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Angelo Codevilla
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<h2 id="early-life-and-education">Early life and education</h2> <p>Angelo Maria Codevilla was born on May 25, 1943, in <a href="/facts/Voghera/lPfN7Hx1">Voghera</a>, Italy,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> son of Angelo (a businessman) and Serena (Almangano) Codevilla. He emigrated to the United States in 1955, and <a href="/facts/Citizenship_of_the_United_States/w7SyTv8P">became a United States citizen</a> in 1962. </p><p>He graduated from <a href="/facts/Rutgers_University/dC8074a9">Rutgers University</a> in 1965, having studied natural sciences, languages, and politics. After receiving a Ph.D. in 1973 from <a href="/facts/Claremont_Graduate_University/ySd192xI">Claremont University Center</a>, Codevilla began to teach political science.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="career">Career</h2> <p>In 1977, Codevilla joined the <a href="/facts/United_States_Foreign_Service/yhMD05Lo">U.S. Foreign Service</a> but quickly transitioned to <a href="/facts/Capitol_Hill/mUXlCGsn">Capitol Hill</a>, where he served on the staff of the <a href="/facts/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence/RvreNP4e">U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence</a> as an aide to <a href="/facts/United_States_Senate/VyzXHE01">Senator</a> <a href="/facts/Malcolm_Wallop/og8TIgkE">Malcolm Wallop</a>, a position he would hold until 1985. During this time, he also began teaching political philosophy at <a href="/facts/Georgetown_University/GRubgGhB">Georgetown University</a>. </p><p>By 1980, Codevilla was appointed to the teams preparing the presidential transition for the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_State/WsB5FMBT">United States Department of State</a> and the <a href="/facts/Central_Intelligence_Agency/U7urmQYL">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> His contributions to national security included helping to conceive the technology programs that, in 1983, were relabeled the <a href="/facts/Strategic_Defense_Initiative/qM0jrPXe">Strategic Defense Initiative</a>. Throughout his time in government, Codevilla published on intelligence and national security and taught. </p><p>In 1985 Codevilla returned to full-time academic life as a senior research fellow at the <a href="/facts/Hoover_Institution/TLMKp8LW">Hoover Institution</a>, <a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a>. He was professor of international relations at what is now the <a href="/facts/Pardee_School_of_Global_Studies/02ghNwzE">Pardee School of Global Studies</a> at <a href="/facts/Boston_University/Vcyr2qAh">Boston University</a> from 1995 to 2008. </p> <h2 id="pollard-case">Pollard case</h2> <p>While acknowledging that <a href="/facts/Jonathan_Pollard/I37r8UmR">Jonathan Pollard</a> was guilty of espionage, Codevilla was one of many who publicly objected on procedural and substantive grounds to the life sentence given the convicted <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israeli</a> spy. In 1984, Pollard had sold numerous closely guarded state secrets, including the <a href="/facts/National_Security_Agency/Sg6MGV1o">National Security Agency</a>'s ten-volume manual on how the U.S. gathers its signal intelligence, and disclosed the names of thousands of people who had cooperated with U.S. intelligence agencies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> He admitted shopping his services—successfully, in some cases—to other countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> In 1987, he was sentenced to life in prison for violations of the <a href="/facts/Espionage_Act_of_1917/8RDXdMuW">Espionage Act</a>. He was released on November 20, 2015, and moved to Israel. </p><p>On November 5, 2013, Codevilla wrote to then-President <a href="/facts/Barack_Obama/76wUMgL1">Barack Obama</a> concerning Pollard. He stated, "Others have pointed out that Pollard is the only person ever sentenced to life imprisonment for passing information to an ally, without intent to harm America, a crime which normally carries a sentence of two to four years; and that this disproportionate sentence in violation of a plea agreement was based <i>not on the indictment</i> but on a memorandum that was never shared with the defense. This is not how American Justice is supposed to work." He further stated that his opinion, as those of <a href="/facts/Director_of_Central_Intelligence/bWgpp3zY">DCI</a> <a href="/facts/James_Woolsey/aoUxASXp">James Woolsey</a>, former <a href="/facts/Attorney_general/Pb9bnmKa">Attorney general</a> <a href="/facts/Michael_Mukasey/xr3XWR8K">Michael Mukasey</a>, and former Senator <a href="/facts/Dennis_DeConcini/lH0sHzAc">Dennis DeConcini</a>, is based on a thorough knowledge of the case. Codevilla concluded, "having been intimately acquainted with the materials that Pollard passed and with the 'sources and methods' by which they were gathered, I would be willing to give expert testimony that Pollard is guilty of neither more nor less than what the indictment alleges." </p><p>In a contemporaneous interview with <i><a href="/facts/The_Weekly_Standard/K8AQrs51">The Weekly Standard</a></i>, Codevilla said that, "The story of the Pollard case is a blot on American justice", and that the life sentence "makes you ashamed to be an American."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="personal-life-and-death">Personal life and death</h2> <p>Codevilla married Ann Marie Blaesser on December 31, 1966. His children are David, Peter, Michael, Elizabeth, and Thomas. He served in the <a href="/facts/United_States_Navy_Reserve/xwbzlJ0t">United States Navy Reserve</a> 1969–1971, leaving active duty as a <a href="/facts/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)/sYEFj62l">lieutenant, junior grade</a>. He received the <a href="/facts/Commendation_Medal/vjWbBFjV">Joint Service Commendation Medal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Codevilla died in a car accident in <a href="/facts/Tracy%2c_California/CnBALb2T">Tracy, California</a>, on September 20, 2021, at the age of 78.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="selected-publications">Selected publications</h2> Books <ul><li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (1974). <a href="https://archive.org/details/modernfrance0000code"><i>Modern France</i></a>. LaSalle, Illinois: <a href="/facts/Open_Court_Publishing_Company/0ghq9Pqs">Open Court</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0875481507. <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/74000056">74000056</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Malcolm_Wallop/og8TIgkE">Wallop, Malcolm</a>; Codevilla, Angelo M. (1987). <a href="https://archive.org/details/armscontroldelus00wall"><i>The Arms Control Delusion</i></a>. San Francisco, CA: ICS Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 091761691X. <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/87022562">87022562</a>.</li> <li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (1988). <i>The Cure that may Kill: Unintended Consequences of the INF Treaty</i>. London: Alliance for the Institute for European Defence & Strategic Studies. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0907967930. <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/90108095">90108095</a>.</li> <li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (1988). <i>While Others Build: The Commonsense Approach to the Strategic Defense Initiative</i>. New York: <a href="/facts/Free_Press_(publisher)/hScqe9bs">Free Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0029056713. <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/87035661">87035661</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Paul_Seabury/9VSeSQBd">Seabury, Paul</a>; Codevilla, Angelo M. (1989). <a href="https://archive.org/details/war00paul"><i>War: Ends and Means</i></a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0465090672. <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/88047897">88047897</a>.</li> <li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (1992). <a href="https://archive.org/details/informingstatecr00code"><i>Informing Statecraft: Intelligence for a New Century</i></a>. New York: <a href="/facts/Free_Press_(publisher)/hScqe9bs">Free Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0029119154. <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/91046172">91046172</a>.</li> <li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (1994). <i>American Security: Back to Basics</i>. Stanford, California: <a href="/facts/Hoover_Institution/TLMKp8LW">Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0817955623. <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/94003501">94003501</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Niccol%25C3%25B2_Machiavelli/ke0IvMXB">Machiavelli, Niccolò</a> (1997) [1532]. <i>Principe</i> [<i>The Prince</i>]. translated and edited by Angelo M. Codevilla ; commentary by <a href="/facts/William_B._Allen/1l16DE7X">William B. Allen</a>, <a href="/facts/Hadley_Arkes/vrtqGbbW">Hadley Arkes</a>, Carnes Lord. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0300064020. <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96050047">96050047</a>.</li> <li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (1997). <a href="https://archive.org/details/characterofnatio00code"><i>The Character of Nations: How Politics Makes and Breaks Prosperity, Family, and Civility</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: BasicBooks. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0465082203. <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/97020119">97020119</a>.</li> <li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (2000). <i>Between the Alps and a Hard place: Switzerland in World War II and Moral Blackmail Today</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/facts/Regnery_Publishing/TNR4v8Jw">Regnery Publishing</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 089526353X. <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00040308">00040308</a>.</li> <li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (2005). <i>No Victory, No Peace</i>. Lanham: <a href="/facts/Rowman_%2526_Littlefield/NJNX9xwH">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0742550028. <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2005011512">2005011512</a>.</li> <li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (2006). <i>Seriousness and Character: The Intellectual History of American Foreign Policy</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/facts/Yale_University_Press/oavMPaT7">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0300108507.</li> <li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (2009). <i>The Character of Nations: How Politics Makes and Breaks Prosperity, Family, and Civility</i> (Rev. ed.). New York: Basic Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780465028009. <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2009000660">2009000660</a>.</li> <li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (2009). <a href="https://archive.org/details/advicetowarpresi00code"><i>Advice to War Presidents: A Remedial Course in Statecraft</i></a>. New York: <a href="/facts/Basic_Books/mfV01W4C">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780465004836. <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008035933">2008035933</a>.</li> <li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (2010). <i>A Student's Guide to International Relations</i>. Wilmington, Del.: ISI Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1935191919. <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010020118">2010020118</a>.</li> <li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (2010). <a href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780825305580"><i>The Ruling Class: How They Corrupted America and what We Can Do about it</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: Beaufort Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780825305580. <a href="/facts/LCCN_(identifier)/5hb5Cw2V">LCCN</a> <a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010033483">2010033483</a>.</li> <li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (2014). <i>To Make and Keep Peace Among Ourselves and with All Nations</i>. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780817917142.</li></ul> Articles <ul><li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (July–August 2010). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714235155/http://spectator.org/articles/39326/americas-ruling-class-and-perils-revolution">"America's Ruling Class — and the Perils of Revolution"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/The_American_Spectator/EvVqJpkG">The American Spectator</a></i>. Archived from <a href="http://spectator.org/articles/39326/americas-ruling-class-and-perils-revolution">the original</a> on July 14, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2014.</li> <li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (2011). <a href="https://claremontreviewofbooks.com/the-lost-decade/">"The Lost Decade — Sixteen years after 9/11, America has neither peace nor victory"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Claremont_Review_of_Books/m7VUAec2">Claremont Review of Books</a></i>. Vol. XI, no. 4.</li> <li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (2016). <a href="http://www.independent.org/issues/article.asp?id=8932">"The Rise of Political Correctness"</a>. <a href="/facts/Independent_Institute/AWp3XGWP">Independent Institute</a>.</li> <li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (2019). <a href="https://www.hoover.org/research/european-defense">"European Defense"</a>. <a href="/facts/Hoover_Institution/TLMKp8LW">Hoover Institution</a>.</li> <li>Codevilla, Angelo M. (2020). <a href="https://claremontreviewofbooks.com/the-original-fascist/">"The Original Fascist — From movement to epithet"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Claremont_Review_of_Books/m7VUAec2">Claremont Review of Books</a></i>. Vol. XX, no. 2.</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Soft_power/Sdt77tKX">Soft power</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Smart_power/CkyvT2z0">Smart power</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Missile_defense/p12UNXRz">Missile defense</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.bu.edu/pardeeschool/profile/angelo-codevilla">Angelo Codevilla</a> profile, Pardee School, Boston U.</li> <li><a href="http://www.c-span.org/person/?angelocodevilla">Angelo M. Codevilla</a> <a href="/facts/C-SPAN/MdgMU5eM">C-SPAN</a> index</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Codevilla, Angelo M. (March 2, 2009). "10. Political Warfare: Means for Achieving Political Ends". In Waller, J. Michael (ed.). Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda and Political Warfare (Revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: The Institute of World Politics Press. ISBN 978-0979223648. Retrieved July 5, 2014. <a href="978-0979223648" target="_blank">978-0979223648</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Contributor Biography". Hoover Press. Retrieved July 5, 2014. <a href="http://www.hooverpress.org/bioPopUp/contributorbiography.cfm?ContribID=182" target="_blank">http://www.hooverpress.org/bioPopUp/contributorbiography.cfm?ContribID=182</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Maria Angelo Codevilla". Contemporary Authors Online. Biography in Context. Detroit: Gale. April 23, 2009. GALE|H1000019089. Retrieved July 5, 2014. <a href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=BIC1&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&display-query=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&search_within_results=&p=BIC1&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CH1000019089&source=Bookmark&u=fairfax_main&jsid=1c3eecfae785ae12e95c649b383dc4a1" target="_blank">http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=BIC1&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&display-query=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&search_within_results=&p=BIC1&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CH1000019089&source=Bookmark&u=fairfax_main&jsid=1c3eecfae785ae12e95c649b383dc4a1</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Risen, Clay (October 3, 2021). "Angelo Codevilla, Whose Writings Anticipated Trumpism, Dies at 78". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 4, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/03/obituaries/angelo-codevilla-dead.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/03/obituaries/angelo-codevilla-dead.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Maria Angelo Codevilla". Contemporary Authors Online. Biography in Context. Detroit: Gale. April 23, 2009. GALE|H1000019089. Retrieved July 5, 2014. <a href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=BIC1&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&display-query=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&search_within_results=&p=BIC1&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CH1000019089&source=Bookmark&u=fairfax_main&jsid=1c3eecfae785ae12e95c649b383dc4a1" target="_blank">http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=BIC1&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&display-query=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&search_within_results=&p=BIC1&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CH1000019089&source=Bookmark&u=fairfax_main&jsid=1c3eecfae785ae12e95c649b383dc4a1</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"James Madison Program". Princeton University. Archived from the original on May 27, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527081520/http://web.princeton.edu/sites/jmadison/people/archives/fellows0304.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140527081520/http://web.princeton.edu/sites/jmadison/people/archives/fellows0304.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Contributor Biography". Hoover Press. Retrieved July 5, 2014. <a href="http://www.hooverpress.org/bioPopUp/contributorbiography.cfm?ContribID=182" target="_blank">http://www.hooverpress.org/bioPopUp/contributorbiography.cfm?ContribID=182</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Rosen, Stephen (July 1, 1988). "While Others Build: The Common-Sense Approach to the Strategic Defense Initiative, by Angelo Codevilla (Anti-Missile Defense)". Commentary. Book review of While Others Build: The Common-sense Approach to the Strategic Defense Initiative. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Peter_Rosen" target="_blank">/wiki/Stephen_Peter_Rosen</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Hersh, Seymour (January 18, 1999). "The Traitor". The New Yorker. pp. 26–33. Retrieved December 26, 2012. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1999/01/18/1999_01_18_026_TNY_LIBRY_000017310" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1999/01/18/1999_01_18_026_TNY_LIBRY_000017310</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Olive, Ronald J. (2006). Capturing Jonathan Pollard: How One of the Most Notorious Spies in American History Was Brought to Justice. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-1-59114-652-0. <a href="978-1-59114-652-0" target="_blank">978-1-59114-652-0</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Letter from Codevilla to President Barack Obama". November 5, 2013. <a href="http://www.jonathanpollard.org/2013/110513.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.jonathanpollard.org/2013/110513.jpg</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Pollard Defenders Vindicated". December 20, 2012. <a href="http://www.defenddemocracy.org/media-hit/pollard-defenders-vindicated/" target="_blank">http://www.defenddemocracy.org/media-hit/pollard-defenders-vindicated/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Smith, Lee (December 20, 2012). "Pollard Defenders Vindicated: After 25 years, the CIA has declassified documents that show Jonathan Pollard never spied on the U.S. for Israel". Tablet. <a href="http://tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/119711/pollard-defenders-vindicated" target="_blank">http://tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/119711/pollard-defenders-vindicated</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Phelan, Wesley (January 11, 1999). "The True Motives Behind the Sentencing of Jonathan Pollard - An Interview with Angelo Codevilla - Special Feature". The Washington Weekly. Retrieved July 5, 2014. republished July 17, 2000, at Jonathan Pollard website <a href="http://www.jonathanpollard.org/2000/071700a.htm" target="_blank">http://www.jonathanpollard.org/2000/071700a.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Codevilla, Angelo; Cotler, Irwin; Dershowitz, Alan; Lasson, Kenneth (January 2, 1999). "The True Motives Behind the Sentencing of Jonathan Pollard - An Interview with Angelo Codevilla - Special Feature". The Washington Post. p. A19. Retrieved July 5, 2014. republished at Jonathan Pollard website <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Maria Angelo Codevilla". Contemporary Authors Online. Biography in Context. Detroit: Gale. April 23, 2009. GALE|H1000019089. 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