Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Demilitarized zone
open-in-new
<h2 id="current-demilitarized-zones">Current demilitarized zones</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Antarctica/bEM5Lem5">Antarctica</a> – The <a href="/facts/Antarctic_Treaty_System/huNS5BLE">Antarctic Treaty</a> forbids <a href="/facts/Military_activity_in_Antarctica/Nab0c9dA">military activity in Antarctica</a>, such as "the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of military manoeuvres, as well as the testing of any type of weapon". The Treaty does however provide for the "use of military personnel or equipment for scientific research or for any other peaceful purpose".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Joint_Control_Commission/4yFk3Ldd">Joint Control Commission</a> – Known locally as the Dniester Valley Security Zone, the demilitarized buffer zone was created by the cease-fire agreement ending the <a href="/facts/War_of_Transnistria/x3AujQgb">War of Transnistria</a>. The Commission's peacekeeping mission monitors the demilitarized zone which roughly outlines the <a href="/facts/Dnister/UhEG0beX">Dnister</a> river between <a href="/facts/Moldova/qGBNGewt">Moldova</a> and <a href="/facts/Transnistria/uSqmpMAd">Transnistria</a>. It is 225 kilometers long and from 1 to 15 kilometers wide.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone/DQL4p02L">Korean Demilitarized Zone</a> – The <a href="/facts/Korean_Armistice_Agreement/pLfNEc3z">Korean Armistice Agreement</a> created a 4 km (2.5 mi)-wide demilitarized zone between <a href="/facts/North_Korea/Q41laakP">North Korea</a> and <a href="/facts/South_Korea/pCobAaVw">South Korea</a> following the <a href="/facts/Korean_War/Qo93pNhE">Korean War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> It is currently one of the most heavily militarized areas in the world despite the name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kuwait%25E2%2580%2593Iraq_barrier/Y8KCxNhG">Kuwait–Iraq barrier</a> – The <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Security_Council/ytwaz2e4">United Nations Security Council</a> approved the creation of a demilitarized zone between <a href="/facts/Iraq/pqYSFJw8">Iraq</a> and <a href="/facts/Kuwait/HJLFQ59s">Kuwait</a> in <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_689/HuRK2MS9">Resolution 689</a> after the <a href="/facts/Gulf_War/6LdLnGdo">Persian Gulf War</a>. Although the demilitarized zone is no longer mandated by the council, it continues to exist.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mart%25C3%25ADn_Garc%25C3%25ADa_Island/QNcVkLk1">Martín García Island</a> – An Argentine island surrounded by <a href="/facts/Uruguayan/X6V0apCb">Uruguayan</a> waters of the <a href="/facts/R%25C3%25ADo_de_la_Plata/FczwYLCG">Río de la Plata</a>, according to the 45th article of the <a href="/facts/1973_Boundary_Treaty_between_Uruguay_and_Argentina/sKav4hHY">Río de la Plata Treaty</a> it states that "the Martín García Island will be destined exclusively as a natural reserve for the conservation and preservation of the native fauna and flora, under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/facts/Argentine_Republic/aFSA5bAk">Argentine Republic</a>", stating a demilitarized zone in the island.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Preah_Vihear_Temple/Tt1MS7Pf">Preah Vihear Temple</a> – The <a href="/facts/International_Court_of_Justice/7q8I7oSs">International Court of Justice</a> had ordered the creation of a "provisional demilitarized zone" around the Temple whose ownership <a href="/facts/Cambodian%25E2%2580%2593Thai_border_dispute/6BJ5z4Jc">is claimed</a> by both <a href="/facts/Cambodia/t1wJd6GU">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK">Thailand</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sinai_Peninsula/SEyERdHm">Sinai Peninsula</a> – The <a href="/facts/Egypt%25E2%2580%2593Israel_peace_treaty/nBdmKrtE">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a> sets a limit to the amount of forces <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a> can place in the Sinai Peninsula. Parts of the peninsula are demilitarized to various degrees, especially within 20–40 kilometres (12–25 miles) of <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a>. Israel also agreed to limit its forces within 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) of the Egyptian border.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The areas are monitored by the <a href="/facts/Multinational_Force_and_Observers/Jok9D1Ea">Multinational Force and Observers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Because of the <a href="/facts/Sinai_insurgency/HC6tt4kb">Sinai insurgency</a> all sides agreed and encouraged Egypt to send large amounts of military forces into the area, including tanks and helicopters, to fight Islamist groups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sudan/yGeaNdvS">Sudan</a> – A 10 km (6 mi) demilitarized zone along the <a href="/facts/Sudan/yGeaNdvS">Sudan</a> – <a href="/facts/South_Sudan/DacJpKfT">South Sudan</a> border.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus/TYnSHjE6">United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus</a> – The United Nations Security Council created a buffer zone separating the self-proclaimed, internationally unrecognized <a href="/facts/Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus/8NvuJlvQ">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> from the <a href="/facts/Cyprus/t9wL6lVK">Republic of Cyprus</a>. It was authorized by <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_186/F93px79E">Resolution 186</a> and is patrolled by the <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Force_in_Cyprus/pSPRt7sm">United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/United_Nations_Disengagement_Observer_Force/En3N4b34">United Nations Disengagement Observer Force Zone</a> – The United Nations Security Council approved the creation of a demilitarized zone in a portion of the <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israeli</a>-<a href="/facts/Israeli-occupied_territories/FxQkx2V8">occupied territory</a> of the <a href="/facts/Golan_Heights/KtqR6nDN">Golan Heights</a> in <a href="/facts/Syria/7pDXGzq8">Syria</a> in <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_350/83qWvd4H">Resolution 350</a> after the <a href="/facts/Yom_Kippur_War/tTNe7UlK">Yom Kippur War</a>. The zone is monitored by the <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Disengagement_Observer_Force/En3N4b34">United Nations Disengagement Observer Force</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/%25C3%2585land/Czpngkbn">Åland</a> – The <a href="/facts/%25C3%2585land_convention/2pcVdhPk">Åland Convention of 1921</a>, which was concluded following a decision of the <a href="/facts/League_of_Nations/PQlcKzXs">League of Nations</a> in response to the <a href="/facts/%25C3%2585land_crisis/ToSM84rH">Åland crisis</a>, mandates that the <a href="/facts/Finland/G5Ak6T91">Finnish</a> government maintain the territory as a demilitarized area.</li></ul> <h2 id="former-demilitarized-zones">Former demilitarized zones</h2> <ul><li>A neutral territory was established between the <a href="/facts/British_Overseas_Territories/fUjVAy3E">British Overseas Territory</a> of <a href="/facts/Gibraltar/ja2yukgq">Gibraltar</a> and <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a> after the end of the <a href="/facts/Thirteenth_siege_of_Gibraltar/0IWwy6PP">1727 siege</a>. A strip of land 600 <a href="/facts/Toise/EoSrYN2e">toises</a> (about 1.2 km or 3⁄4 mi) long, more than two cannon shots' distance between the British and Spanish guns, was called "the neutral ground" and shown as such on older maps. In 1908, the British built a fence in a portion claimed to be the British half of the neutral territory. Spain <a href="/facts/Disputed_status_of_the_isthmus_between_Gibraltar_and_Spain/dRJheEEu">does not recognize</a> British sovereignty over the isthmus (including the border), asserting it is Spanish soil. Although both the United Kingdom and Spain used to be part of the <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM">European Union</a> (before the United Kingdom's exit), the border was a <i><a href="/facts/De_facto/3Du6WQKh">de facto</a></i> international frontier with customs and immigration checks; Spain does not formally recognize it as a "frontier", referring to it as a "fence". Whatever its name, Gibraltar opted out of the <a href="/facts/European_Union_Customs_Union/zklwV2Cu">European Union Customs Union</a> and is not part of the <a href="/facts/Schengen_Area/3x2jdc8H">Schengen Area</a>; the border is open 24 hours a day, with <a href="/facts/Customs/dLBa0dlN">customs</a> duties payable on designated goods entering Spain or Gibraltar.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rhineland/dBDAzo1o">Rhineland</a> – The <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Versailles/BsNmjaqV">Treaty of Versailles</a> designated the Rhineland as a demilitarized zone after <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a>, prohibiting the <a href="/facts/Weimar_Republic/LYYS66ad">Weimar Republic</a> from deploying its <a href="/facts/Reichswehr/TEPNbjbE">military</a> there. It was <a href="/facts/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland/CffMCk20">re-occupied and re-militarized</a> in 1936 by <a href="/facts/Nazi_Germany/8kRbqRpo">Nazi Germany</a> in violation of international treaties.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Saudi%25E2%2580%2593Iraqi_neutral_zone/T9XPX8P3">Saudi–Iraqi neutral zone</a> – The Uqair Protocol established a demilitarized zone between the <a href="/facts/Sultanate_of_Nejd/I1c29QHk">Sultanate of Nejd</a> and the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Iraq/s1XPzxuX">Kingdom of Iraq</a>, which at the time was a <a href="/facts/League_of_Nations_mandate/CXCj7gno">League of Nations mandate</a> administered by the <a href="/facts/British_Empire/hrsz0j7A">British Empire</a>. Nejd was later incorporated into the <a href="/facts/Saudi_Arabia/uyUpe1J2">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a>. The zone was partitioned in 1981 but the treaty was not filed with the <a href="/facts/United_Nations/fgXLnmgT">United Nations</a>. The zone was finally officially abolished during the <a href="/facts/Gulf_War/6LdLnGdo">Persian Gulf War</a>, when Iraq and Saudi Arabia cancelled all international agreements with each other.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Saudi%25E2%2580%2593Kuwaiti_neutral_zone/3rJuTJUk">Saudi–Kuwaiti neutral zone</a> – The Uqair Protocol established a neutral zone between the Sultanate of Nejd and the <a href="/facts/British_protectorate/Az5qjJKg">British protectorate</a> of <a href="/facts/Kuwait/HJLFQ59s">Kuwait</a> in 1922. It was partitioned by mutual agreement in 1970.</li> <li>Israel and Egypt: <ul><li>Following the <a href="/facts/1948_Arab%25E2%2580%2593Israeli_War/X3GSudUm">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, a DMZ (the <a href="/facts/El_Auja_Zone/q6QJ8xv4">El Auja Zone</a>) was created by the <a href="/facts/1949_Armistice_Agreements/1sCB8Xg4">1949 Armistice Agreements</a> between Israel and Egypt.</li></ul></li> <li>Israel and Jordan: <ul><li>The Israeli enclave and Jordanian area on <a href="/facts/Mount_Scopus/VhGUqwDA">Mt. Scopus</a> was designated as a DMZ.</li> <li>The area around the <a href="/facts/Latrun/K1jmPQrb">Latrun</a> salient.</li></ul></li> <li>Israel and Syria: Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, three DMZs were created by the <a href="/facts/1949_Armistice_Agreements/1sCB8Xg4">1949 Armistice Agreements</a> between Israel and Syria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>China – The Imperial Japanese Army conquered <a href="/facts/Manchuria/XTv2sK1o">Manchuria</a> between September 1931 and February 1932, when they proclaimed the region the state of <a href="/facts/Manchukuo/EFnnLsde">Manchukuo</a>. In May 1933, the <a href="/facts/Tanggu_Truce/zA0nLQo6">Tanggu Truce</a> between China and Japan was concluded, establishing a demilitarized zone between Manchukuo and China. In 1937 Japan violated this truce with an invasion of the remainder of China. In 1945, after the fall of the Japanese empire at the end of the <a href="/facts/Pacific_War/yNu6op98">Asia-Pacific theater</a> of <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>, Manchuria was re-incorporated into China.</li> <li>Ecuador – a demilitarized zone was established on 2 October 1941, after the <a href="/facts/Ecuadorian%25E2%2580%2593Peruvian_War/MUmokY7C">war</a> between Ecuador and <a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a>, which existed under <a href="/facts/Ecuador/Tdv7czY4">Ecuadorian</a> administration and under the observation of neutral mediator nations: the United States, Brazil and Argentina.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The DMZ was abolished in 1942, with the withdrawal of <a href="/facts/Peruvian_occupation_of_Ecuador/yg4NcThr">Peruvian forces</a> from <a href="/facts/El_Oro_Province/8f5Vb350">El Oro Province</a> after the signing of the <a href="/facts/Rio_Protocol/L1CCrj6L">Rio Protocol</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Vietnamese_Demilitarized_Zone/94o44nYb">Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone</a> – The demilitarized zone between <a href="/facts/North_Vietnam/1d0osuEy">North Vietnam</a> and <a href="/facts/South_Vietnam/2QwTFmzd">South Vietnam</a> was established in July 1954 as a result of the <a href="/facts/Geneva_Conference_(1954)/oBs72jK7">Geneva Conference</a> ending the war between the <a href="/facts/Viet_Minh/l03MGQh5">Viet Minh</a> and <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>. The DMZ in Vietnam officially lay at the <a href="/facts/17th_parallel_north/mpBxXmT6">17th parallel</a> and ended in 1976; in reality, it extended about 2 km (1 mi) on either side of the <a href="/facts/B%25E1%25BA%25BFn_H%25E1%25BA%25A3i_River/HT2EbPt7">Bến Hải River</a> and west to east from the <a href="/facts/Laos/S0afugjX">Lao</a> border to the <a href="/facts/South_China_Sea/WRFXLgIg">South China Sea</a>.</li> <li>Norway and Sweden established a demilitarized zone of 1 km (1,100 yards) on each side of their border after the <a href="/facts/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden/sUU5evtv">dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden</a> in 1905. The zone was abolished by mutual agreement in 1993.</li> <li><a href="/facts/El_Cagu%25C3%25A1n_DMZ/v39Nx7TJ">El Caguán DMZ</a> – A demilitarized zone was established in southern <a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia</a> between 1999 and 2002, during the failed <a href="/facts/1999%25E2%2580%25932002_FARC%25E2%2580%2593Government_peace_process/YpMSBGIw">peace process</a> that involved the Government of <a href="/facts/President_of_Colombia/lbVztU8x">President</a> <a href="/facts/Andr%25C3%25A9s_Pastrana/uDPsTLKV">Andrés Pastrana</a> and the <a href="/facts/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia/FyqG0Pfa">Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia</a> (FARC).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone/lXUHwb9A">Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a> – A 115 km (71 mi) demilitarized zone in northern Syria straddling portions of the <a href="/facts/Syria%25E2%2580%2593Turkey_border/6K1bCP4S">Syria–Turkey border</a>. It was established between Turkey and the United States, both <a href="/facts/NATO/dCeTddMY">NATO</a> allies, during the <a href="/facts/Syrian_Civil_War/UD2gymjC">Syrian Civil War</a> to prevent clashes between <a href="/facts/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria/YEoQU4YH">Kurdish</a> and Turkish forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The DMZ collapsed in October 2019, after Turkey dismissed the agreement and the United States ordered a withdrawal of US forces from northern Syria, allowing the <a href="/facts/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria/E3mMVGnG">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a> to go ahead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ground_Safety_Zone/FTznJcU3">Ground Safety Zone</a> – A 5-kilometre-wide (3.1 mi) demilitarized area between <a href="/facts/FR_Yugoslavia/FR15c0Jn">FR Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/facts/Kosovo/lbyzI6UW">Kosovo</a> was created under the <a href="/facts/Kumanovo_Agreement/yVyC5dUr">Kumanovo Agreement</a> following the <a href="/facts/Kosovo_War/54xPuVXC">Kosovo War</a> that existed between 1999 and 2001. Following the <a href="/facts/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%25C5%25A1evo_Valley/PrBjgQPd">Insurgency in the Preševo Valley</a>, Serbian forces were allowed to enter GSZ.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%25E2%2580%2593present)/gBg3stkL">Idlib demilitarization agreement zone</a> – A 15 km (9 mi) demilitarized zone, created by agreement between <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian</a> and <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkish</a> government, splitting the last major stronghold of the <a href="/facts/Syrian_opposition_to_Bashar_al-Assad/Il9FUu2G">Syrian rebels</a> from the <a href="/facts/Syria/7pDXGzq8">Syrian government</a> controlled area amidst the <a href="/facts/Syrian_Civil_War/UD2gymjC">Syrian Civil War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Demilitarized zones (geopolitical). <ul><li><a href="/facts/Buffer_Zone/ITsYfLoo">Buffer Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ceasefire/ARkueD6m">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Demilitarisation/luBDQuAe">Demilitarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Demarcation_line/4lB0eUB8">Demarcation line</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/DMZ_(computing)/gHmwgIo7">DMZ (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Green_Zone/FdyHv18q">Green zone</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Humanitarian_corridor/a1nI6wol">Humanitarian corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_established_military_terms/I2lNAqDg">List of established military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/No-fly_zone/Lf1Wyg1j">No-fly zone</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Safe_Zone_(Syria)/GDQGxnoP">Safe Zone (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/UNIKOM/88Q3EcDl">UNIKOM</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/United_Nations_Safe_Areas/rPLks8Fj">United Nations Safe Areas</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Oren, Michael (3 June 2003). Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Presidio Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0345461926. <a href="978-0345461926" target="_blank">978-0345461926</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"art. 1", Antarctic Treaty, 1959 <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" target="_blank">/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"art. 1", Korean Armistice Agreement, 1953 <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" target="_blank">/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Walker, Philip (24 June 2011). "The world's most dangerous borders". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. <a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/06/24/the-worlds-most-dangerous-borders/" target="_blank">https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/06/24/the-worlds-most-dangerous-borders/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand)" (PDF). International Court of Justice. 18 July 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017164648/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/151/16564.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131017164648/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/151/16564.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Camp David Accords – Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived 3 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Camp%20David%20Accords" target="_blank">http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Camp%20David%20Accords</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>10 Tactical Air Group: Canadian Contingent Multinational Force and Observers Handbook (unclassified), page A-1. DND, Ottawa, 1986. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Keinon, Herb (9 August 2012). "Israel OKs Egypt attack helicopters in Sinai". Jerusalem Post. <a href="http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Israel-OKs-Egypt-attack-helicopters-in-Sinai" target="_blank">http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Israel-OKs-Egypt-attack-helicopters-in-Sinai</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Issacharoff, Avi (16 August 2012). "Egypt deployed troops in Sinai without Israel's prior approval". Haaretz. Retrieved 24 August 2012. <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/egypt-deployed-troops-in-sinai-without-israel-s-prior-approval-1.458511" target="_blank">http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/egypt-deployed-troops-in-sinai-without-israel-s-prior-approval-1.458511</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Keinon, Herb (21 August 2012). "Int'l force in Sinai quiet amid concern of violations". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 29 October 2013. <a href="http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Intl-force-in-Sinai-quiet-amid-concern-of-violations" target="_blank">http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Intl-force-in-Sinai-quiet-amid-concern-of-violations</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Israel approves Egypt's request to increase forces in Sinai". Jerusalem Post. 15 July 2013. <a href="http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Israel-approves-Egypts-request-to-increase-forces-in-Sinai-319907" target="_blank">http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Israel-approves-Egypts-request-to-increase-forces-in-Sinai-319907</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Sudan agrees demilitarised zone for north-south border". BBC News. BBC. 31 May 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2015. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13603232" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13603232</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Ahmed, Amir; Botelho, Greg (9 March 2013). "Sudan, South Sudan agree to pull troops from demilitarized zone". Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved 24 October 2015. <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/08/world/africa/sudan-south-sudan-agreement/" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/08/world/africa/sudan-south-sudan-agreement/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Palestine Maps" (PDF). Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060215180052/http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/MAPS/newpdf/Israel-Syria-demilitarized.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060215180052/http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/MAPS/newpdf/Israel-Syria-demilitarized.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Estudio de la cuestión de límites entre el Perú y el Ecuador (in Spanish). Peru: Ministry of War of Peru. 1961. pp. 71–72. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Peru)" target="_blank">/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Peru)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Kurdistan24. "US and Turkey reach accord, but concerns of Syrian Kurds continue". Kurdistan24. Retrieved 25 August 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) <a href="https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/fff9400a-a0b3-4ff4-be05-e18d00a046cf" target="_blank">https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/fff9400a-a0b3-4ff4-be05-e18d00a046cf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Pitarakis, Lefteris; Mroue, Bassem. "Turkey launches assault on Kurdish fighters in Syria, after US forces step aside". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 9 October 2019. <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/turkey-launches-assault-on-kurdish-fighters-in-syria-after-us-forces-step-aside/" target="_blank">https://www.timesofisrael.com/turkey-launches-assault-on-kurdish-fighters-in-syria-after-us-forces-step-aside/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Ground Safety Zone (GSZ): Time out for rebel strong hold – Serbia". ReliefWeb. June 2001. Retrieved 14 October 2021. <a href="https://reliefweb.int/report/serbia/ground-safety-zone-gsz-time-out-rebel-strong-hold" target="_blank">https://reliefweb.int/report/serbia/ground-safety-zone-gsz-time-out-rebel-strong-hold</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Heintz, Jim (17 September 2018). "Turkey, Russia agree on demilitarized zone in Syria's Idlib region". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008203352/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-turkey-russia-syria-20180917-story,amp.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20181008203352/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-turkey-russia-syria-20180917-story,amp.html</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>