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Pavement performance modeling
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The study of pavement performance goes back to the first half of 20th century. The first efforts in pavement performance modeling were based on mechanistic models. Later researchers also developed empirical models, which were not based on the structure of the pavement. Since the beginning of 1990s mechanistic-empirical (M-E) models have become popular. These models combined both mechanistic and empirical features via linear regression. In North America, <a href="/facts/AASHTO/IlB1BuPQ">AASHTO</a> developed a guideline based on mechanistic-empirical methods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Development of such models required data. Therefore, in North America, organizations such as <a href="/facts/AASHTO/IlB1BuPQ">AASHTO</a> and <a href="/facts/Federal_Highway_Administration/NlxY1qzR">FHWA</a> collected large amounts of data about pavement conditions. Examples of these databases, which are used for pavement design and performance measurement, are the <a href="/facts/Long-Term_Pavement_Performance/JrsF7x5v">LTPP</a> and <a href="/facts/AASHO_Road_Test/T3rgtaBh">AASHO Road Test</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="causes-of-deterioration">Causes of deterioration</h2> <p>The deterioration of roads is a complex phenomenon and is influenced by many factors. These factors can be classified into a few categories: design and construction, material type, environmental conditions, and managerial and operational factors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h3>Climate and environmental conditions</h3> <p>Among the most significant environmental factors are <a href="/facts/Frost_weathering/eaFY9mTl">freeze-thaw cycles</a>, maximum and minimum temperature and <a href="/facts/Precipitation/uq3nGQc8">precipitation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> It is reported that on average roads in a wet climate with freeze cycles deteriorate up to two times more than roads in dry and no-freeze regions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> So, roads exposed to larger number of freeze-thaw cycles and higher precipitation levels deteriorate faster. On the other hand, roads in dry and no freeze climates last longer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> A very high temperature can be detrimental to asphalt pavement too and cause distresses such as <a href="/facts/Bleeding_(roads)/fQpIuSTB">bleeding</a>. Considering this, <a href="/facts/Global_warming/rEN4BDE7">climate change</a> could pose a threat to the well-being of roads. Its impact, however, varies based on regions. While it can be highly detrimental to roads in a certain area it might alleviate the deterioration of roads in another area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h3>Traffic and operational conditions</h3> <p>The traffic count and the type of traffic are among the important operational attributes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Usually larger volumes of traffic and heavier vehicles such as trucks are correlated with faster pavement degradation. Also managerial approaches can have an important influence on deterioration patterns. Examples of the factors directly related to management are the type and frequency of maintenance<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> or cleaning and deicing approaches in the winter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Using too much of deicing salt can exacerbate the corrosion problem especially in concrete pavement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h3>Type of pavement</h3> <p>The type of pavement is one of the most important factors affecting pavement deterioration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Generally concrete pavements are more durable in warmer climates, and asphalt pavements are more resilient against cold weather. The joints in concrete pavement is another source of issue. In a certain type of road (concrete, asphalt or gravel), the thickness of layers and type of materials used in base, sub-base and pavement layer matters. Sometimes these attributes are expressed via an aggregated measure called <a href="/facts/Granular_base_equivalency/1dMuW9Jl">granular base equivalence</a> (GBE).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Ford, K., Arman, M., Labi, S., Sinha, K.C., Thompson, P.D., Shirole, A.M., and Li, Z. 2012. NCHRP Report 713 : Estimating life expectancies of highway assets. In Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. Transportation Research Board, Washington DC. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Piryonesi, Sayed Madeh (November 2019). Piryonesi, S. M. (2019). The Application of Data Analytics to Asset Management: Deterioration and Climate Change Adaptation in Ontario Roads (Doctoral dissertation) (Thesis). <a href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/97601" target="_blank">https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/97601</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Piryonesi, S. M.; El-Diraby, T. E. (2020) [Published online: December 21, 2019]. "Data Analytics in Asset Management: Cost-Effective Prediction of the Pavement Condition Index". Journal of Infrastructure Systems. 26 (1). doi:10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000512. S2CID 213782055. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Way, N.C., Beach, P., and Materials, P. 2015. ASTM D 6433–07: Standard Practice for Roads and Parking Lots Pavement Condition Index Surveys. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Piryonesi, Sayed Madeh (November 2019). Piryonesi, S. M. (2019). The Application of Data Analytics to Asset Management: Deterioration and Climate Change Adaptation in Ontario Roads (Doctoral dissertation) (Thesis). <a href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/97601" target="_blank">https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/97601</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Ens, A. (2012). Development of a flexible framework for deterioration modelling in infrastructure asset management. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>AASHTO. 2008. Mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide: A manual of practice. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Piryonesi, S. M.; El-Diraby, T. E. (2020) [Published online: December 21, 2019]. "Data Analytics in Asset Management: Cost-Effective Prediction of the Pavement Condition Index". Journal of Infrastructure Systems. 26 (1). doi:10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000512. S2CID 213782055. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Piryonesi, S. M., & El-Diraby, T. (2018). Using Data Analytics for Cost-Effective Prediction of Road Conditions: Case of The Pavement Condition Index:[summary report] (No. FHWA-HRT-18-065). United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Research, Development, and Technology". Archived from the original on 2019-02-02. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202153647/https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/18065/index.cfm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190202153647/https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/18065/index.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Piryonesi S. Madeh; El-Diraby Tamer E. (2020-06-01). "Role of Data Analytics in Infrastructure Asset Management: Overcoming Data Size and Quality Problems". Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements. 146 (2): 04020022. doi:10.1061/JPEODX.0000175. S2CID 216485629. <a href="https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/JPEODX.0000175" target="_blank">https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/JPEODX.0000175</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>AASHTO. 2008. Mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide: A manual of practice. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"FHWA: A Look at the History of the Federal Highway Administration". <a href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/byday/fhbd1113.htm" target="_blank">https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/byday/fhbd1113.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Ford, K., Arman, M., Labi, S., Sinha, K.C., Thompson, P.D., Shirole, A.M., and Li, Z. 2012. NCHRP Report 713 : Estimating life expectancies of highway assets. In Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. Transportation Research Board, Washington DC. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Piryonesi, Sayed Madeh (November 2019). Piryonesi, S. M. (2019). The Application of Data Analytics to Asset Management: Deterioration and Climate Change Adaptation in Ontario Roads (Doctoral dissertation) (Thesis). <a href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/97601" target="_blank">https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/97601</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Piryonesi S. Madeh; El-Diraby Tamer E. (2020-06-01). "Role of Data Analytics in Infrastructure Asset Management: Overcoming Data Size and Quality Problems". Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements. 146 (2): 04020022. doi:10.1061/JPEODX.0000175. S2CID 216485629. <a href="https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/JPEODX.0000175" target="_blank">https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/JPEODX.0000175</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Ford, K., Arman, M., Labi, S., Sinha, K.C., Thompson, P.D., Shirole, A.M., and Li, Z. 2012. NCHRP Report 713 : Estimating life expectancies of highway assets. In Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. Transportation Research Board, Washington DC. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Piryonesi, S. M.; El-Diraby, T. E. (2020) [Published online: December 21, 2019]. "Data Analytics in Asset Management: Cost-Effective Prediction of the Pavement Condition Index". Journal of Infrastructure Systems. 26 (1). doi:10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000512. S2CID 213782055. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Piryonesi, Sayed Madeh (November 2019). Piryonesi, S. M. (2019). The Application of Data Analytics to Asset Management: Deterioration and Climate Change Adaptation in Ontario Roads (Doctoral dissertation) (Thesis). <a href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/97601" target="_blank">https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/97601</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Piryonesi, S. M., & El-Diraby, T. (2018). Using Data Analytics for Cost-Effective Prediction of Road Conditions: Case of The Pavement Condition Index:[summary report] (No. FHWA-HRT-18-065). United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Research, Development, and Technology". Archived from the original on 2019-02-02. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202153647/https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/18065/index.cfm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190202153647/https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/18065/index.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Piryonesi, S. M.; El-Diraby, T. E. (2020) [Published online: December 21, 2019]. "Data Analytics in Asset Management: Cost-Effective Prediction of the Pavement Condition Index". Journal of Infrastructure Systems. 26 (1). doi:10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000512. S2CID 213782055. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Piryonesi, Sayed Madeh (November 2019). Piryonesi, S. M. (2019). The Application of Data Analytics to Asset Management: Deterioration and Climate Change Adaptation in Ontario Roads (Doctoral dissertation) (Thesis). <a href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/97601" target="_blank">https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/97601</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Hassan, Y., Abd El Halim, A.O., Razaqpur, A.G., Bekheet, W., and Farha, M.H. 2002. Effects of Runway Deicers on Pavement Materials and Mixes: Comparison with Road Salt. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 128(4): 385–391. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2002)128:4(385). doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2002)128:4(385). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Hassan, Y., Abd El Halim, A.O., Razaqpur, A.G., Bekheet, W., and Farha, M.H. 2002. Effects of Runway Deicers on Pavement Materials and Mixes: Comparison with Road Salt. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 128(4): 385–391. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2002)128:4(385). doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2002)128:4(385). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Piryonesi, S. M.; El-Diraby, T. E. (2020) [Published online: December 21, 2019]. "Data Analytics in Asset Management: Cost-Effective Prediction of the Pavement Condition Index". Journal of Infrastructure Systems. 26 (1). doi:10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000512. S2CID 213782055. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Piryonesi, Sayed Madeh (November 2019). Piryonesi, S. M. (2019). The Application of Data Analytics to Asset Management: Deterioration and Climate Change Adaptation in Ontario Roads (Doctoral dissertation) (Thesis). <a href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/97601" target="_blank">https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/97601</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Piryonesi, S. M.; El-Diraby, T. E. (2020) [Published online: December 21, 2019]. "Data Analytics in Asset Management: Cost-Effective Prediction of the Pavement Condition Index". Journal of Infrastructure Systems. 26 (1). doi:10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000512. S2CID 213782055. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>