Neritona granosa

<h2 id="distribution-and-habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2>
<p>These snails live in streams and once they find an area to take a stop, they stay in that district.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Due to this idea, these snails thrive off of continually flowing streams.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Often times, these snails are found in the lower or middle stream reaches. Hīhīwai can be found all throughout Hawaii, however as of lately, their range of habitats have been continuously deteriorating because of stream modifications.[4] Currently, the snails appear to be compacted to fewer than 50 streams.[4]
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2>
<p><i>Neritona granosa</i> has a shell with a bumpy surface.[4] There are two different colors on the shell: the outside of the shell is black, and the inside of the shell is orange.[4]
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<h2 id="ecology">Ecology</h2>
<p><i>Neritina granosa</i> lives in streams. This species has marine larvae that migrate into and up streams after a period of oceanic dispersal. Most likely, the planktonic larvae of this neritid snail disperse across the oceanic expanses that separate the main Hawaiian Islands, and thus it can colonize streams on any or all of these islands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a>
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<h2 id="cultural-significance-and-human-use">Cultural significance and human use</h2>
<p>The Hawaiian name of the species is “wī” and “hīhīwai”.[4] During ancient Hawaiian times, these snails functioned as a great source of food.[4] Shells were also sold, and many of these shells came from the island of Molokai.[4]
</p><p>To this day, the <i>Neritona granosa</i> may sometimes appear in the Honolulu fish markets for around $3.60 a pound.[4]
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<h2 id="conservation">Conservation</h2>
<p>The <a href="/facts/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature/QwV8JXup">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> has ranked <i>N. granola</i> as vulnerable to extinction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a>  It likely does not occur in more than ten locations and is in decline.  It historically occurred in <a href="/facts/Kauai/F904AEMd">Kauai</a>, <a href="/facts/Maui/neElR69j">Maui</a>, <a href="/facts/Molokai/sLckVuGL">Molokai</a>, <a href="/facts/Hawaii_(island)/6CeBU0t6">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/facts/Oahu/xgjwewcW">Oahu</a> but is presently confirmed from Maui, Hawaii, Kauai and Oahu.  Major threats include obstruction of natural stream flow and inundation by saline water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a>
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<h2 id="growth-and-lifespan">Growth and lifespan</h2>
<p>Hīhīwai may grow up to 9mm in a few months during its early life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Afterwards the growth rate takes a leap back slowing down the rapidly growing snails.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> They then shall grow up to a length of 2 inches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> With this information the conclusion is that the snail has a lifespan of 6–10 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a>
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<p>This article incorporates public domain text (a <a href="/facts/Public_domain/YWKMDKw4">public domain</a> <a href="/facts/Work_of_the_United_States_Government/Q1jvr96g">work of the United States Government</a>) from reference.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a>
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<h2 id="sources">Sources</h2>
<ul><li>Ford, John Irven (1979). <a href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/92631b221b45f458ba95287340a4028d/1"><i>Biology of a Hawaiian Fluvial Gastropod: </i>Neritina Granosa<i> Sowerby (Prosobranchia: Neritidae)</i></a> (Thesis). <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6400196">6400196</a>.</li></ul>
<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Hau S., Way C. M. & Burky A. J. (1992). "Life cycle of the endemic limpet <i>Neritina granosa</i> (Sowerby)", in Palauhulu Stream, Maui. 43rd Annual Meeting of American Institute of Biological Sciences. Ecological Society of America, 9–13 August, Honolulu, Hawaii (abstract).</li>
<li>Hodges M. H.-D. (July 1992). "Population biology and genetics of the endemic Hawaiian stream gastropod <i>Neritina granosa</i> (Prosobranchia: Neritidae): implications for conservation". Honors Thesis, Wildlife Biology Program University of Montana, Missoula, Montana.</li>
<li>Haynes, Alison (2005). "An evaluation of members of the genera Clithon Montfort, 1810 and Neritina Lamarck 1816 (Gastropoda: Neritidae)". <i>Molluscan Research</i>. 25 (2): 75–84. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2FMR.25.2.3">10.11646/MR.25.2.3</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260018192">260018192</a>.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27372421">Sowerby, G. B., I. (1825). A catalogue of the shells contained in the collection of the late Earl of Tankerville : arranged according to the Lamarckian conchological system: together with an appendix, containing descriptions of many new species London, vii + 92 + xxxiv pp</a></li>
<li>Lesson, R.P. (1842). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14714716">"Description d'une espèce nouvelle de Nériptère"</a>. <i>Revue Zoologique par la Société Cuvierienne</i>. 5: 187–188.</li>
<li>Christensen, Carl C.; Hayes, Kenneth A.; Yeung, Norine W. (18 May 2021). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fd13050215">"Taxonomy, Conservation, and the Future of Native Aquatic Snails in the Hawaiian Islands"</a>. <i>Diversity</i>. 13 (5): 215. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Diver..13..215C">2021Diver..13..215C</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fd13050215">10.3390/d13050215</a>.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Neritona granosa (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1329667 on 2021-09-26 <a href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1329667" target="_blank">http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1329667</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Brasher, Anne M. (November 1997). Life history characteristics of the native Hawaiian stream snail Neritina granosa (hihiwai) (Report). hdl:10125/7397. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Brasher, Anne M. (November 1997). Life history characteristics of the native Hawaiian stream snail Neritina granosa (hihiwai) (Report). hdl:10125/7397. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (18 September 2006) "Recovery plan for the Newcomb's snail (Erinna newcombi)". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. 52 pp. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" target="_blank">/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Cordeiro, J. & Perez, K. (2012). "Neritina granosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T189675A1932107. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T189675A1932107.en. Retrieved 3 September 2023. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/189675/1932107" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/189675/1932107</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Cordeiro, J. & Perez, K. (2012). "Neritina granosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T189675A1932107. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T189675A1932107.en. Retrieved 3 September 2023. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/189675/1932107" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/189675/1932107</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:7"><p>Brasher, Anne M. (November 1997). Life history characteristics of the native Hawaiian stream snail Neritina granosa (hihiwai) (Report). hdl:10125/7397. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:8"><p>Brasher, Anne M. (November 1997). Life history characteristics of the native Hawaiian stream snail Neritina granosa (hihiwai) (Report). hdl:10125/7397. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:9"><p>"Freshwater Invertebrates" (PDF). <a href="https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/wildlife/files/2019/03/SWAP-2015-Neritina-snails-Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/wildlife/files/2019/03/SWAP-2015-Neritina-snails-Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:10"><p>Brasher, Anne M. (November 1997). Life history characteristics of the native Hawaiian stream snail Neritina granosa (hihiwai) (Report). hdl:10125/7397. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:11"><p>U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (18 September 2006) "Recovery plan for the Newcomb's snail (Erinna newcombi)". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. 52 pp. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" target="_blank">/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Neritona granosa open-in-new

Neritona granosa