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Obstruent
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<h2 id="subclasses">Subclasses</h2> <p>Obstruents are subdivided into: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Stop_consonant/okC9pztc">plosives</a> (oral stops), such as [p, b], with complete occlusion of the vocal tract, often followed by a release burst;</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fricative/1FQuuhfX">fricatives</a>, such as [s, z], with limited closure, not stopping airflow but making it turbulent;</li> <li><a href="/facts/Affricate/Fn2y7FIA">affricates</a>, which begin with complete occlusion but then release into a fricative-like release, such as [t͡s] and [d͡z].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="voicing">Voicing</h2> <p>Obstruents are often prototypically <a href="/facts/Voiceless_consonant/575TtTUn">voiceless</a>, but voiced obstruents are common. This contrasts with sonorants, which are prototypically voiced and only rarely <a href="/facts/Phoneme/EXGHlJ7a">phonemically</a> voiceless.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_phonetics_topics/IwhbEHGN">List of phonetics topics</a></li></ul> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ian_Maddieson/p0cyavQ2">Ian Maddieson</a> (1984). <i>Patterns of Sounds</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-26536-3.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Ladefoged/GPHjbHmP">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/facts/Ian_Maddieson/p0cyavQ2">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/facts/The_Sounds_of_the_World%2527s_Languages/Je2AlBAP"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-631-19815-6.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Gussenhoven, Carlos; Haike, Jacobs. Understanding Phonology, Fourth Edition, Routledge, 2017 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Zsiga, Elizabeth. The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Blevins, Juliette (2018). "Evolutionary phonology and the life cycle of voiceless sonorants". Typological Studies in Language. 121: 31–58. doi:10.1075/tsl.121.01ble. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>