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1916 in science
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<h2 id="astronomy">Astronomy</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Barnard%2527s_Star/9xrjwFXY">Barnard's Star</a> is discovered by <a href="/facts/Edward_Emerson_Barnard/mS0Qljgt">Edward Emerson Barnard</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Harlow_Shapley/EBHMWFuP">Harlow Shapley</a> finds that the spectrum of <a href="/facts/S_Sagittae/WM5bfDWk">S Sagittae</a> and other <a href="/facts/Cepheid_variable/WQXaAFmW">Cepheid variables</a> varies with brightness, recording it as <a href="/facts/Spectral_type/dYrIuK9H">spectral type</a> F0 leading to maximum, F4 at maximum, and G3 just before minimum brightness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Gilbert_N._Lewis/wWnV6QXL">Gilbert N. Lewis</a> and <a href="/facts/Irving_Langmuir/mPt8xwUp">Irving Langmuir</a> formulate an electron shell model of <a href="/facts/Chemical_bond/ArNUMnIB">chemical bonding</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Born%25E2%2580%2593Haber_cycle/y1aQFnwP">Born–Haber cycle</a>, an approach to analyze reaction energies, is developed by German scientists <a href="/facts/Max_Born/6VnUDWhA">Max Born</a> and <a href="/facts/Fritz_Haber/cj5QTJKT">Fritz Haber</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sydney_Chapman_(astronomer)/mGbLR45p">Sydney Chapman</a> and <a href="/facts/David_Enskog/A7t3yzAw">David Enskog</a> systematically develop a <a href="/facts/Kinetic_theory_of_gases/WUaJuMHU">kinetic theory of gases</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jan_Czochralski/rRFaIuX0">Jan Czochralski</a> invents a method for growing single crystals of metals.</li></ul> <h2 id="mathematics">Mathematics</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ludwig_Bieberbach/Ke12coBy">Ludwig Bieberbach</a> presents the <a href="/facts/Bieberbach_conjecture/PXKcc8un">Bieberbach conjecture</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wac%25C5%2582aw_Sierpi%25C5%2584ski/ywT4mREz">Wacław Sierpiński</a> gives the first example of an <a href="/facts/Normal_number/nGb5cM0y">absolutely normal number</a> and describes the <a href="/facts/Sierpinski_carpet/3ogstvh2">Sierpinski carpet</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="medicine">Medicine</h2> <ul><li>1 January – The British <a href="/facts/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps/jvFJMaSz">Royal Army Medical Corps</a> carries out the first successful <a href="/facts/Blood_transfusion/fb0Mk6Dx">blood transfusion</a> using blood that had been stored and cooled.</li> <li>16 October – <a href="/facts/Margaret_Sanger/aR2wtIv9">Margaret Sanger</a> opens a <a href="/facts/Family_planning/SwCbJ8Yd">family planning</a> and <a href="/facts/Birth_control/qCzhxgH8">birth control</a> clinic in <a href="/facts/Brownsville%2c_Brooklyn/c52mL5G2">Brownsville, Brooklyn</a>, the first of its kind in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Nine days later, she is arrested for breaking a <a href="/facts/New_York_(state)/mnl67G1G">New York</a> state law prohibiting distribution of <a href="/facts/Contraceptive/qCzhxgH8">contraceptives</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> This same year, she publishes <i>What Every Girl Should Know</i>, providing information about such topics as <a href="/facts/Menstruation/7cv4HzLe">menstruation</a> and sexuality in adolescents.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Georges_Guillain/ShL8znV1">Georges Guillain</a>, <a href="/facts/Jean_Alexandre_Barr%25C3%25A9/IqPoTKnK">Jean Alexandre Barré</a> and <a href="/facts/Andr%25C3%25A9_Strohl/cEXhv602">André Strohl</a> diagnose two soldiers with <a href="/facts/Guillain%25E2%2580%2593Barr%25C3%25A9_syndrome/013kC53b">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a> of the <a href="/facts/Peripheral_nervous_system/KjVpVnHU">peripheral nervous system</a> and describe the key diagnostic abnormality of increased <a href="/facts/Spinal_fluid/tcWG7hhv">spinal fluid</a> protein production, but normal cell count.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eugen_Bleuler/LgJF5WWY">Eugen Bleuler</a> publishes his <i>Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie</i>, including a definition of complexes arising from diffuse <a href="/facts/Brain_damage/70hWCEhs">brain damage</a>, known as "Bleuler's psycho syndrome".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Medication/h9mhwWP2">Medication</a> <a href="/facts/Suramin/boLY4X62">Suramin</a> against <a href="/facts/African_trypanosomiasis/zuvUoRKC">African sleeping sickness</a> and <a href="/facts/River_blindness/ItVjR7BI">river blindness</a> is first made by German company <a href="/facts/Bayer_AG/fnYepBcG">Bayer AG</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Albert_Einstein/CNTet8qu">Albert Einstein</a> publishes "<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060829045130/http://www.alberteinstein.info/gallery/gtext3.html">Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie</a>" on <a href="/facts/General_relativity/jVsoIg8X">general relativity</a> in <i><a href="/facts/Annalen_der_Physik/266TzQG2">Annalen der Physik</a></i> 49 and shows that the field equations of general relativity admit wavelike solutions. This will be demonstrated in <a href="/facts/2016_in_science/xaChyHmT">2016</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Karl_Schwarzschild/u9KGeTey">Karl Schwarzschild</a> solves the <a href="/facts/Einstein_field_equations/j2rJTzW9">Einstein vacuum field equations</a> for <a href="/facts/Electric_charge/xxsBfmlB">uncharged</a> spherically symmetric non-rotating systems and calculates <a href="/facts/Schwarzschild_radius/jINV5oxD">Schwarzschild radius</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="psychology">Psychology</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Lewis_M._Terman/TSXcW4vA">Lewis M. Terman</a> of <a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a> develops the first of the <a href="/facts/Stanford%25E2%2580%2593Binet_Intelligence_Scales/NmrJ18PB">Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales</a> for <a href="/facts/Intelligence_testing/rozfcXsk">intelligence testing</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <ul><li>February – <i><a href="/facts/Stahlhelm/N9nR0Mkp">Stahlhelm</a></i> steel helmet first issued to German soldiers.</li> <li>18 April – Capt. <a href="/facts/Peter_Norman_Nissen/oXJkf69l">Peter Nissen</a> completes the prototype <a href="/facts/Nissen_hut/VMIwpt3F">Nissen hut</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>11 September – The almost-completed <a href="/facts/Quebec_Bridge/7UJ6UhM7">Quebec Bridge</a> collapses for the second time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="events">Events</h2> <ul><li>Chemist <a href="/facts/Chika_Kuroda/a04JWKnF">Chika Kuroda</a> becomes the first woman in Japan to receive a <a href="/facts/Bachelor_of_Science/9n3gvDf7">Bachelor of Science</a> degree.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <ul><li>9 January – <a href="/facts/Peter_Twinn/I8IepqP0">Peter Twinn</a>, mathematician and World War II code-breaker (died 2004)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>10 January – <a href="/facts/Sune_K._Bergstr%25C3%25B6m/sJCXYFdf">Sune K. Bergström</a> (died <a href="/facts/2004_in_science/Hv6XlPBW">2004</a>), <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Swedish</a> <a href="/facts/Biochemist/gAWNAY5v">biochemist</a>, winner of the 1982 <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>.</li> <li>25 January – <a href="/facts/John_R._F._Jeffreys/vJLkDUNP">John R. F. Jeffreys</a> (died <a href="/facts/1944_in_science/YpWh560e">1944</a>), British <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a> and <a href="/facts/Cryptanalyst/7CPEQlJI">cryptanalyst</a>.</li> <li>4 March – <a href="/facts/Hans_Eysenck/J1zMs8Up">Hans Eysenck</a> (died <a href="/facts/1997_in_science/2lj8b7UK">1997</a>), German-born <a href="/facts/Psychologist/J4l4QdX2">psychologist</a>.</li> <li>26 March – <a href="/facts/Christian_B._Anfinsen/VVyeNk2w">Christian B. Anfinsen</a> (died <a href="/facts/1995_in_science/D99HJHFY">1995</a>), American biochemist, winner of the 1972 <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>.</li> <li>14 April – <a href="/facts/Lawrence_Hogben/A5LCa0Fq">Lawrence Hogben</a> (died <a href="/facts/2015_in_science/ztLIsTpJ">2015</a>), New Zealand <a href="/facts/Meteorologist/GDUQ6qxD">meteorologist</a>.</li> <li>22 April – <a href="/facts/Ruth_A._M._Schmidt/8k4vfrjI">Ruth A. M. Schmidt</a> (died <a href="/facts/2014_in_science/mD8EVD7S">2014</a>), American <a href="/facts/Geologist/vGc0tBHB">geologist</a>.</li> <li>30 April – <a href="/facts/Claude_Shannon/EremsCws">Claude Shannon</a> (died <a href="/facts/2001_in_science/BeRcDMev">2001</a>), American mathematician, "father of <a href="/facts/Information_theory/qNLH3U5P">information theory</a>".</li> <li>6 May – <a href="/facts/Robert_H._Dicke/6LM6oN79">Robert H. Dicke</a> (died <a href="/facts/1997_in_science/2lj8b7UK">1997</a>), American <a href="/facts/Physicist/cQcgvSIm">physicist</a>.</li> <li>4 June – <a href="/facts/Robert_F._Furchgott/yrR6Qxo9">Robert F. Furchgott</a> (died <a href="/facts/2009_in_science/m9t2hRa2">2009</a>), American biochemist, winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.</li> <li>8 June – <a href="/facts/Francis_Crick/AG05HNKI">Francis Crick</a> (died <a href="/facts/2004_in_science/Hv6XlPBW">2004</a>), English-born molecular biologist, co-discoverer of the <a href="/facts/Nucleic_acid_double_helix/XHeMuslB">nucleic acid double helix</a> structure in 1953, winner of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.</li> <li>11 June – <a href="/facts/Alexander_Prokhorov/XdHaCBYA">Alexander Prokhorov</a> (died <a href="/facts/2002_in_science/LP4lLXeB">2002</a>), Australian-born <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet</a> Russian physicist.</li> <li>15 June – <a href="/facts/Herbert_A._Simon/NNHhQ2bS">Herbert A. Simon</a> (died <a href="/facts/2001_in_science/BeRcDMev">2001</a>), American <a href="/facts/Polymath/eqIfjQRu">polymath</a>, winner of the 1978 <a href="/facts/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences/8BBwNwre">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a>.</li> <li>1 July – <a href="/facts/Iosif_Shklovsky/eWbTNN6J">Iosif Shklovsky</a> (died <a href="/facts/1985_in_science/uwrMxH5k">1985</a>), <a href="/facts/Ukrainians/393lUkjj">Ukrainian</a> <a href="/facts/Astrophysics/krFPRWLA">astrophysicist</a>.</li> <li>11 July – <a href="/facts/Kitty_Joyner/vqUHIlV5">Kitty Joyner</a> (died <a href="/facts/1993_in_science/4xUKJN04">1993</a>), American electrical engineer.</li> <li>25 August – <a href="/facts/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins/Kln1ovAy">Frederick Chapman Robbins</a> (died <a href="/facts/2003_in_science/DEzE438Y">2003</a>), American pediatrician and virologist, winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.</li> <li>30 September – <a href="/facts/Richard_K._Guy/shtfXH4N">Richard K. Guy</a> (died <a href="/facts/2020_in_science/t6HkpHEr">2020</a>), English mathematician.</li> <li>3 October – <a href="/facts/Frank_Pantridge/enacLYhe">Frank Pantridge</a> (died <a href="/facts/2004_in_science/Hv6XlPBW">2004</a>), <a href="/facts/Northern_Ireland/Jmr0NRyl">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/facts/Cardiologist/KCeWn418">cardiologist</a>.</li> <li>4 October – <a href="/facts/Vitaly_Ginzburg/uscYaLgY">Vitaly Ginzburg</a> (died <a href="/facts/2009_in_science/m9t2hRa2">2009</a>), Soviet Russian <a href="/facts/Theoretical_physics/Cs2Y12rQ">theoretical physicist</a>, astrophysicist, one of the fathers of the Soviet <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_bomb/T9zFe3H0">hydrogen bomb</a>, winner of the 2003 <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>, member of the <a href="/facts/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences/RuUqhtFb">Soviet and Russian Academies of Sciences</a>.</li> <li>19 October – <a href="/facts/Jean_Dausset/PmaJ0cIo">Jean Dausset</a> (died <a href="/facts/2009_in_science/m9t2hRa2">2009</a>), French <a href="/facts/Immunologist/vylm0L8e">immunologist</a>, winner of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.</li> <li>16 November – <a href="/facts/Christopher_Strachey/hx9ToYVY">Christopher Strachey</a> (died <a href="/facts/1975_in_science/TlkImvmu">1975</a>), English computer scientist.</li> <li>9 December – <a href="/facts/Esther_Wilkins/HKfDdjV6">Esther Wilkins</a> (died <a href="/facts/2016_in_science/xaChyHmT">2016</a>), pioneer of <a href="/facts/Dental_hygiene/MddqTjwo">dental hygiene</a>.</li> <li>15 December – <a href="/facts/Maurice_Wilkins/nT5vv4Tu">Maurice Wilkins</a> (died <a href="/facts/2004_in_science/Hv6XlPBW">2004</a>), New Zealand-born English molecular biologist, co-discoverer of the nucleic acid double helix structure in 1953 using <a href="/facts/X-ray/wseP79cN">X-ray</a> diffraction, winner of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.</li> <li>27 December – <a href="/facts/John_Duckworth_(physicist)/V62Aa0uv">John Duckworth</a> (died <a href="/facts/2015_in_science/ztLIsTpJ">2015</a>), British physicist.</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>12 February – <a href="/facts/Richard_Dedekind/CLkWDhY3">Richard Dedekind</a> (born <a href="/facts/1831_in_science/h2a3CpC1">1831</a>), German <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a>.</li> <li>19 February – <a href="/facts/Ernst_Mach/gfSFynYK">Ernst Mach</a> (born <a href="/facts/1838_in_science/rynCmVy0">1838</a>), Austrian-born <a href="/facts/Physicist/cQcgvSIm">physicist</a>.</li> <li>11 May <ul><li><a href="/facts/Karl_Schwarzschild/u9KGeTey">Karl Schwarzschild</a> (born <a href="/facts/1873_in_science/Cz0weAdA">1873</a>), German <a href="/facts/Astronomer/ronF8j4a">astronomer</a> and physicist.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nadezhda_Ziber-Shumova/IybfAsrI">Nadezhda Ziber-Shumova</a> (born <a href="/facts/1856_in_science/5jhUepAI">1856</a>), Russian biochemist.</li></ul></li> <li>15 July – <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589lie_Metchnikoff/GeLMnBvl">Élie Metchnikoff</a> (born <a href="/facts/1845_in_science/6c9F1SHr">1845</a>), Russian <a href="/facts/Zoologist/6Kj13mBt">zoologist</a> and <a href="/facts/Immunologist/vylm0L8e">immunologist</a>, winner of the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.</li> <li>23 July – Sir <a href="/facts/William_Ramsay/fGzWlHlP">William Ramsay</a> (born <a href="/facts/1852_in_science/BSfIEwWG">1852</a>), Scottish-born <a href="/facts/Chemist/N09K7Bdm">chemist</a>, winner of the 1904 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.</li> <li>September – <a href="/facts/Anton_K%25C3%25B6llisch/6xylNDqp">Anton Köllisch</a> (born <a href="/facts/1888_in_science/fyVznYuU">1888</a>), German chemist noted for synthesising <a href="/facts/MDMA/WYDACxGN">MDMA</a></li> <li>14 September – <a href="/facts/Pierre_Duhem/coxgQp9u">Pierre Duhem</a> (born <a href="/facts/1861_in_science/k7NHyVFh">1861</a>), French <a href="/facts/Philosophy_of_science/aonsfhTY">philosopher of science</a>.</li> <li>29 September – <a href="/facts/Albert_John_Cook/Hh7gsSTx">Albert John Cook</a> (born <a href="/facts/1842_in_science/cTr4lNw4">1842</a>), American entomologist and zoologist.</li> <li>10 November – <a href="/facts/Walter_Sutton/PLR2ubpG">Walter Sutton</a> (born <a href="/facts/1877_in_science/PvF8wXrx">1877</a>), American <a href="/facts/Geneticist/cCvzvuKU">geneticist</a> and <a href="/facts/Surgeon/Hm0R9t6n">surgeon</a>.</li> <li>12 November – <a href="/facts/Percival_Lowell/BBj0lfNg">Percival Lowell</a> (born <a href="/facts/1855_in_science/TjMx5LHR">1855</a>), American <a href="/facts/Astronomer/ronF8j4a">astronomer</a>.</li> <li>24 November – <a href="/facts/Hiram_Maxim/b35ANzMa">Hiram Maxim</a> (born <a href="/facts/1840_in_science/fY8Ru4uU">1840</a>), American inventor of the <a href="/facts/Machine_gun/JPXmy1zR">machine gun</a>.</li> <li>31 December – <a href="/facts/Alice_Ball/P7bl7bFs">Alice Ball</a> (born <a href="/facts/1892_in_science/tfqwTHgh">1892</a>), African-American chemist.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Shapley, Harlow (1916). "The variations in spectral type of twenty Cepheid variables". The Astrophysical Journal. 44: 273–91. Bibcode:1916ApJ....44..273S. doi:10.1086/142295. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F142295" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1086%2F142295</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Lewis, Gilbert N. (1916). "The Atom and the Molecule". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 38: 762–85. doi:10.1021/ja02261a002. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. <a href="http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/bond/papers/corr216.3-lewispub-19160400.html" target="_blank">http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/bond/papers/corr216.3-lewispub-19160400.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Bieberbach, L. (1916). "Über die Koeffizienten derjenigen Potenzreihen, welche eine schlichte Abbildung des Einheitskreises vermitteln". Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Phys-Math. Kl.: 940–955. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>The selected papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1: The Woman Rebel, 1900–1928. University of Illinois Press. 2003. p. 199. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Baker, Jean H. (2011). Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion. Macmillan. p. 115. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Engelman, Peter C. (2011). A History of the Birth Control Movement in America. ABC-CLIO. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-313-36509-6. <a href="978-0-313-36509-6" target="_blank">978-0-313-36509-6</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Guillain–Barré–Strohl syndrome and Miller Fisher's syndrome at Whonamedit? <a href="http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1766.html" target="_blank">http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1766.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Eugen Bleuler". Whonamedit?. Retrieved 1 November 2011. <a href="http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1294.html" target="_blank">http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1294.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Ghosh, Pallab (11 February 2016). "Einstein's gravitational waves 'seen' from black holes". BBC News. Retrieved 11 February 2016. <a href="/wiki/Pallab_Ghosh" target="_blank">/wiki/Pallab_Ghosh</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>McCosh, Fred (1997). Nissen of the Huts: a biography of Lt Col. Peter Nissen, DSO. Bourne End: BD Publishing. ISBN 0-9525799-1-X. <a href="0-9525799-1-X" target="_blank">0-9525799-1-X</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Middleton, William D. (2001). The Bridge at Québec. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 158. ISBN 0-253-33761-5. Retrieved 16 August 2011. <a href="0-253-33761-5" target="_blank">0-253-33761-5</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Haines, Catharine M. C. (2001). International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950. ABC-CLIO. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-57607-090-1. <a href="978-1-57607-090-1" target="_blank">978-1-57607-090-1</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Dan van der Vat, "Obituary: Peter Twinn", The Guardian, 20 November 2004 <a href="/wiki/Dan_van_der_Vat" target="_blank">/wiki/Dan_van_der_Vat</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>