to the <a href="/facts/Jebel_Qatrani_Formation/yraR73LI">Jebel Qatrani Formation</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> around the lake Birket-el-Qurun.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> In 1955, over half a century after the genus' initial naming, Sri Lankan artist and palaeontologist <a href="/facts/Paulus_Edward_Pieris_Deraniyagala/FcMRgFkV">Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala</a> named two additional species, <i>P. latidens</i> and <i>P. pharaonensis</i>, based on isolated mandibular fragments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>In 1911, German zoologist <a href="/facts/Max_Schlosser_(zoologist)/luztNv25">Max Schlosser</a> divided <i>M. lyonsi</i> into two species: <i>M. lyonsi</i>, restricted to the Qasr el Sagha Formation, and <i>M. andrewsi</i>, restricted to the Jebel Qatrani.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> This classification, however, has been rejected. In 1971, German zoologist Heinz Tobien opted to synonymise the entire genus with <i>M. lyonsi</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> though he chose to altogether disregard, Deraniyagala's species, likely as they were poorly diagnostic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> In 2006, Cyrile Delmer et al. published a paper describing a new <i>Moeritherium</i> species, <i>M. chehbeurameuri</i>, from <a href="/facts/Bir_El_Ater/4NvDH3PT">Bir El Ater</a>, <a href="/facts/Algeria/UXDF4Tj6">Algeria</a>. In their paper, they treated most of the above species (with the exception of <i>M. latidens</i> and <i>M. pharaonensis</i>) as valid. While the paper was not intended as a systematic revision, they chose to treat at the very least three species as valid: the type species <i>M. lyonsi</i>, <i>M. gracile</i>, and <i>M. chehbeaurameuri</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h3>Classification</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn/jnULPElT">Henry Fairfield Osborn</a>, in 1909, suggested that <i>Moeritherium</i> was more similar to sirenians (manatees and dugongs, and their extinct kin) to any living or extinct proboscidean.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> In 1921, however, he rejected this view, and divided Proboscidea into four <a href="/facts/Order_(biology)/GKLJvIpt">suborders</a> or <a href="/facts/Taxonomic_rank/bPFQpe9A">superfamilies</a>: Moeritherioidea, Deinotherioidea, Mastodontoidea, and Elephantoidea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> In a 1988 paper discussing the systematics of proboscideans, Pascal Tassy abandoned this system and neglected to provide any superfamily-rank clades. Erecting the suborder Elephantiformes, Tassy placed <i>Moeritherium</i> outside it, alongside <i><a href="/facts/Barytherium/MCFR0WWq">Barytherium</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Numidotherium/bcu7tJM9">Numidotherium</a></i>, and the <a href="/facts/Deinotheriidae/dj1TMDUg">Deinotheriidae</a>. He considered <i>Moeritherium</i> among the most basal proboscideans, with <i>Numidotherium</i> being the most basal and <i>Barytherium</i> being only slightly less basal than that.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> In a 2021 paper describing a new genus (<i>Dagbatitherium tassyi</i>) Lionel Hautier et al. ran a phylogenetic analysis which recovered <i>Moeritherium</i> as sister to a clade including deinotheres and elephantiforms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p> A cladogram of Proboscidea based on the phylogenetic analysis of Hautier et al. 2021 is below:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></p> <table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Proboscidea/Dzk4qsH0">Proboscidea</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Eritherium/clM78fcK">Eritherium</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Phosphatherium/kp3e5FjJ">Phosphatherium</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Daouitherium/Efbhr0d3">Daouitherium</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Numidotherium/bcu7tJM9">Numidotherium</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Barytherium/MCFR0WWq">Barytherium</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Arcanotherium/nElJfYnG">Arcanotherium</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Omanitherium/B5CebRk0">Omanitherium</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Saloumia/6zat06So">Saloumia</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Moeritherium</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Deinotheriidae/dj1TMDUg">Deinotheriidae</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Elephantiformes/wyhvr4Kv">Elephantiformes</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Dagbatitherium/28NpNPk8">Dagbatitherium</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Palaeomastodon/2RceHL7m">Palaeomastodon</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Phiomia/aoB5eLYS">Phiomia</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Elephantimorpha/YKhYACB2">Elephantimorpha</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p><i>Moeritherium</i> was a fairly small, very elongate taxon. It was smaller than most later proboscideans. The species <i>M. lyonsi</i> has an estimated body length of 230 cm (7.5 ft). At the shoulder, this species measured only 70 cm (2.3 ft), and it had a body mass of 235 kg (518 lb),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> though <i>Moeritherium</i> exhibited strong sized-based <a href="/facts/Sexual_dimorphism/nx9wulFy">sexual dimorphism</a>, so this estimate should be considered a crude average.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h3>Skull and dentition</h3> <p>The skull of <i>Moeritherium</i> was long, slender, and very low for the entirety of its length. The cranial region is nearly twice as long as the facial region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Orbit_(anatomy)/lJTMFcqy">orbit</a> (eye socket) occupied a fairly <a href="/facts/Anatomical_terms_of_location/IpJ1fq2f">anterodorsal</a> position, meaning that it sat towards the front and top of the skull, and resembled that of <a href="/facts/Sirenia/6KaaDKu5">sirenians</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Unlike later proboscideans, the <a href="/facts/Nostril/p0IABNqA">naris</a> (nasal cavity) was fairly close to the front of the skull,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> which, in conjunction with the length of the mandible, suggests that a conventional <a href="/facts/Elephant/6prrEFFK">trunk</a> was absent in <i>Moeritherium</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> It may have instead possessed a wide, mobile unit comprising the nose and <a href="/facts/Lip/cUlpthmx">upper lip</a>, similar to the <a href="/facts/Proboscis/Ym7nscSW">proboscis</a> of modern <a href="/facts/Tapir/FHt3a1Yj">tapirs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> The external ear would have been high up on the skull, which may have been an adaptation for a semiaquatic lifestyle; the same, however, is observed in other proboscideans that are unlikely to have been aquatic, such as <i><a href="/facts/Gomphotherium/Cgxn2Ek2">Gomphotherium</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Palaeomastodon/2RceHL7m">Palaeomastodon</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p><i>Moeritherium</i> has a <a href="/facts/Dental_formula/yMEdzfHh">dental formula</a> of 3.1.3.32.0.3.3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> The first lower <a href="/facts/Incisor/GSvkE9Tg">incisors</a> sit close together, forming a spade shape, while the equivalent set on the upper jaw, actually the second incisors (as in later genera), were modified into short, curved <a href="/facts/Tusk/hf3YUcah">tusks</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> <i>Moeritherium</i> still retained the first and third upper incisors, and the upper <a href="/facts/Canine_tooth/p3mRABtg">canines</a>, though in a highly reduced form.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> The cheek teeth (the <a href="/facts/Premolar/hSpMTu7a">premolars</a> and <a href="/facts/Molar_(tooth)/gQqDtg4z">molars</a>) were <a href="/facts/Molar_(tooth)/gQqDtg4z">bunodont</a>, bearing rounded <a href="/facts/Cusp_(anatomy)/s3rL9ldd">cusps</a>, though were also <a href="/facts/Molar_(tooth)/gQqDtg4z">lophodont</a>, bearing large ridges called lophs between cusps. The premolars are large and broad in relation to the molars, a condition not seen in more derived proboscideans, though similar to in manatees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h3>Postcranial skeleton</h3> <p>The postcranial anatomy of <i>Moeritherium</i> has been compared to <a href="/facts/Desmostylia/YlMaAjUu">desmostylians</a>, such as <i><a href="/facts/Pezosiren/MXFzXCGT">Pezosiren</a></i>. Both taxa have an extremely elongated, broad torso, possibly an adaptation for diving in both taxa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Little of the <a href="/facts/Cervical_vertebrae/M7Kf14h9">cervical</a> (neck) <a href="/facts/Vertebra/qAdLhD5H">vertebrae</a> is known, save for the <a href="/facts/Atlas_(anatomy)/rdfMDmBH">atlas</a> and some of the middle cervical vertebrae. Most of the vertebral column, save for some cervical vertebrae and one of the <a href="/facts/Thoracic_vertebrae/WXBWDkfM">thoracic</a> (upper body) vertebrae, is known from a specimen that was at some point catalogued as C. 10005, probably belonging to <i>M. lyonsi</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> A more complete specimen of <i>Moeritherium</i> is known, though has not been described in detail.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> Like modern proboscideans, there twenty-three presacral vertebrae (those preceding the <a href="/facts/Sacrum/CTFnjSm0">sacrum</a>). The lumbar (lower back) region was longer proportionally than in modern proboscideans, while the thoracic region was slightly shorter. <i>Moeritherium</i>'s limbs were extremely short compared to those of later taxa, being roughly half as big, proportionally, as those of extant <a href="/facts/Elephant/6prrEFFK">elephants</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="palaeobiology">Palaeobiology</h2> <h3>Lifestyle</h3> <p>The notion of <i>Moeritherium</i> being semi-aquatic dates as far back as 1909, when Henry Fairfield Osborn suggested that it was not only related to sirenians, but resembled them in habits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> In his 1923 paper discussing the genus' morphology, Japanese zoologist <a href="/facts/Matsumoto_Hikoshichir%25C5%258D/fAF9LXva">Matsumoto Hikoshichirō</a> listed adaptations that indicated a semi-aquatic lifestyle (such as the high position of the eyes and ears), though also listed several that were evidence against it (such as its dentition, which to him seemed better-suited to a terrestrial forager). In his view, <i>Moeritherium</i> was unlikely to be semi-aquatic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> However, similarities with desmostylians have been noted in the postcranial skeleton,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> and its unusual limb proportions have been cited as the product of a semi-aquatic lifestyle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> In 2008, stable isotopic analysis lent further credence to the semiaquatic model, with its oxygen isotope ratios more closely resembling those of aquatic ones than fully terrestrial ones, with it being suggested that <i>Moeritherium</i> likely consumed freshwater plants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="palaeoenvironment">Palaeoenvironment</h2> <p>The environment of the Jebel Qatrani Formation, from which some specimens of <i>Moeritherium</i> are known, have been described as a <a href="/facts/Subtropical/gK0KyFUD">subtropical</a> to <a href="/facts/Tropical/Iv1es8Ih">tropical</a> lowland plain by Bown, who further suggests the presence of streams and ponds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p>Based on the occurrence of birds that are associated with water (such as <a href="/facts/Osprey/htBvzk9q">ospreys</a>, early <a href="/facts/Flamingo/l97N685y">flamingos</a>, <a href="/facts/Jacana_(genus)/3Ya52nFz">jacanas</a>, <a href="/facts/Heron/4G5a0YFP">herons</a>, <a href="/facts/Stork/JwsYJyYd">storks</a>, <a href="/facts/Cormorant/82RPsdeT">cormorants</a> and <a href="/facts/Shoebill/kL3vIsSk">shoebills</a>), Rasmussen and colleagues similarly inferred that the environment featured slow-moving freshwater with a substantial amount of aquatic vegetation. Although <a href="/facts/Lithology/WLIJXzGj">lithology</a> suggests that most fossils were deposited on sandbanks after being transported by currents, the authors argue that <a href="/facts/Swamps/rjE9QKpm">swamps</a> could have easily formed along the banks of the river that was present during the Oligocene and may account for the mudstone found in certain quarries. They furthermore suggest that the fossil birds of Fayum, due to their affinities with modern groups, should be considered a more valuable indicator of the environment when compared with the fossil mammals, many of which belonged to families lacking modern examples. The absence of other birds typical for such an environment may be explained either through sampling bias or due to the fact that said groups had simply not yet been present in Oligocene Africa. Generally, Rasmussen and colleagues compare the environment of Jebel Qatrani to freshwater habitats in modern Central Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> The discovery of snakehead fossils seem to support Rasmussen's interpretation, as the <i>Parachanna</i> today prefers slow-moving backwaters with plenty of vegetation. Other fish present meanwhile, notably <i>Tylochromis</i>, suggest that deep, open water was likewise present. The river channels may have been overgrown with <a href="/facts/Reed_(plant)/yb90F7ND">reeds</a>, <a href="/facts/Cyperus_papyrus/o4HCEgTm">papyrus</a> and featured floating vegetation like <a href="/facts/Nymphaeaceae/SbaJ32yv">water lilies</a> and <i><a href="/facts/Salvinia/Eqlf8tGn">Salvinia</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p><p>In a 2001 paper Rasmussen et al<i>.</i> argued that the sandstone and mudstone of the formation likely formed as sediments were <a href="/facts/Aggradation/L6FLnvas">aggraded</a> by a system of river channels that emptied towards the west into the <a href="/facts/Tethys_Ocean/X2b2FIu3">Tethys</a>. Here they reconstructed the environment as a tropical lowland swamp forest intermingled with marshes. They furthermore suggest that the environment would have experienced <a href="/facts/Monsoon/0a2o484v">monsoons</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p><p>Overall this indicates that this region was a part of an extensive belt of tropical forest that stretched across what is now northern Africa, which would gradually give rise to open woodland and even steppe the further one was to travel inland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul> <li>Paleontology portal</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Matsumoto, Hikoshichirō; Andrews, Charles William (1923). "A contribution to the knowledge of Moeritherium. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 48, article 4". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. <a href="https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/fca96909-0303-46ab-8cd7-0e3fc3627a5e" target="_blank">https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/fca96909-0303-46ab-8cd7-0e3fc3627a5e</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Andrews, Charles William (1901). "II.—Preliminary Note on some Recently Discovered Extinct Vertebrates from Egypt. (Part I.)". Geological Magazine. 8 (9): 400–409. doi:10.1017/S0016756800179282. ISSN 1469-5081. <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Andrews" target="_blank">/wiki/Charles_William_Andrews</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Delmer, Cyrille; Mahboubi, Mohamed; Tabuce, Rodolphe; Tassy, Pascal (2006). "A New Species of Moeritherium (proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Eocene of Algeria: New Perspectives on the Ancestral Morphotype of the Genus". Palaeontology. 49 (2): 421–434. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00548.x. ISSN 1475-4983. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00548.x" target="_blank">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00548.x</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Andrews, Charles William (1901). "II.—Preliminary Note on some Recently Discovered Extinct Vertebrates from Egypt. (Part I.)". Geological Magazine. 8 (9): 400–409. doi:10.1017/S0016756800179282. ISSN 1469-5081. <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Andrews" target="_blank">/wiki/Charles_William_Andrews</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Andrews, Charles William (1902). "II.—Preliminary Note on some Recently Discovered Extinct Vertebrates from Egypt. (Part III.)". Geological Magazine. 9 (7): 291–295. doi:10.1017/S0016756800181178. ISSN 1469-5081. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/iipreliminary-note-on-some-recently-discovered-extinct-vertebrates-from-egypt-part-iii/7E8E5F1FFA556952E15664345C428802" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/iipreliminary-note-on-some-recently-discovered-extinct-vertebrates-from-egypt-part-iii/7E8E5F1FFA556952E15664345C428802</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Delmer, Cyrille; Mahboubi, Mohamed; Tabuce, Rodolphe; Tassy, Pascal (2006). "A New Species of Moeritherium (proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Eocene of Algeria: New Perspectives on the Ancestral Morphotype of the Genus". Palaeontology. 49 (2): 421–434. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00548.x. 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