Help:Wikitext

<h2 id="layout">Layout</h2>
<h3>Sections</h3>
<p>Article sections in a page will follow that page's lead or introduction and, if there are four or more, the table of contents.
</p>
<h4>Section headings</h4>
<p class="note">Further information: Help:Section and Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Section headings</p>
<p>The = through ====== markup are headings for the sections with which they are associated.
</p>
<ul><li>A single = is styled as the article title and should not be used within an article.</li>
<li>Headings are styled through <a href="/facts/CSS/tA90XBQo">CSS</a> and add an [edit] link. See this section for the relevant CSS.</li>
<li>Four or more headings cause a table of contents to be generated automatically.</li>
<li>Do not use any markup after the final heading markup – this will either break the heading, or will cause the heading to not be included in an edit summary.</li></ul>

<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td>= Heading 1 === Heading 2 ===== Heading 3 ======= Heading 4 ========= Heading 5 =========== Heading 6 ======</td><td>Heading 1Heading 2Heading 3Heading 4Heading 5Heading 6</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>
Templates: {{fake heading}} for use in documentation.
</p>
<h4>Horizontal rule</h4>
<p class="note">Further information: WP:LINE</p>
<p>The horizontal rule represents a paragraph-level thematic break. Do not use in article content, as rules are used only after main sections, and this is automatic.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td>----</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The four hyphens must appear at the beginning of a line.
</p><p>The HTML equivalent is <hr />, which can be indented if required. (---- always starts at the left margin.)
</p><p>The template {{Hr}} produces a similar rule but allows the thickness to be specified.
</p>
<h4>Table of contents</h4>
<p class="note">Further information: WP:TOC</p>
<p>When a page has at least four headings, a table of contents (TOC) will automatically appear after the lead and before the first heading. The TOC can be controlled by magic words or templates:
</p>
<ul><li>__FORCETOC__ forces the TOC to appear at the normal location regardless of the number of headings.</li>
<li>__TOC__ forces the TOC to appear at the point where the magic word is inserted instead of the normal location.</li>
<li>__NOTOC__ disables the TOC entirely.</li>
<li>{{TOC limit}} template can be used to control the depth of subsections included in the TOC. This is useful where the TOC is long and unwieldy.</li>
<li>Category:Wikipedia table of contents templates contains a number of specialized TOC templates.</li></ul>
<h3>Line breaks</h3>
<p class="note">Further information: Help:Line-break handling, Wikipedia:Line breaks usage, and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Indentation</p>
<p>Line breaks or newlines are used to add whitespace between lines, such as separating paragraphs.
</p>
<ul><li>A line break that is visible in the content is inserted by pressing ↵ Enter twice.</li>
<li>Pressing ↵ Enter once will place a line break in the markup, but it will not show in the rendered content, except when using list markup.</li>
<li>Markup such as bold or italics will be terminated at a line break.</li>
<li>Blank lines within indented wikitext should not be added due to accessibility issues.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td>A single newline herehas no effect on the layout.But an empty line starts a new paragraph, or ends a list or an indented part.</td><td><p>A single newline herehas no effect on the layout.</p><p>But an empty line starts a new paragraph, or ends a list or an indented part.</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>HTML equivalent: <br> or <br /> can be used to break line layout.
</p><p>Templates for line breaks:
</p>
<ul><li>{{break}} can add multiple line breaks.</li>
<li>{{-}} and {{clear}} adds a break with styling, to clear floating elements. Often used to prevent text from flowing next to unrelated tables or images.</li></ul>
<p>Unbulleted list:
</p>
<ul><li>{{plainlist}} and {{unbulleted list}} both create an unbulleted list.</li></ul>
<h3>Indent text</h3>
<p class="note">Further information: WP:INDENT and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Indentation</p>
<p>Indentation is most commonly used on talk pages.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td>Indentation as used on talk pages::Each colon at the start of a line::causes the line to be indented by three more character positions.:::(The indentation persistsso long as no carriage return or line break is used.):::Repeat the indentation at any line break.::::Use an extra colon for each response.:::::And so forth ...::::::And so on ...{{Outdent|::::::}}The outdent template can give a visual indicator that we're deliberately cancelling the indent (6 levels here)</td><td><p>Indentation as used on talk pages:</p>Each colon at the start of a linecauses the line to be indented by three more character positions.(The indentation persists<p>so long as no carriage return or line break is used.)</p>Repeat the indentation at any line break.Use an extra colon for each response.And so forth ...And so on ...The outdent template can give a visual indicator that we're deliberately cancelling the indent (6 levels here)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Templates: {{outdent}}, {{outdent2}}
</p>
<h3>Blockquote</h3>
<p>When there is a need for separating a block of text. This is useful for (as the name says) inserting blocks of quoted (and cited) text.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td>Normal text<blockquote>The '''blockquote''' tag will indent both margins when needed instead of the left margin only as the colon does.</blockquote>Normal text</td><td><p>Normal text</p><blockquote><p>The blockquote tag will indent both margins when needed instead of the left margin only as the colon does.</p></blockquote><p>Normal text</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>This uses an HTML tag; template {{quote}} results in the same render.
</p>
<h3>Center text</h3>
<p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Span_and_div/3AI7RWLl">Span and div</a>, <a href="/facts/HTML_tag/s4TKzjUP">HTML tag</a>, and Template:Align</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td><div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Centered text</div></td><td>Centered text</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Template {{center}} uses the same markup. To center a table, see Help:Table#Centering tables.
Please do not use <center>...</center> tags, as it is obsolete.
</p>
<h3>Align text to right</h3>
<p>You can align content in a separate container:
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td><div style="text-align: right; direction: ltr; margin-left: 1em;">Text on the right</div></td><td>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.Text on the rightLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Or; make the text float around it:
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td><div class="floatright">Text on the right</div></td><td>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.Text on the rightLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. </td></tr><tr><td>{{stack|Text on the right}}</td><td>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.Text on the rightLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Lists</h3>
<p class="note">Further information: Help:List and MOS:LIST</p>
<p>Do not leave blank lines between items in a list unless there is a reason to do so, since this causes the MediaWiki software to interpret each item as beginning a new list.
</p>
<h4>Unordered lists</h4>

<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td>* Item1* Item2* Item3* Item4** Sub-item 4 a)*** Sub-item 4 a) 1.**** Sub-item 4 a) 1. i)**** Sub-item 4 a) 1. ii)** Sub-item 4 b)* Item5</td><td><ul><li>Item1</li><li>Item2</li><li>Item3</li><li>Item4<ul><li>Sub-item 4 a)<ul><li>Sub-item 4 a) 1.<ul><li>Sub-item 4 a) 1. i)</li><li>Sub-item 4 a) 1. ii)</li></ul></li></ul></li><li>Sub-item 4 b)</li></ul></li><li>Item5</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Ordered lists</h4>

<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td># Item1# Item2# Item3# Item4## Sub-item 1### Sub-sub-item#### Sub-sub-sub-item## Sub-item 2# Item5</td><td><ol><li>Item1</li><li>Item2</li><li>Item3</li><li>Item4<ol><li>Sub-item 1<ol><li>Sub-sub-item<ol><li>Sub-sub-sub-item</li></ol></li></ol></li><li>Sub-item 2</li></ol></li><li>Item5</li></ol></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Description lists</h4>

<p>To list terms and definitions, start a new line with a semicolon (;) followed by the term. Then, type a colon (:) followed by a definition. The format can also be used for other purposes, such as make and models of vehicles, etc.
</p><p><i>Description lists</i> (formerly <i>definition lists</i>, and a.k.a. <i>association lists</i>) consist of group names corresponding to values. Group names (terms) are in bold. Values (definitions) are indented. Each group must include one or more definitions. For a single or first value, the : can be placed on the same line after ; – but subsequent values must be placed on separate lines.
</p><p>Do not use a semicolon (;) simply to bold a line without defining a value using a colon (:). This usage renders invalid <a href="/facts/HTML5/HBAxEAr6">HTML5</a> and creates issues with <a href="/facts/Screen_reader/Twune61n">screen readers</a>. Also, use of a colon to indent (other than for talk page responses) may also render invalid HTML5 and cause accessibility issues per MOS:INDENTGAP.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td>; Term : Definition1</td><td>TermDefinition1 </td></tr><tr><td>; Term: Definition1: Definition2: Definition3: Definition4</td><td>TermDefinition1Definition2Definition3Definition4</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>HTML equivalent: <dl> <dt>...</dt>, <dd>...</dd> </dl>
</p><p>Templates: {{defn}}
</p>
<h3>Retaining newlines and spaces</h3>

<p>The MediaWiki software suppresses single newlines and converts lines starting with a space to preformatted text in a dashed box. HTML suppresses multiple spaces. It is often desirable to retain these elements for poems, lyrics, mottoes, oaths and the like. The Poem extension adds HTML-like <poem>...</poem> tags to maintain newlines and spaces. These tags may be used inside other tags such as <blockquote>...</blockquote>; the template {{poemquote}} provides a convenient shorthand. <a href="/facts/H%3aCSS/Tz9j8tYR">CSS styles</a> may be applied to this tag, e.g.: <poem style="margin-left: 2em;">.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td><poem>In Xanadu did Kubla Khan  A stately pleasure-dome decree:Where Alph, the sacred river, ran  Through caverns measureless to manDown to a sunless sea.So twice five miles of fertile ground  With walls and towers were girdled round:And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills,  Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree;And here were forests ancient as the hills,  Enfolding sunny spots of greenery.</poem></td><td><p>In Xanadu did Kubla Khan  A stately pleasure-dome decree:Where Alph, the sacred river, ran  Through caverns measureless to manDown to a sunless sea.So twice five miles of fertile ground  With walls and towers were girdled round:And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills,  Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree;And here were forests ancient as the hills,  Enfolding sunny spots of greenery.</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Poems and their translation can be presented side by side, and the language can be indicated with lang="xx". Following the last side-by-side block, {{Clear|left}} must be used to cancel "float:left;" and to re-establish normal flow. Note that this method does not require a table and its columns to achieve the side-by-side presentation.
</p><p>Markup
</p>
<poem lang="fr" style="float:left;">Frère Jacques, frère Jacques,
Dormez-vous? Dormez-vous?
Sonnez les matines! Sonnez les matines!
Ding, dang, dong. Ding, dang, dong.</poem>
<poem style="margin-left:2em; float:left;">Are you sleeping? Are you sleeping?
Brother John, Brother John,
Morning bells are ringing! Morning bells are ringing!
Ding, dang, dong. Ding, dang, dong.</poem>{{Clear|left}}

<p>Renders as
</p>

<p>Frère Jacques, frère Jacques,
Dormez-vous? Dormez-vous?
Sonnez les matines! Sonnez les matines!
Ding, dang, dong. Ding, dang, dong.
</p>

<p>Are you sleeping? Are you sleeping?
Brother John, Brother John,
Morning bells are ringing! Morning bells are ringing!
Ding, dang, dong. Ding, dang, dong.
</p>

<h2 id="format">Format</h2>
<h3>Text formatting</h3>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Description</th><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p><i>italics</i>, bold, small capital letters</p></td><td>To ''italicize text'', put two consecutive apostrophes on each side of it.Three apostrophes each side will '''bold the text'''.Five consecutive apostrophes on each side (two for italics plus three for bold) produces '''''bold italics'''''.'''''Italic and bold formatting''''' works correctly only within a single line.For text as {{smallcaps|small caps}}, use the template {{tl|smallcaps}}.</td><td><p>To <i>italicize text</i>, put two consecutive apostrophes on each side of it.</p><p>Three apostrophes each side will bold the text.</p><p>Five consecutive apostrophes on each side (two for italics plus three for bold) produces <i>bold italics</i>.</p><p><i>Italic and bold formatting</i> works correctly only within a single line.</p><p>To reverse this effect where it has been automatically applied, use {{nobold}} and {{noitalic}}.</p><p>For text as small caps, use the template {{smallcaps}}.</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>Small chunks of <a href="/facts/Source_code/o9J6Jv23">source code</a> within a line of normal text.</p><p>Code is displayed in a <a href="/facts/Monospace_font/or1TCAoh">monospace font</a>.</p></td><td>function <code>int m2()</code> is nice.</td><td><p>function int m2() is nice.</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>Syntax highlighting for source code.</p><p>Computer code has colored text and more stringent formatting. For example, to define a function: int m2(), with highlights, in C++.</p><p>See <a href="https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-SyntaxHighlight_GeSHi/blob/master/SyntaxHighlight.lexers.php">here</a> for a full list of supported languages that can be put in lang="????"</p></td><td><syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">#include <iostream>int m2 (int ax, char *p_ax) {  std::cout <<"Hello World!";  return 0;}</syntaxhighlight></td><td>#include <iostream>int m2 (int ax, char *p_ax) {  std::cout <<"Hello World!";  return 0;}</td></tr><tr><td><p>Small text</p></td><td>Use <small>small text</small> only when necessary.</td><td><p>Use small text only when necessary.</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>a <small> span</p></td><td>To match, for example, the font-size used in an [[Help:Visual file markup#Caption|image caption]], the "small" tag can also be used to <small style="font-size:87%;">reduce a text's font-size to 87%</small>.</td><td><p>To match, for example, the font-size used in an image caption, the "small" tag can also be used to reduce a text's font-size to 87%.</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>Big text</p></td><td>Better not use <big>big text</big>, unless <small>it's <big>within</big> small</small> text.</td><td><p>Better not use big text, unless it's within small text.</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>To prevent two words from becoming separated by a <a href="/facts/Linewrap/QXKUrTng">linewrap</a> (e.g. <i>Mr. Smith</i> or <i>400 km/h</i>) a <a href="/facts/Non-breaking_space/lBPo5IS6">non-breaking space</a>, sometimes also called a "non-printing character", may be used between them. (For three or more words, the template {{nowrap}} is probably more suitable.)</p></td><td>Mr.&nbsp;Smith or 400&nbsp;km/h</td><td><p>Mr. Smith or 400 km/h</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>Extra spacing within text is usually best achieved using the {{pad}} template.</p></td><td>Mary {{pad|4.0em}} had a little lamb.</td><td><p>Mary   had a little lamb.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Special characters</h3>
<p class="note">See also: Help:Special characters and <a href="/facts/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references/Pw0NWQLP">List of XML and HTML character entity references</a></p>
<p>Special characters can often be displayed using <a href="/facts/Numeric_character_reference/wCEzNIlC">numeric character references</a> or <a href="/facts/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references/Pw0NWQLP">character entity references</a>. See <a href="/facts/Character_encodings_in_HTML/KQhXu9X4">Character encodings in HTML</a> for more information. For example, &Agrave; and &#xC0; both render <a href="/facts/%25C3%2580/FCgPpfgQ">À</a> (A-<a href="/facts/Grave_accent/pVo48UeD">grave</a>). <a href="/facts/Percent-encoding/zprLw5se">Percent-encoding</a> can't be used, as it works only in <a href="/facts/URL/pPD5g7Wq">URLs</a>.
</p>
<h4>Diacritical marks</h4>
<p><a href="/facts/Diacritic/Rw6lMzQW">Diacritic</a> marks, using character entity references.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td>&Agrave; &Aacute; &Acirc; &Atilde; &Auml; &Aring; &AElig;&Ccedil; &Egrave; &Eacute; &Ecirc; &Euml;&Igrave; &Iacute; &Icirc; &Iuml; &Ntilde;&Ograve; &Oacute; &Ocirc; &Otilde; &Ouml; &Oslash; &OElig;&Ugrave; &Uacute; &Ucirc; &Uuml; &Yuml; &szlig;&agrave; &aacute; &acirc; &atilde; &auml; &aring; &aelig; &ccedil;&egrave; &eacute; &ecirc; &euml;&igrave; &iacute; &icirc; &iuml; &ntilde;&ograve; &oacute; &ocirc; &otilde; &ouml; &oslash; &oelig;&ugrave; &uacute; &ucirc; &uuml; &yuml;</td><td><p>À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ</p><p>Ç È É Ê Ë</p><p>Ì Í Î Ï Ñ</p><p>Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö Ø Œ</p><p>Ù Ú Û Ü Ÿ ß</p><p>à á â ã ä å æ ç</p><p>è é ê ë</p><p>ì í î ï ñ</p><p>ò ó ô õ ö ø œ</p><p>ù ú û ü ÿ</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Punctuation special characters</h4>
<p>Using character entity references.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td>&iquest; &iexcl; &sect; &para;</td><td>¿ ¡ § ¶</td></tr><tr><td>&dagger; &Dagger; &bull; &ndash; &mdash;</td><td>† ‡ • – —</td></tr><tr><td>&lsaquo; &rsaquo; &laquo; &raquo;</td><td>‹ › « »</td></tr><tr><td>&lsquo; &rsquo; &ldquo; &rdquo;</td><td>‘ ’ “ ”</td></tr><tr><td>&apos; &quot;</td><td>' "</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Escaping punctuation characters</h4>
<p>The </p>, , and    markup tags are also available, for writing "[", "{", "&", "}", "]" for example. These tags prevent these characters from being recognised as wiki markup, which is a possibility in some circumstances.

<h4>Commercial symbols</h4>
<p>Using character entity references.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td>&trade; &copy; &reg; </td><td>™ © ®</td></tr><tr><td>&cent; &euro; &yen; &pound; &curren;</td><td>¢ € ¥ £ ¤</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Greek characters</h4>
<p>Using character entity references.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td>&alpha; &beta; &gamma; &delta; &epsilon; &zeta; </td><td>α β γ δ ε ζ</td></tr><tr><td>&Alpha; &Beta; &Gamma; &Delta; &Epsilon; &Zeta;</td><td>Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ</td></tr><tr><td>&eta; &theta; &iota; &kappa; &lambda; &mu; &nu;</td><td>η θ ι κ λ μ ν</td></tr><tr><td>&Eta; &Theta; &Iota; &Kappa; &Lambda; &Mu; &Nu; </td><td>Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν</td></tr><tr><td>&xi; &omicron; &pi; &rho; &sigma; &sigmaf;</td><td>ξ ο π ρ σ ς</td></tr><tr><td>&Xi; &Omicron; &Pi; &Rho; &Sigma; </td><td>Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ</td></tr><tr><td>&tau; &upsilon; &phi; &chi; &psi; &omega;</td><td>τ υ φ χ ψ ω</td></tr><tr><td>&Tau; &Upsilon; &Phi; &Chi; &Psi; &Omega; </td><td>Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Egyptian hieroglyphs</h4>
<p class="note">Main page: Help:WikiHiero syntax</p>
<p>WikiHiero is a software extension that renders <a href="/facts/Egyptian_hieroglyphs/qXRpprLe">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a> as PNG images using <hiero> HTML-like tags.
</p><p>Example:
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td><hiero>P2</hiero></td><td><table><tbody><tr><td> <table><tbody><tr> <td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Subscripts and superscripts</h4>
<ul><li>The Manual of Style prefers the <sub> and <sup> formats, for example x<sub>1</sub>. So this should be used under most circumstances.</li>
<li>The latter methods of sub/superscripting cannot be used in the most general context, as they rely on <a href="/facts/Unicode/DDu3MfPV">Unicode</a> support that may not be present on all users' machines.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Description</th><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p><i>Subscripts</i></p></td><td>x<sub>1</sub> x<sub>2</sub> x<sub>3</sub> orx&#8320; x&#8321; x&#8322; x&#8323; x&#8324;x&#8325; x&#8326; x&#8327; x&#8328; x&#8329;</td><td><p>x1 x2 x3 or</p><p>x₀ x₁ x₂ x₃ x₄</p><p>x₅ x₆ x₇ x₈ x₉</p></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Superscripts</i></p></td><td>x<sup>1</sup> x<sup>2</sup> x<sup>3</sup> orx&#8304; x&sup1; x&sup2; x&sup3; x&#8308;x&#8309; x&#8310; x&#8311; x&#8312; x&#8313;</td><td><p>x1 x2 x3 or</p><p>x⁰ x¹ x² x³ x⁴</p><p>x⁵ x⁶ x⁷ x⁸ x⁹</p></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Combined</i></p></td><td>&epsilon;<sub>0</sub> = 8.85 &times; 10<sup>&minus;12</sup> C&sup2; / J m1 [[hectare]] = 1 E+4 m&sup2;</td><td><p>ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 C² / J m</p><p>1 <a href="/facts/Hectare/DPz2HDGr">hectare</a> = 1 E+4 m²</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Characters in the Private Use Area, and invisible formatting characters</h4>
<p class="note">Main page: MOS:TEXT § PUA and RTL</p>
<p>Invisible and <a href="/facts/Private_Use_Areas/PyDqUQnJ">PUA (Private Use Areas)</a> characters should be avoided where possible.  When needed, they should both be replaced with their (hexa)decimal code values (as "&#(x)...;").  This renders invisible characters visible, for manual editing, and allows AWB to process pages with PUA characters.  The latter should also be tagged with the {{PUA}} template for tracking and future maintenance.
</p>
<h3>Mathematical characters and formulae</h3>
<h4>Mathematical characters</h4>
<ul><li>See also Wikipedia:Mathematical symbols, WikiProject Mathematics and <a href="/facts/TeX/8t3cCBqk">TeX</a>.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td>&int; &sum; &prod; &radic;</td><td>∫ ∑ ∏ √</td></tr><tr><td>&minus; &plusmn; &infin;</td><td>− ± ∞</td></tr><tr><td>&asymp; &prop; &equiv; &ne;</td><td>≈ ∝ ≡ ≠</td></tr><tr><td>&le; &ge;</td><td>≤ ≥</td></tr><tr><td>&times; &middot; &divide; &part;</td><td>× · ÷ ∂</td></tr><tr><td>&prime; &Prime;</td><td>′ ″</td></tr><tr><td>&nabla; &permil; &deg; &there4; &alefsym;</td><td>∇ ‰ ° ∴ ℵ</td></tr><tr><td>&oslash;</td><td>ø</td></tr><tr><td>&isin; &notin; &cap; &cup;</td><td>∈ ∉ ∩ ∪</td></tr><tr><td>&sub; &sup; &sube; &supe;</td><td>⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇</td></tr><tr><td>&not; &and; &or; &exist; &forall;</td><td>¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀</td></tr><tr><td>&rArr; &lArr; &dArr; &uArr; &hArr;</td><td>⇒ ⇐ ⇓ ⇑ ⇔</td></tr><tr><td>&rarr; &larr; &darr; &uarr; &harr;</td><td>→ ← ↓ ↑ ↔</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Mathematical formulae</h4>
<p class="note">Main page: Help:Displaying a formula</p>
<ul><li>Formulae that include mathematical letters, like x, and operators like × should not use the plain letter x. See math font formatting. For a comprehensive set of symbols, and comparison between <math> tags and the {{math}} template see section TeX vs HTML.</li></ul>
<ul><li>The <math> tag typesets using LaTeX markup,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> which may render as an image or as HTML, depending on environmental settings. The <math> tag is best for the complex formula on its own line in an image format. If you use this tag to put a formula in the line with text, put it in the {{nowrap}} template.</li></ul>
<ul><li>The {{math}} template uses HTML, and will size-match a serif font, and will also prevent line-wrap. All templates are sensitive to the = sign, so remember to replace = with {{=}} in template input, or start the input with 1=. Use wiki markup '' and ''' inside the {{math}} template, as well as other HTML entities. The {{math}} template is best for typeset formulas in line with the text.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td><math>2x \times 4y \div 6z + 8 - \frac {y}{z^2} = 0</math>{{math|2''x'' &times; 4''y'' &divide; 6''z'' + 8 &minus; {{sfrac|''y''|''z''<sup>2</sup>}} {{=}} 0}}<math>\sin 2\pi x + \ln e</math>{{math|sin 2&amp;pi;''x'' + ln ''e''}}</td><td><p>                    2        x        ×        4        y        ÷        6        z        +        8        −                              y                          z                              2                                                    =        0              {\displaystyle 2x\times 4y\div 6z+8-{\frac {y}{z^{2}}}=0}  </p><p>2<i>x</i> × 4<i>y</i> ÷ 6<i>z</i> + 8 − ⁠<i>y</i>/<i>z</i>2⁠ = 0</p><p>                    sin        ⁡        2        π        x        +        ln        ⁡        e              {\displaystyle \sin 2\pi x+\ln e}  sin 2π<i>x</i> + ln <i>e</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Spacing in simple math formulae</h4>
<ul><li>Using &nbsp; to prevent line break is not needed; the {{math}} template will prevent line breaks anyway; you can use <br /> if you need an explicit line break inside a formula.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td>It follows that {{math|''x''<sup>2</sup> &ge; 0}} for real {{mvar|x}}.</td><td><p>It follows that <i>x</i>2 ≥ 0 for real x.</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Complicated formulae</h4>
<ul><li>See Help:Displaying a formula for how to use <math>.</li>
<li>A formula displayed on a line by itself should be indented using <math display=block>...</math></li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td><math display=block>\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{x^n}{n!}</math></td><td><p>                              ∑                      n            =            0                                ∞                                                              x                              n                                                    n              !                                            {\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{n}}{n!}}}  </p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Indenting by using the colon (:) character (i.e. using :<math></math> instead of <math display=block></math>) is discouraged for accessibility reasons.
</p>
<h2 id="links-and-urls">Links and URLs</h2>
<p class="note">Main page: Help:Link</p>
<h3>Wikilinks</h3>
<p>Wikilinks are used in wikitext markup to produce <a href="/facts/Internal_link/MQIKXt3H">internal links</a> between pages. You create wikilinks by putting double square brackets around text designating the title of the page you want to link to. Thus, [[Texas]] will be rendered as <a href="/facts/Texas/B987WHF0">Texas</a>. Optionally, you can use a <a href="/facts/Vertical_bar/Yq77nJ6f">vertical bar</a> (|) to customize the link title. For example, typing [[Texas|Lone Star State]] will produce <a href="/facts/Texas/B987WHF0">Lone Star State</a>, a link that is displayed as "Lone Star State" but in fact links to <a href="/facts/Texas/B987WHF0">Texas</a>.
</p>
<h4>Link to another wiki article</h4>
<ul><li>Internally, the first letter of the target page is automatically capitalized and spaces are represented as underscores (typing an underscore in the link has the same effect as typing a space, but is not recommended).</li>
<li>Thus the link hereafter is to the Web address en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport, which is the Wikipedia article with the name "Public transport". See also Canonicalization.</li>
<li>A red link is a page that doesn't exist yet; it can be created by clicking on the link.</li>
<li>A link to its own page will appear only as bold text.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td>London has [[public transport]].</td><td><p>London has <a href="/facts/Public_transport/DXhqazz5">public transport</a>.</p> </td></tr><tr><td>Link to this page: "[[Help:Wikitext]]" will appear only as bold text.</td><td><p>Link to this page: "Help:Wikitext" will appear only as bold text.</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Renamed link</h4>
<ul><li>Same target, different name.</li>
<li>The target ("piped") text must be placed first, then the text to be displayed second.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p>New York also has [[public transport|public transportation]].</p></td><td><p>New York also has <a href="/facts/Public_transport/DXhqazz5">public transportation</a>.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Automatically rename links</h4>
<ul><li>Simply typing the pipe character | after a link will automatically rename the link in certain circumstances. The next time you open the edit box you will see the expanded piped link. When previewing your edits, you will not see the expanded form until you press Save and Edit again. The same applies to links to sections within the same page.</li>
<li>See Pipe trick for details.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Description</th><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p><i>Automatically hide stuff in parentheses</i></p></td><td><p>[[kingdom (biology)|]]</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Kingdom_(biology)/QGRKbHos">kingdom</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><i>Automatically hide the comma and following text</i></td><td>[[Seattle, Washington|]]</td><td><a href="/facts/Seattle%2c_Washington/7lYIrCa6">Seattle</a></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Automatically hide namespace</i></p></td><td><p>[[Wikipedia:Village pump|]]</p></td><td><p>Village pump</p></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Or both</i></p></td><td><p>[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (headings)|]]</p></td><td><p>Manual of Style</p></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>But this doesn't work for section links</i></p></td><td><p>[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Links|]]</p></td><td><p>[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Links|]]</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Blend link</h4>
<ul><li>Endings are blended into the link.
<ul><li><i>Exception</i>: a trailing <a href="/facts/Apostrophe/vnPUFIYz">apostrophe</a> (') and any characters following the apostrophe are <i>not</i> blended.</li></ul></li>
<li>Preferred style is to use this instead of a piped link, if possible.</li>
<li>Blending can be suppressed by using the  tag, which may be desirable in some instances.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Description</th><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><i>Blending active</i></td><td><p>San Francisco also has [[public transport]]ation. Examples include [[bus]]es, [[taxicab]]s, and [[tram]]s.</p></td><td>San Francisco also has <a href="/facts/Public_transport/DXhqazz5">public transportation</a>. Examples include <a href="/facts/Bus/CuEPrMhW">buses</a>, <a href="/facts/Taxicab/BfFU6MIY">taxicabs</a>, and <a href="/facts/Tram/gSaKExyR">trams</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>A [[micro-]]second</td><td>A <a href="/facts/Micro-/VXlL1EhM">micro-second</a></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Blending suppressed</i></p></td><td><p>A [[micro-]]<nowiki />second.</p></td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Micro-/VXlL1EhM">micro-</a>second</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Link to a section of a page</h4>
<ul><li>The part after the hash sign (#) must match a section heading on the page. Matches must be exact in terms of spelling, case, and punctuation. Links to non-existent sections are not broken; they are treated as links to the beginning of the page.</li>
<li>Include "| link title" to create a stylish (piped) link title.</li>
<li>If sections have the same title, add a number to link to any but the first. #Example section 3 goes to the third section named "Example section". You can use the pipe and retype the section title to display the text without the # symbol.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p>[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Italics]] is a link to a section within another page.</p></td><td><p>Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Italics is a link to a section within another page.</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>[[#Links and URLs]] is a link to another section on the current page. [[#Links and URLs|Links and URLs]] is a link to the same section without showing the # symbol.</p></td><td><p>#Links and URLs is a link to another section on the current page. Links and URLs is a link to the same section without showing the # symbol.</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Italics|Italics]] is a piped link to a section within another page.</p></td><td><p>Italics is a piped link to a section within another page.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Create a page link</h4>
<ul><li>To create a new page:
<ol><li>Create a link to it on some other (related) page.</li>
<li>Save that page.</li>
<li>Click on the link you just made. The new page will open for editing.</li></ol></li>
<li>For more information, see starting an article and check out Wikipedia's naming conventions.</li>
<li>Please do not create a new article without linking to it from at least one other article.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Description</th><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p><i>Links to pages that don't exist yet look red.</i></p></td><td><p>The article about [[cardboard sandwiches]] doesn't exist yet.</p></td><td><p>The article about cardboard sandwiches doesn't exist yet.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Redirects</h3>
<p class="note">Main page: Help:Redirect</p>
<ul><li>Redirect one article title to another by placing a directive like the one shown to the right on the <i>first</i> line of the article (such as at a page titled "<a href="/facts/US/N2ByeYrd">US</a>").</li>
<li>It is possible to redirect to a section. For example, a redirect to <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States#History</a> will redirect to the History section of the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> page, if it exists.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Description</th><th>What you type</th></tr><tr><td><p><i>Redirect to an article</i></p></td><td><p>#REDIRECT [[United States]]</p></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Redirect to a section</i></p></td><td><p>#REDIRECT [[United States#History]]</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Link to another namespace</h3>
<ul><li>The full page name should be included in double square brackets.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p>See the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style]].</p></td><td><p>See the Wikipedia:Manual of Style.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Link to the same article in another language (interlanguage links)</h3>
<p class="note">Main pages: Help:Interlanguage links and Wikipedia:Complete list of language wikis available</p>
<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td>After the launch of Wikidata, interlanguage links are now added through it. Links in articles should exist only in special cases, for example when an article in one language has two articles in another language.</td></tr></tbody></table>
<ul><li>To link to a corresponding page in another language, use the form: [[language code:Foreign title]].</li>
<li>It is recommended interlanguage links be placed at the very end of the article.</li>
<li>Interlanguage links are NOT visible within the formatted article, but instead appear as language links on the sidebar (to the left) under the menu section "languages".</li></ul>
<ul><li>NOTE: To create an <i>inline link</i> (a clickable link within the text) to <i>any</i> foreign language article, see Help:Interlanguage links#Inline interlanguage links and consider the usage notes.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Description</th><th>What you type</th></tr><tr><td><p><i>Link from English article "Plankton" to the Spanish article "Plancton".</i></p><p><i>"es" is the language code for "<i>español</i>" (the <a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish language</a>).</i></p></td><td>[[es:Plancton]]</td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Other examples: French (fr for <i>français</i>), German (de for <i>Deutsch</i>), Russian (ru), and simple English (simple).</i></p></td><td>[[fr:Plancton]][[de:Plankton]][[ru:Планктон]][[simple:Plankton]]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Interwiki link</h3>
<ul><li>Interwiki links link to any page on other wikis. Interwikimedia links link to other Wikimedia wikis.</li>
<li>Note that interwikimedia links use the internal link style, with double square brackets.</li>
<li>See Meta-Wiki:Interwiki map for the list of shortcuts; if the site you want to link to is not on the list, use an external link.</li>
<li>See also Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Description</th><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><p>Linking to a page on another wiki in English.</p><p>All of these forms lead to the URL <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hello">https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hello</a>.</p></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Simple link.</i></p><p><i>Without prefix.</i></p><p><i>Named link.</i></p></td><td><p>[[Wiktionary:hello]]</p><p>[[Wiktionary:hello|]]</p><p>[[Wiktionary:hello|Wiktionary definition of "hello"]]</p></td><td><p>Wiktionary:hello</p><p>hello</p><p>Wiktionary definition of "hello"</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><p>Linking to a page on another wiki in another language.</p><p>All of these forms lead to the URL <a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/bonjour">https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/bonjour</a>.</p></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Simple link.</i></p><p><i>Without prefix.</i></p><p><i>Named link.</i></p></td><td><p>[[Wiktionary:fr:bonjour]]</p><p>[[Wiktionary:fr:bonjour|]]</p><p>[[Wiktionary:fr:bonjour|bonjour]]</p></td><td><p>Wiktionary:fr:bonjour</p><p>fr:bonjour</p><p>bonjour</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Categories</h3>
<ul><li>To put an article in a category, place a link like [[Category:Example]] into the article. As with interlanguage links, placing these links at the end of the article is recommended.</li>
<li>To link to a category page without putting the article into the category, use a colon prefix (":Category") in the link.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Description</th><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p><i>Categorize an article.</i></p></td><td><p>[[Category:Character sets]]</p></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Link to a category.</i></p></td><td><p>[[:Category:Character sets]]</p></td><td><p>Category:Character sets</p></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Without prefix.</i></p></td><td><p>[[:Category:Character sets|]]</p></td><td><p>Character sets</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>External links</h3>
<ul><li>Single-square brackets indicate an external link. Note the use of a <i>space</i> (not a pipe |) to separate the URL from the link text in a named link. Square brackets may be used as normal punctuation when not linking to anything – [like this].</li>
<li>A <a href="/facts/Uniform_Resource_Locator/pPD5g7Wq">URL</a> must begin with a supported <a href="/facts/URI_scheme/Ae3AaLCl">URI scheme</a>: https:// (preferably) and http:// will be supported by all browsers; irc://, ircs://, ftp://, news://, mailto:, and gopher:// will require a plugin or an external application. IPv6 addresses in URLs are currently not supported.</li>
<li>A URL containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly unless those characters are <a href="/facts/Percent-encoding/zprLw5se">percent encoded</a>. For example, a space must be replaced by %20. Encoding can be achieved by:</li></ul>
<ul><li>Use the link button  on the enhanced editing toolbar to encode the link; this tool will add the bracket markup and the linked text, which may not always be desirable.</li>
<li>Or manually encode the URL by replacing these characters:</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th><i>space</i></th><th>"</th><th>'</th><th>,</th><th>;</th><th><</th><th>></th><th>?</th><th>[</th><th>]</th></tr><tr><td>%20</td><td>%22</td><td>%27</td><td>%2c</td><td>%3b</td><td>%3c</td><td>%3e</td><td>%3f</td><td>%5b</td><td>%5d</td></tr></tbody></table>
<ul><li>Or use the {{urlencode:}} magic word. See Help:Magic words in the MediaWiki documentation for more details.</li></ul>
<ul><li>See Wikipedia:External links for style issues, and Category:External link file type templates for indicating the file type of an external link with an icon.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Description</th><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p><i>Named link</i> with an external link icon</p></td><td><p>[https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia]</p></td><td><p><a href="https://www.wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Unnamed link</i></p><p>This should not be used in articles except in certain lists.</p></td><td><p>[https://www.wikipedia.org]</p></td><td><p><a href="https://www.wikipedia.org">[1]</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Bare URL</i></p><p><i>(Bad style)</i>  </p><p>use <nowiki></nowiki> to keep this bad style from showing</p></td><td><p>https://www.wikipedia.org</p></td><td><p><a href="https://www.wikipedia.org">https://www.wikipedia.org</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Link without arrow</i></p><p><i>(Not often used)</i></p></td><td><p><span class="plainlinks">[https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia]</span></p></td><td><p> <a href="https://www.wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Miscellaneous</h3>
<h4>Media link</h4>
<ul><li>To include links to non-image uploads such as sounds, use a "media" link. For images, see next section.</li>
<li>Some uploaded sounds are listed at Commons:Sound.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p>[[media:Classical guitar scale.ogg|Sound]]</p></td><td><p>Sound</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Links directly into edit mode</h4>
<ul><li>These create links that directly go to the edit or view source tab. For example, to create links to the edit tab for this page, either of the following works:</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Description</th><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p>Using the {{fullurl}} template</p></td><td><p>[{{fullurl:Help:Wiki markup|action=edit}} edit]</p></td><td><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Wiki_markup&action=edit">edit</a></p></td></tr><tr><td><p>Using the {{Edit}} template</p></td><td><p>{{edit}}</p></td><td><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Wikitext&action=edit">edit</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Links partially italicized</h4>
<ul><li>Linking to a page with a title containing words that are usually italicized, such as the <a href="/facts/Hindenburg_disaster/QIsHrchA"><i>Hindenburg</i> disaster</a> article.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p>[[Hindenburg disaster|''Hindenburg'' disaster]]</p></td><td><p><a href="/facts/Hindenburg_disaster/QIsHrchA"><i>Hindenburg</i> disaster</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="musical-notation">Musical notation</h2>
<p class="note">Main page: Help:Score</p>
<p>Musical notation is added by using the <score>...</score> extension HTML-like tag. For example:
</p>

<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td><score>\relative c' { fis d fis a d f e d c cis d e a g f ees }</score></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="images">Images</h2>
<p class="note">Main pages: Help:Visual file markup and Wikipedia:Images</p>
<p>Only images that have been uploaded to Wikipedia or Wikimedia Commons can be used. To upload images, use the Commons upload wizard for photos you have taken, and the Wikipedia upload page if there may be copyright issues. You can find the uploaded image on the image list.
</p><p>See the Wikipedia's image use policy for the policy used on Wikipedia.
</p><p>For further help on images, including some more versatile abilities, see the picture tutorial and extended image syntax.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td>The image name, the word thumb then the caption : [[File:wiki.png|thumb|Wikipedia logo]]</td><td>The image name, the word thumb then the caption : </td><td><ul><li>The thumb tag automatically allows the image to be enlarged and positions it (floats) automatically to the right of the page.</li><li>An enlarge icon is placed in the lower right corner.</li><li>See note below about adding an alt tag</li><li>This is the basic markup for most images</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>A picture: [[File:wiki.png]]</td><td>A picture: </td><td><ul><li>The picture name alone places the image in the text, or on the next line if there is insufficient space.</li><li>Embedding the image in the text is only possible for very small images.</li><li>Embedding the image will affect the vertical formatting of text.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>With alternative text: [[File:wiki.png|alt=Puzzle globe logo]]</td><td>With alternative text:</td><td><ul><li>Alternative text, used when the image is unavailable or when the image is loaded in a text-only browser, or when spoken aloud, is strongly encouraged. See Alternative text for images for help on choosing it.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>With link: [[File:wiki.png|link=Wikipedia]]</td><td>With link:<a href="/facts/Wikipedia/La2xLBFt"></a> </td><td><ul><li>The link directs to the Wikipedia page, <a href="/facts/Wikipedia/La2xLBFt">Wikipedia</a>, instead of the image file page.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Forced to the centre of the pageusing the ''frame'' tag (attribute), a ''centre'' tag and a caption: [[File:wiki.png|frame|centre|alt=Puzzle globe|Wikipedia logo]]</td><td>Forced to the centre of the page using the <i>frame</i> tag (attribute), a <i>centre</i> tag and a caption: </td><td><ul><li>The frame tag automatically floats the image right.</li><li>The frame tag is only of use with very small images or ones using the px tag</li><li>The attributes left, center or centre override this, and places the image to the left or the centre of the page. </li><li>The last parameter is the caption that appears below the image.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Forced to the left side of the pageusing the ''thumb'' attribute, the ''left'' attribute  and a caption: [[File:wiki.png|thumb|left|alt=Puzzle globe|Wikipedia logo]]</td><td>Forced to the left side of the page using the <i>thumb</i> attribute, the <i>left</i> attribute  and a caption: </td><td><ul><li>The thumb tag automatically floats the image right.</li><li>An enlarge icon is placed in the lower right corner.</li><li>The attributes left, center or centre override this, and places the image to the left or the centre of the page.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Forced to the right side of the page''without'' a caption: [[File:wiki.png|right|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]</td><td>Forced to the right side of the page <i>without</i> a caption:</td><td><ul><li>Captions are only displayed when the thumb or frame attributes are present</li><li>The picture tutorial explains more options.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>A picture resized to 50 pixels... [[File:wiki.png|50 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]]</td><td>A picture resized to 50 pixels width...</td><td><ul><li>The picture tutorial explains more options.</li><li>Sizing in pixels is deprecated and should be used very sparingly.</li><li>There is an uprightattribute that should be used instead. These tags are optimised for both laptop and mobile phone screens.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Linking directly to the description page of an image: [[:File:wiki.png]]</td><td>Linking directly to the description page of an image:<p>File:wiki.png</p></td><td><ul><li>Clicking on an image displayed normally on a page also leads to the description page.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Linking directly to an image without displaying it: [[Media:wiki.png|Image of jigsaw globe]]</td><td>Linking directly to an image without displaying it:<p>Image of jigsaw globe</p></td><td><ul><li>To include links to images shown as links instead of drawn on the page, use a "media" link.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Example: <div style="display: inline; width: 220px; float: right;">[[File:wiki.png|50 px|Wikipedia encyclopedia]][[File:wiki.png|50 px]] </div></td><td><p>Example: </p> </td><td><ul><li>Using the <a href="/facts/Span_and_div/3AI7RWLl">span or div elements</a> to separate images from text (note that this may allow images to cover text).</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Example:{| style="text-align: right;"|-|[[File:wiki.png|50 px]]|-|[[File:wiki.png|50 px]]|-|[[File:wiki.png|50 px]]|}</td><td><p>Example:</p><table><tbody><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><ul><li>Using wiki markup to make a table in which to place a vertical column of images (this helps edit links match headers, especially in Firefox browsers).</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="tables">Tables</h2>
<p class="note">Main page: Help:Table</p>
<p class="note">See also: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables § Appropriate</p>
<p>There are two ways to build tables:
</p>
<ul><li>Using specific wiki markup: (see Help:Table).</li>
<li>Using HTML elements: <table>, <tr>, <td> or <th>.</li></ul>
<h2 id="columns">Columns</h2>
<p class="note">Main page: Help:Columns</p>
<p>Use {{colbegin}} and {{colend}} templates to produce columns.
</p>
<h2 id="references-and-citing-sources">References and citing sources</h2>
<p class="note">Main pages: Wikipedia:Citing sources and Help:Footnotes</p>
<p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/APA_style/AwII8cVl">APA style</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style/7g2EwHGA">Chicago style</a>, <a href="/facts/Harvard_style/KaGyk8p5">Harvard style</a>, and <a href="/facts/MLA_style/8vDr1ffn">MLA style</a></p>
<p>Making a reference citing a printed or online source can be accomplished by using the <ref> wiki markup tags. Inside these tags details about the reference are added.
</p><p>Details about the citation can be provided using a structure provided by various templates; the table below lists some typical citation components.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What it's for</th><th>What you type</th></tr><tr><td>To create the reference</td><td><ref name="reference name"><i>add_template_name_here</i></ref></td></tr><tr><td>To cite a book</td><td>{{cite book}}</td></tr><tr><td>To cite a web source</td><td>{{cite web}}</td></tr><tr><td>Book ISBN</td><td>|isbn=0-4397-0818-4 (ISBN of the book)</td></tr><tr><td>Web URL</td><td>|url=https://www.wikipedia.org</td></tr><tr><td>Title</td><td>|title=title of source</td></tr><tr><td>Author</td><td>|author=authors, use commas for multiple</td></tr><tr><td>First name</td><td>|first=first name</td></tr><tr><td>Last name</td><td>|last=last name</td></tr><tr><td>Location</td><td>|location=location of publisher</td></tr><tr><td>Publisher</td><td>|publisher=who published the source</td></tr><tr><td>Date</td><td>|date=2007-09-21 (date of source)</td></tr><tr><td>Year</td><td>|year=year of source</td></tr><tr><td>Accessed date</td><td>|access-date=2008-12-25 (only if url= is included)</td></tr><tr><td>A complete reference tag</td><td><ref name="Wiki markup">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wiki_markup |title=Help:Wiki markup |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref></td></tr><tr><td>Referencing this again</td><td><ref name="Wiki markup" /></td></tr><tr><td>Citation needed</td><td>{{Citation needed|{{subst:DATE}}}}</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="templates-and-transcluding-pages">Templates and transcluding pages</h2>
<p class="note">Main page: Wikipedia:Transclusion</p>
<p class="note">See also: Help:Template § Noinclude, includeonly, and onlyinclude</p>
<p>Examples for templates: {{pad|...}}, {{math|...}}, {{as of|...}}, {{edit}}
</p><p>Templates are segments of wiki markup that are meant to be copied automatically ("transcluded") into a page.
They are specified by putting the template's name in {{double braces}}. Most templates are pages in the Template namespace, but it is possible to transclude mainspace pages (articles) by using {{:colon and double braces}}.
</p><p>There are three pairs of <a href="/facts/Html_element/s4TKzjUP">tags</a> that can be used in <a href="/facts/Wikitext/uCKCEzqb">wikitext</a> to control how transclusion affects parts of a template or article.
They determine whether or not wikitext renders, either in its own article, which we will call "here", or in another article where it is transcluded, which we will call "there".
</p>
<ul><li><noinclude>:  the content will not be rendered <i>there</i>. These tags have no effect <i>here</i>.</li>
<li><includeonly>:  the content  will render only <i>there</i>, and  will not render <i>here</i> (like <a href="/facts/Invisible_ink/mIrVFUjJ">invisible ink</a> made visible by means of transclusion).</li>
<li><onlyinclude>:  the content will render <i>here</i> and will render <i>there</i>, but it will only render <i>there</i> what is between these tags.</li></ul>
<p>There can be several such section "<a href="/facts/HTML/sSc3fT78">elements</a>". Also, they can be nested. All possible renderings are achievable. For example, to render <i>there</i> one or more sections of the page <i>here</i> use <onlyinclude> tags. To append text <i>there</i>, wrap the addition in <includeonly> tags before, within, or after the section. To omit portions of the section, nest <noinclude> tags within it.
</p><p>If a page is transcluded without transclusion markup, it may cause an unintentional categorization. Any page transcluding it will contain the same category as the original page. Wrap the category markup with <noinclude> tags to prevent incorrect categorization.

Some templates take <i>parameters</i>, as well, which you separate with the pipe character |.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td>{{Transclusion demo}}</td><td><p>This text comes from the page named Template:Transclusion demo.It has been transcluded into this page.</p></td></tr><tr><td>{{Help:Transclusion demo}}</td><td><p><i>This transclusion demo is a little bit of text from the page Help:Transclusion demo to be included into any file.</i></p></td></tr><tr><td>This template takes two parameters,and creates underlined text with ahover box for many modern browserssupporting CSS:{{Tooltip|Hover your mouse over this text|This is the hover text}}Go to this page to see the Tooltiptemplate itself: {{tl|Tooltip}}</td><td><p>This template takes two parameters,and creates underlined text with ahover box for many modern browserssupporting CSS:</p><p>Hover your mouse over this text</p><p>Go to this page to see the Tooltiptemplate itself: {{Tooltip}}</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="talk-and-project-pages">Talk and project pages</h2>
<p>These are likely to be helpful on talk and project pages.
</p>
<h3>Signing comments</h3>
<ul><li>The  <i><a href="/facts/Tilde/wQTx6ytR">tilde</a></i> character (~) is used when signing a comment on a talk page. Your username provides a link to your user page.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Description</th><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p><i>You should sign your comments by appending four tildes to the comment, which adds your user name plus date/time.</i></p></td><td><p>~~~~</p></td><td><p>Username (talk) 09:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC)</p></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Adding three tildes will add just your user name.</i></p></td><td><p>~~~</p></td><td><p>Username (talk)</p></td></tr><tr><td><p><i>Adding five tildes gives the date/time alone.</i></p></td><td><p>~~~~~</p></td><td><p>09:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC)</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Linking to old revisions of pages, diffs, and specific history pages</h3>
<ul><li>The external link function is mainly used for these. Open an old revision or diff, and copy the <a href="/facts/URL/pPD5g7Wq">URL</a> from the address bar, pasting it where you want it.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Wiki_markup&diff=330350877&oldid=330349143 Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877]</p></td><td><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Wiki_markup&diff=330350877&oldid=330349143">Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<ul><li>You can also use an internal diff link. Unlike the template {{diff}}, this kind of link can even be used in edit summaries.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p>[[Special:Diff/330349143/330350877|Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877]]</p></td><td><p>Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<ul><li>If the diff intended to be shown is between an immediately previous revision, the first parameter can be dropped.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p>[[Special:Diff/330350877|Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877]]</p></td><td><p>Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<ul><li>For an old revision, you can also use a permalink. Though here only the main text is guaranteed to be retained (images and templates will be shown as they are today, not as they were at the time).</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p>[[Special:Permalink/330350877|Revision 330350877]]</p></td><td><p>Revision 330350877</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>What links here, and recent changes linked</h3>
<ul><li>The following markup can be used. For example, for the article <a href="/facts/Beetroot/RkzMBNlM">Beetroot</a>:</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p>[[Special:WhatLinksHere/Beetroot]]</p></td><td><p>Special:WhatLinksHere/Beetroot</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>[[Special:RecentChangesLinked/Beetroot]]</p></td><td><p>Special:RecentChangesLinked/Beetroot</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>User edits</h3>
<ul><li>Link to a user's contributions page.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Description</th><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><i>Username (registered users).</i></td><td>[[Special:Contributions/UserName]]</td><td>Special:Contributions/UserName</td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/IPv4/bnQ5MEqm">IPv4</a> address (unregistered users).</i></td><td>[[Special:Contributions/192.0.2.0]]</td><td>Special:Contributions/192.0.2.0</td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/IPv6/d4dg7kIL">IPv6</a> address (unregistered users).</i></td><td>[[Special:Contributions/2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329]]</td><td>Special:Contributions/2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Coloring and highlighting text</h3>
<ul><li>Using the {{Color}} and {{Font color}} templates:</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p>I will change the color in {{color|blue|the middle part of}} this sentence.</p></td><td><p>I will change the color in the middle part of this sentence.</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>This is how to {{Font color||yellow|highlight part of a sentence}}.</p></td><td><p>This is how to highlight part of a sentence.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Example text</h3>
<p>The {{xt}} family of templates can be used to highlight example text.  These templates do not work in mainspace—that is, in regular articles—they are intended for use on project pages (such as Wikipedia:Manual of Style), help pages, and user pages.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What you get</th></tr><tr><td>This is {{xt|a correct example}} for comparison {{tick}}</td><td>This is a correct example for comparison Y</td></tr><tr><td>This is {{!xt|an incorrect example}} for contrast {{cross}}</td><td>This is an incorrect example for contrast N</td></tr><tr><td>This is {{mxt|in monospace}} for comparison</td><td>This is in monospace for comparison</td></tr><tr><td>This is {{!mxt|in monospace}} for contrast</td><td>This is in monospace for contrast</td></tr><tr><td>This is {{bxt|in bold}} for comparison</td><td>This is in bold for comparison</td></tr><tr><td>This is {{!bxt|in bold}} for contrast</td><td>This is in bold for contrast</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Show deleted or inserted text</h3>
<p class="note">Further information: Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines § Editing own comments</p>
<ul><li>When editing regular Wikipedia articles, just make your changes, and do not mark them up in any special way, except when the article itself discusses deleted or inserted content, such as an amendment to a statute:
<ul><li>to indicate deleted content, use <del>...</del></li>
<li>to indicate inserted content, use <ins>...</ins></li></ul></li>
<li>This also applies to changing one's own talk page comments.</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td><p>You can indicate <del>deleted</del> and <ins>inserted</ins> material.</p></td><td><p>You can indicate deleted and inserted material.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3> Strikethrough</h3>
<p class="note">See also: Help:HTML in wikitext § s</p>
<p>The {{Strikethrough}} template marks up an inline span of text with the <s>...</s> tag. This is usually rendered visually by drawing a horizontal line through it. Outside of articles, it can be used to mark something as no longer accurate or relevant without removing it from view. Do not use it, however, to indicate document edits. For that, use the <del>...</del> tag instead. See § Show deleted or inserted text for details.
</p><p>The {{Strikethrough}} template and <s>...</s> tag are for inline content only; to strike out a block of text, such as a multi-line talk page post, use either {{Strikethroughdiv}} or <div style="text-decoration: line-through"></div> to render the entire block with strikethrough markup. 
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What you get</th></tr><tr><td>This is {{Strikethrough|an obsolete stretch of text}} for comparison</td><td>This is an obsolete stretch of text for comparison</td></tr><tr><td>This is {{Strikethroughdiv|{{ubl|an obsolete bulleted list|with two items}}}} for comparison</td><td>This is <ul><li>an obsolete bulleted list</li><li>with two items</li></ul> for comparison</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="limiting-formatting--escaping-wiki-markup"> Limiting formatting / escaping wiki markup</h2>
<p>A few different kinds of formatting will tell the wiki to display things as you typed them – what you see is what you get!
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th>What you type</th><th>What it looks like</th></tr><tr><td>'''&lt;nowiki&gt; tag:'''<nowiki>The <nowiki> tag ignores [[wiki]]''markup''. It reformats text byremoving newlines and    multiplespaces.       It still interpretscharacters specified by&amp;name;: &rarr;</nowiki></td><td><p><nowiki> tag:</p><p>The <nowiki> tag ignores [[wiki]]''markup''. It reformats text byremoving newlines and    multiplespaces.       It still interpretscharacters specified by&name;: →</p></td></tr><tr><td>'''&lt;pre&gt; tag:'''<pre>The &lt;pre&gt; tag ignores [[wiki]]''markup'' as does the &lt;nowiki&gt;tag. Additionally, &lt;pre&gt; displaysin a mono-spaced font, and doesnot  reformat    text    spaces.It still interprets specialcharacters: &rarr;</pre></td><td><p><pre> tag:</p>The <pre> tag ignores [[wiki]]''markup'' as does the <nowiki>tag. Additionally, <pre> displaysin a mono-spaced font, and doesnot  reformat    text    spaces.It still interprets specialcharacters: →</td></tr><tr><td>'''[Text without a URL]:'''Single square brackets holding[text without a HTTP URL] arepreserved, but single squarebrackets containing a URL aretreated as being an external[https://example.com/ Web link].</td><td><p>[Text without a URL]:</p><p>Single square brackets holding[text without a HTTP URL] arepreserved, but single squarebrackets containing a URL aretreated as being an external<a href="https://example.com/">Web link</a>.</p></td></tr><tr><td>'''Leading space:'''Leading spaces are another wayto preserve formatting. Putting a space at the beginning of each line stops the text   from being reformatted. It still interprets [[wiki]] ''markup'' and special characters: &amp;</td><td><p>Leading space:</p><p>Leading spaces are another wayto preserve formatting.</p>Putting a space at thebeginning of each linestops the text   frombeing reformatted.It still interprets <a href="/facts/Wiki/uCKCEzqb">wiki</a><i>markup</i> and special characters: →</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Nowiki</h3>

<p class="note">"WP:NOWIKI" redirects here. For the essay about the name "Wiki", see Wikipedia:Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! For the Wikipedia language edition, see <a href="/facts/Norwegian_Wikipedia/deHBqR2s">Norwegian Wikipedia</a>.</p>

<p>There are two types of nowiki markup, which operate in different ways:
</p>
<ul><li>The <nowiki>...</nowiki> tag pair encloses a section of wiki markup, which is then displayed as normal text.</li>
<li>The empty <nowiki /> tag <i>interrupts</i> the wiki markup and causes it to display as normal text.</li></ul>
<p>Both forms neutralize the rendering of wiki markup, as shown in the examples below. For example, the characters that have wiki markup meaning at the beginning of a line (*, #, ; and :) can be rendered in normal text. Editors can normalize the font of characters trailing a wikilink, which would otherwise appear in the wikilink font. And newlines added to wikitext for readability can be ignored. 
</p><p>Note to template editors: tag <nowiki> works only on its source page, not the target.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td># Ordered list</td><td><ol><li>Ordered list</li></ol> </td></tr><tr><td><nowiki /># Ordered list</td><td><p># Ordered list</p> </td></tr><tr><td>A [[micro-]]second.</td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Micro-/VXlL1EhM">micro-second</a>.</p> </td></tr><tr><td>A [[micro-]]<nowiki />second.</td><td><p>A <a href="/facts/Micro-/VXlL1EhM">micro-</a>second.</p> </td></tr><tr><td>a<nowiki></nowiki>b</td><td><p>ab</p> </td></tr><tr><td>'<nowiki />'Italics' markup'<nowiki />'</td><td><p>''Italics' markup''</p> </td></tr><tr><td><nowiki>[[Example]]</nowiki></td><td><p>[[Example]]</p> </td></tr><tr><td><nowiki></nowiki></td><td><p></p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The rest of the section consists of simple, live examples showing how a single nowiki tag escapes entire linkage structures, beyond [[wikilink]] and {{template}}:
</p>
[[ fullpagename | <i>label</i> ]]
{{ <i>pagename</i> | <i>parameter</i> }}
[[<i>fullpagename</i> | {{ <i>pagename</i> }} ]]
{{ <i>pagename</i> | [[ <i>fullpagename</i> ]] }}
{{ <i>pagename</i> | {{ <i>pagename</i> }} }}
<p>Unless you use the two "balanced" nowiki tags, troubleshooting strip marker errors and template parameter-handling inconsistencies is a risk. Also, a rendering error may arise when two [[...]] square brackets are on the same line, or two {{...}} curly brackets are in the same section, but only when the two have the nowiki markup placed inconsistently.
</p>
<h4>Displaying wikilinks</h4>
<p>(These are all live examples.)
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td>[[ wp:pagename | page name ]][<nowiki />[ wp:pagename | page name ]][[<nowiki /> wp:pagename | page name ]][[ wp:pagename <nowiki />| page name ]][[ wp:pagename | page name ]<nowiki />]</td><td><p>page name
[[ wp:pagename | page name ]][[ wp:pagename | page name ]][[ wp:pagename | page name ]][[wp:pagename | page name ]] </p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>For nested structures, escaping an inner structure escapes its outer structure too.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td>[[ wp: {{ 1x | pagename }} ]][[ wp: {<nowiki />{ 1x | pagename }} ]][[ wp: {{<nowiki /> 1x | pagename }} ]][[ wp: {{ 1x <nowiki />| pagename }} ]]</td><td><p>wp:  pagename
[[ wp: {{ 1x | pagename }} ]][[ wp: {{ 1x | pagename }} ]][[ wp: {{ 1x | pagename }} ]]</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>For two, first pipes, two nowiki tags are required: 
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td>[[ wp: pagename | {{ 1x | label }} ]][[ wp: pagename <nowiki />| {{ 1x <nowiki />| label }} ]]&lt;nowiki>[[ wp: pagename | {{ 1x | label }} ]] &lt;/nowiki></td><td><p>label
[[ wp: pagename | {{ 1x | label }} ]][[ wp: pagename | {{ 1x | label }} ]] </p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Displaying template calls</h4>
<p class="note">See also: Template:tl</p>
<p>For templates, put nowiki before the first pipe.
If a parameter has a wikilink, put it in that, an inmost position.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td>{<nowiki />{ val | u=&gt; [[ms]] | 49082 }}{{<nowiki /> val | u=&gt; [[ms]] | 49082 }}{{ val <nowiki />| u=&gt; [[ms]] | 49082 }}{{ val | u= &gt; [[ms]] | 49082 }<nowiki />}{{ val | u= &gt; [[ ms ]<nowiki />] | 49082 }}</td><td><p>{{ val | u=> <a href="/facts/Ms/nXXrMujd">ms</a> | 49082 }}{{ val | u= > <a href="/facts/Ms/nXXrMujd">ms</a> | 49082 }}{{ val | u=> <a href="/facts/Ms/nXXrMujd">ms</a> | 49082 }}{{ val | u=> <a href="/facts/Ms/nXXrMujd">ms</a> | 49082 }}{{ val | u=> [[ ms ]] | 49082 }} Y</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Displaying magic words</h4>
<p class="note">Further information: Help:Magic words and Help:Parser function</p>
<p>For input parameters, {{{1}}}, {{{2}}}, just write them out, unless they have a default (which goes behind their pipe): 
{{<nowiki />{1|default}}} → {{{1|default}}}
</p><p>For a parser function nowiki goes between bracketing-pair characters, or anywhere before the : colon.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td>{{ #ifeq: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }}{<nowiki />{ #ifeq: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }}{{<nowiki /> #ifeq: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }}{{ #ifeq<nowiki />: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }}{{ #ifeq: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }<nowiki />}</td><td><p>outYes{{ #ifeq: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }}{{ #ifeq: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }}{{ #ifeq: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }} {{ #ifeq: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }}</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Behavioral switches expect the tag anywhere:
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td> 1. __HIDDENCAT__ 2. __HIDDENCAT<nowiki />__</td><td>1. 2. __HIDDENCAT__</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Displaying tags</h4>
<p>Tags do not display; they are just markup. If you want them to, insert <nowiki /> after an < opening angle bracket; it goes only in the very front. Opening tags and closing tags must be treated separately.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td><span style=color:blue> Blue </span><<nowiki />span style=color:blue> Blue <<nowiki />/span><section end=la<nowiki />bel /> <<nowiki />section end=label /></td><td><p> Blue <span style=color:blue> Blue </span>bel /> N<section end=label /> Y</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Use template {{tag}} instead of nowiki tags to display parser tags:
</p><p>Character entities, nowiki cannot escape.  
To escape HTML or special character entities, replace & with &amp;.
For example, &amp;lt; → &lt;
</p><p>To display a nowiki tag, you can (1) use {{tag}}, (2) replace the < left angle bracket with its HTML character entity, or (3) nest nowiki tags in each other:
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td>{{ tag | nowiki }}<code>&amp;lt; nowiki>...&amp;lt;/ nowiki ></code><code><<nowiki />nowiki>...<<nowiki />/ nowiki ></code></td><td><p><nowiki>...</ nowiki >< nowiki>...</ nowiki >< nowiki>...</ nowiki ></p> </td></tr><tr><td>{{ tag | nowiki | s }}<code>&amp;lt; nowiki /></code><code>&lt;&lt;nowiki /> nowiki /></code><code>&lt;nowiki>&lt; nowiki />&lt;/nowiki></code></td><td><p><nowiki />< nowiki />< nowiki />< nowiki /></p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Nowiki tags do not otherwise nest, so it is the second and fourth that displays:
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td>1&lt;nowiki>2&lt;nowiki>3</nowiki>4</nowiki>&lt;nowiki>{{!}}&lt;nowiki></nowiki>{{!}}</nowiki></td><td><p>12<nowiki>34</nowiki>       <i>second and fourth</i> {{!}}<nowiki>|</nowiki></p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>These simply scan from left to right.
The paired tags cannot overlap, because the very first pair-match nullifies any intervening tags inside. Unbalanced tags always display.
</p><p>Nowiki tags do not display table markup, use <pre>...</pre>.
</p>
<h3>Pre</h3>

<p><pre> is a parser tag that emulates the HTML <pre> tag. It defines preformatted text that is displayed in a fixed-width font and is enclosed in a dashed box. HTML-like and wiki markup tags are escaped, spaces and line breaks are preserved, but HTML elements are parsed.
</p>
<pre> examples<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td><pre>[[wiki]] markup &amp;</pre></td><td>[[wiki]] markup &amp;</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>As <pre> is a parser tag, it escapes wikitext and HTML tags. This can be prevented with the use of <includeonly></includeonly> within the <pre>, making it act more like its HTML equivalent:
</p>
<pre> with <includeonly></includeonly> example<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Markup</th><th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr><tr><td><pre<includeonly></includeonly>>[[wiki]] markup &amp;</pre></td><td><a href="/facts/Wiki/uCKCEzqb">wiki</a> markup &</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Invisible HTML <pre> tags can also be inserted by preceding text with a space character, like:
</p>
<a href="/facts/Wiki/uCKCEzqb">wiki</a> markup &

<p>Alternatively, consider using {{pre}} template or <syntaxhighlight lang="text">...</syntaxhighlight>.
</p>
<h2 id="invisible-text-comments">Invisible text (comments)</h2>
<p class="note">See also: Help:Hidden text</p>
<p>It's uncommon – but on occasion acceptable for notes to other editors – to add a hidden comment within the text of an article. These comments are visible only when editing or viewing the source of a page. Most comments should go on the appropriate Talk page.  The format is to surround the hidden text with "" and may cover several lines, e.g.:
</p>

<p>Another way to include a comment in the wiki markup uses the {{Void}} template, which can be abbreviated as {{^}}. This template "expands" to the empty string, generating no HTML output; it is visible only to people editing the wiki source. Thus {{^|A lengthy comment here}} operates similarly to the comment . The main difference is that the template version can be nested, while attempting to nest HTML comments produces odd results.
</p>
<h2 id="variables">Variables</h2>
<p class="note">See also: Help:Magic words § Variables</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Code</th><th>Effect</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td>{{CURRENTWEEK}}</td><td>22</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{CURRENTDOW}}</td><td>6</td><td><p>Monday = 1, Tuesday = 2, etc., but Sunday = 0</p></td></tr><tr><td>{{CURRENTMONTH}}</td><td>05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}</td><td>May</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}}</td><td>May</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{CURRENTDAY}}</td><td>31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}</td><td>Saturday</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</td><td>2025</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{CURRENTTIME}}</td><td>09:39</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}</td><td>7,001,713</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{NUMBEROFPAGES}}</td><td>63,244,271</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{NUMBEROFUSERS}}</td><td>49,214,832</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{PAGENAME}}</td><td>Wikitext</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{NAMESPACE}}</td><td>Help</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{REVISIONID}}</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{REVISIONUSER}}</td><td>Jlwoodwa</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{localurl:pagename}}</td><td>/wiki/Pagename</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{localurl:<i>Wikipedia:Sandbox</i>|action=edit}}</td><td>/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=edit</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{fullurl:pagename}}</td><td>//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagename</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{fullurl:pagename|<i>query_string</i>}}</td><td>//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pagename&query_string</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{SERVER}}</td><td>//en.wikipedia.org</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{{ns:1}}</td><td>Talk</td><td><p>{{ns:<i>index</i>}} e.g. {{ns:1}}  →  full name of namespace</p></td></tr><tr><td>{{SITENAME}}</td><td>Wikipedia</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} is the number of pages in the main namespace that contain a link and are not a redirect. This includes full articles, stubs containing a link, and disambiguation pages.
</p><p>{{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}} is the genitive (possessive) grammatical form of the month name, as used in some languages but not in English; {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} is the nominative (subject) form, as usually seen in English.
</p><p>In languages where it makes a difference, you can use constructs like {{grammar:case|word}} to convert a word from the nominative case to some other case. For example, {{grammar:genitive|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}} means the same as {{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}}. 
</p>
<h2 id="html">HTML</h2>
<p class="note">Main page: Help:HTML in wikitext</p>
<p>Many <a href="/facts/HTML/sSc3fT78">HTML</a> tags can be used in wiki markup. You can check your HTML by using markup validation.
</p>
<h2 id="common-templates">Common templates</h2>
<table><tbody><tr><th><ul><li>v</li><li>t</li><li>e</li></ul>Quick templates</th></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><th><h4>Images</h4></th></tr><tr><td>[[File: | thumb | upright | right | alt= | caption ]]</td></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><th><h4>Cite web</h4></th></tr><tr><td><ref>{{cite web |url=  |title=  |author=  |date=  |website=  |publisher=  |access-date= }}</ref></td></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><th><h4>Cite journal</h4></th></tr><tr><td><ref>{{cite journal |last1=  |first1=  |last2=  |first2=  |date=  |title=  |journal=  |volume=  |issue=  |pages=  |publisher=  |doi=  |url=  |access-date= }}</ref></td></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><th><h4>Cite book (short)</h4></th></tr><tr><td><ref>{{cite book |last=  |first=  |author-link=  |title=  |publisher=  |series=  |date=   |doi=  |isbn= }}</ref></td></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><th><h4>Cite book (extended)</h4></th></tr><tr><td><ref>{{cite book |last1        =  |first1       =  |last2        =  |first2       =  |author-link1 =  |author-link2 =  |editor       =  |title        =  |trans-title  =  |url          =  |access-date  =  |edition      =  |series       =  |volume       =  |date         =  |publisher    =  |location     =  |isbn         =  |doi          =  |page         =  |pages        =  |chapter      = }}</ref></td></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><th><h4>Metric conversions</h4></th></tr><tr><td>Single input:{{convert|original_value|original_unit|conversion_unit|abbr=on}}Range of values:{{convert|orig_val1|range|orig_val2|original_unit|conversion_unit|abbr=on}}Examples:{{convert|60|and|170|kg|lb|abbr=on}}{{convert|18|°C|°F}}{{convert|3.21|kg|lb}}</td></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><th><h4>Variables</h4></th></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><th>Code</th><th>Effect</th></tr><tr><td>{{CURRENTWEEK}}</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>{{CURRENTDOW}}</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>{{CURRENTMONTH}}</td><td>05</td></tr><tr><td>{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}</td><td>May</td></tr><tr><td>{{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}}</td><td>May</td></tr><tr><td>{{CURRENTDAY}}</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}</td><td>Saturday</td></tr><tr><td>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</td><td>2025</td></tr><tr><td>{{CURRENTTIME}}</td><td>09:39</td></tr><tr><td>{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}</td><td>7,001,713</td></tr><tr><td>{{NUMBEROFPAGES}}</td><td>63,244,271</td></tr><tr><td>{{NUMBEROFUSERS}}</td><td>49,214,832</td></tr><tr><td>{{PAGENAME}}</td><td>Wikitext</td></tr><tr><td>{{NAMESPACE}}</td><td>Help</td></tr><tr><td>{{REVISIONID}}</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>{{REVISIONUSER}}</td><td>Jlwoodwa</td></tr><tr><td>{{localurl:pagename}}</td><td>/wiki/Pagename</td></tr><tr><td>{{localurl:<i>Wikipedia:Sandbox</i>|action=edit}}</td><td>/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=edit</td></tr><tr><td>{{fullurl:pagename}}</td><td>//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagename</td></tr><tr><td>{{fullurl:pagename|<i>query_string</i>}}</td><td>//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pagename&query_string</td></tr><tr><td>{{SERVER}}</td><td>//en.wikipedia.org</td></tr><tr><td>{{ns:<i>index</i>}} e.g. '{{ns:1}}' </td><td>fullname of namespace e.g 'Talk'</td></tr><tr><td>{{SITENAME}}</td><td>Wikipedia</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><th><h4>Recalling named reference</h4></th></tr><tr><td><ref name="NAMEOFREF" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><th><h4>Quotes</h4></th></tr><tr><td>{{blockquote |text= |sign= }}</td></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><th><h4>Blockquotes</h4></th></tr><tr><td><blockquote><p>QUOTED PARAGRAPH</p><p>NAME, SOURCE, REFERENCE</p></blockquote></td></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><th><h4>About</h4></th></tr><tr><td>(This page is about USE1. For other uses, see About (disambiguation).){{About|USE1}}</td></tr><tr><td>(This page is about USE1. For other uses, see PAGE2.){{About|USE1||PAGE2}}</td></tr><tr><td>(This page is about USE1. For USE2, see PAGE2.){{About|USE1|USE2|PAGE2}}</td></tr><tr><td>(This page is about USE1. For USE2, see PAGE2. For USE3, see PAGE3. For USE4, see PAGE4. For USE5, see PAGE5.){{About|USE1|USE2|PAGE2|USE3|PAGE3|USE4|PAGE4|USE5|PAGE5}} </td></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><th><h4>Tables (borderless)</h4></th></tr><tr><td>{||-! scope="col" |COLUMN1! scope="col" |COLUMN2|-|ROW1|ROW1/COL2|-|ROW2|ROW2/COL2|}</td></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><th><h4>Tables (wikitable)</h4></th></tr><tr><td>{| class="wikitable"|-! scope="col" |COLUMN1! scope="col" |COLUMN2|-|ROW1|ROW1/COL2|-|ROW2|ROW2/COL2|}</td></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><th><h4>Collapsible tables (Default: collapsed)</h4></th></tr><tr><td>{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;margin:0px;"|- ! style="width:20em;" |COLUMN1! style="width:20em;" |COLUMN2|- |ROW1|ROW1/COL2|-|ROW2|ROW2/COL2|-|}</td></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><th><h4>Columns</h4></th></tr><tr><td>{{col-begin|width=100%}}{{col-break|width=}} {{col-end}}</td></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><th><h4>Interwiki links</h4></th></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><th>Wiki</th><th>Shortcut</th></tr><tr><td>Wikimedia Commons</td><td>[[commons:]]</td></tr><tr><td>Wikipedia</td><td>[[w:]]</td></tr><tr><td>Wiktionary</td><td>[[wikt:]]</td></tr><tr><td>Wikibooks</td><td>[[b:]]</td></tr><tr><td>Wikisource</td><td>[[s:]]</td></tr><tr><td>Wikispecies</td><td>[[species:]]</td></tr><tr><td>Wikiversity</td><td>[[wv:]]</td></tr><tr><td>Metawiki</td><td>[[m:]]</td></tr><tr><td>MediaWiki</td><td>[[mw:]]</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><th><h4>Vandalism response templates</h4></th></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td> * {{subst:uw-vandalism1|PageName}} ~~~~ (unintentional vandalism/test) * {{subst:uw-delete1|PageName}} ~~~~ (unintentional removal of content) * {{subst:uw-vandalism2|PageName}} ~~~~ (suitable for intentional nonsense or disruption) * {{subst:uw-delete2|PageName}} ~~~~ (variant for removal of content) * {{subst:uw-vandalism3|PageName}} ~~~~ ("please stop" for use after level 2 warning) * {{subst:uw-delete3|PageName}} ~~~~ (please stop removing content) * {{subst:uw-vandalism4|PageName}} ~~~~ (last warning for vandalism) * {{subst:uw-delete4|PageName}} ~~~~ (last warning for removing content) * {{subst:uw-vandalism4im|PageName}} ~~~~ (only warning; for severe or grotesque vandalism only) * {{subst:uw-delete4im|PageName}} ~~~~ (only warning; for many blankings in a short period of time)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table><tbody><tr><th><h4>Page citations</h4></th></tr><tr><td>{{rp|page=}}</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
 Help desk
<p>See the 'Coding wiki markup' section of the Help navigation navbox below for additional links.
</p>
<ul><li>Wikipedia:User page design guide/Style</li>
<li>Wikipedia:Extended image syntax: advanced visual file markup.</li>
<li>Help:A quick guide to templates: an introduction to templates.</li>
<li>Help:Substitution: substitution is an alternative way of including templates than transclusion.</li>
<li>Help:Score: how to render musical scores.</li>
<li>Help:Displaying a formula: displaying mathematical formulae.</li>
<li> Editing Wikitext at Wikibooks.</li>
<li>Parsoid: MediaWiki application that allows for converting back and forth between wikitext and HTML.</li>
<li>{{Syntaxhighlight}}: template to show wrapped syntax-highlighted text.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Wikipedia is an encyclopedia that uses wikitext—wikitext is not named after Wikipedia. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>The version of LaTeX used is a subset of AMS-LaTeX markup; see Help:Displaying a formula for details. <a href="/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula" target="_blank">/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Help:Wikitext open-in-new

Help:Wikitext