Co-Redemptrix

<h2 id="doctrine-and-context">Doctrine and context</h2>
The concept of Mary offering Christ's sufferings is theologically complex. Christ offered himself alone; “the <a href="/facts/Passion_(Christianity)/zHxtCPQd">Passion of Christ</a> did not need any assistance.”<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> It is according to the spirit of the <a href="/facts/Offertory/mujBSdt6">offertory</a> or preparation of the gifts within the <a href="/facts/Mass_(Catholic_Church)/bsLQyMVM">Mass</a> to prepare to offer oneself with Christ as a part of the Eucharistic Prayer, being members of his <a href="/facts/Body_of_Christ/EM1WEt0J">mystical body</a>, acknowledging that not even the greatest effort, of itself and apart from Christ, can be of any significance to God. A <a href="/facts/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)/8sYy5Tk6">priest</a> participates in the Eucharistic Celebration as an icon of Christ.
Theologians distinguish between "remote cooperation", by which she consents to the Incarnation and gives birth to the Son of God, and "immediate cooperation", in which she willingly unites herself to her Son's Passion and offers him back to the Father.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> Philosophers also draw a distinction between merit de condigno (Christ's merit), which is based on justice, and merit proprie de congruo (Mary's merit), founded on the friendship of charity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> In his encyclical on the <a href="/facts/Immaculate_Conception/mGE5HnCo">Immaculate Conception</a>, <a href="/facts/Ad_diem_illum/SGFbfKj5">Ad diem illum</a>, <a href="/facts/Pope_Pius_X/6MoAs2Hb">Pope Pius X</a> said, "...since Mary carries it over all in holiness and union with Jesus Christ, and has been associated by Jesus Christ in the work of redemption, she merits for us de congruo, in the language of theologians, what Jesus Christ merits for us de condigno."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> Where it concerns post-<a href="/facts/Assumption_of_Mary/4mfyc0NP">Assumption</a> graces, it is a <a href="/facts/Sententia_probabilis/qNYbeImQ">pious opinion</a> that the entirety of them come through the "<a href="/facts/Intercession_of_saints/l2ImAoLN">intercession</a>" of Mary,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> a concept that is in itself in need of clarification.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
Proponents view the title Co-Redemptrix as not implying that Mary participates as equal part in the redemption of the human race, since Christ is the only redeemer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Mary herself needed redemption and was redeemed by Jesus Christ. Being redeemed by Christ, implies that she cannot be his equal part in the redemption process.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> Similarly, if Mary is described as the mediatrix of all graces, it “is to be so understood that it neither takes away from nor adds anything to the dignity and efficaciousness of Christ the one Mediator”.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>
The topic is made more complex by the evolving understanding of what "sacrifice" means in the Catholic Church, whether it is <a href="/facts/Propitiation/3P6Uqb4T">propitiatory</a> or expiatory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
As early as the year 200, the Church Father <a href="/facts/Irenaeus/VSKUJw0X">Irenaeus</a> referred to Mary as the cause of our salvation (<a href="/facts/Latin_language/pM3Kge85">Latin</a>: causa salutis) given her fiat ("let it be").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
The concept was especially common in the late <a href="/facts/Middle_Ages/RqzEKB9v">Middle Ages</a>, when it was promoted heavily among the <a href="/facts/Franciscans/gwohhd4C">Franciscans</a>, and often resisted by the <a href="/facts/Dominican_Order/n9l5y8Yk">Dominicans</a>. It is an idea which was the subject of considerable theological debate, reaching a peak in the 15th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> By the early 16th century the hopes of the concept becoming Catholic doctrine had receded, and have never seriously revived.
A number of theologians have discussed the concept over the years, from the 19th-century Father <a href="/facts/Frederick_William_Faber/AAy5r942">Frederick William Faber</a>, to the 20th-century Mariologist Father <a href="/facts/Gabriel_Roschini/7yVlhuV1">Gabriel Roschini</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> The term Co-Redemptress was used by <a href="/facts/Pope_Leo_XIII/bdovwR3o">Pope Leo XIII</a> in 1894.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> "For in the Rosary all the part that Mary took as our co-Redemptress comes to us..." In his 1946 publication Compendium Mariologiae, Roschini explained that Mary did not only participate in the birth of the <a href="/facts/Physical_property/ujcMUceW">physical</a> Jesus, but, with conception, she entered with him into a <a href="/facts/Spirituality/o2neYDkN">spiritual</a> union. The divine salvation plan, being not only material, includes a permanent spiritual unity with Christ. Most Mariologists agree with this position.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> 
The title tends to be most popular among conservative Catholics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Modern proponents see some support in Inter sodalica, a 1918 commemorative letter of <a href="/facts/Pope_Benedict_XV/LVl246yK">Pope Benedict XV</a> to a Roman <a href="/facts/Sodality/QHvw8wjA">sodality</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>

As the Blessed Virgin Mary does not seem to participate in the public life of Jesus Christ, and then, suddenly appears at the stations of his cross, she is not there without divine intention. She suffers with her suffering and dying son, almost as if she would have died herself. For the salvation of mankind, she gave up her rights as the mother of her son and, in a sense, offered Christ's sacrifice to <a href="/facts/God_the_Father/HKb6YJBm">God the Father</a> as far as she was permitted to do. Therefore, one can say, she redeemed with Christ the human race. [translated[by whom?]; emphasis added]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>
In his encyclical on the <a href="/facts/Immaculate_Conception/mGE5HnCo">Immaculate Conception</a>, <a href="/facts/Ad_diem_illum/SGFbfKj5">Ad diem illum</a>, <a href="/facts/Pope_Pius_X/6MoAs2Hb">Pope Pius X</a> said, "...since Mary carries it over all in holiness and union with Jesus Christ, and has been associated by Jesus Christ in the work of redemption, she merits for us de congruo, in the language of theologians, what Jesus Christ merits for us de condigno."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> 
Attempts[example needed] to promote a fifth Marian dogma were undertaken in the 1920s through 1940s, but did not come to fruition due to <a href="/facts/Pope_Pius_XII/k2XgCEy2">Pope Pius XII</a>'s veto.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> The concluding chapter of the <a href="/facts/Second_Vatican_Council/pH00YMc3">Second Vatican Council</a>'s <a href="/facts/Apostolic_constitution/aYoFKNuB">apostolic constitution</a> <a href="/facts/Lumen_gentium/F6wILs83">Lumen gentium</a>, which many theologians hold to be a comprehensive summary of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Mariology/SVA5NdXH">Roman Catholic Mariology</a>, refers to Mary as "Advocate, Auxiliatrix, Adjutrix, and <a href="/facts/Mediatrix/tdT1aaPN">Mediatrix</a>," but does not use the term "Co-Redemptrix." Some, in particular the adherents of the <a href="/facts/The_Lady_of_All_Nations/PL4Vvatc">Amsterdam visions</a>, have petitioned for a dogmatic definition of Co-Redemptrix, along with Mediatrix, but recent high-level comments in the church[example needed] have not encouraged these hopes.
On April 7, 2017, the <a href="/facts/Congregation_of_the_Mother_of_the_Redeemer/S586Srvw">Congregation of the Mother Coredemptrix</a> was renamed to the Congregation of the Mother of the Redeemer upon the recommendation of the <a href="/facts/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples/9TNAAtXJ">Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples</a>, due to the "theological ambiguity" of the title Coredemptrix.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>
On two occasions — in December 2019<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> and March 2021<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> — <a href="/facts/Pope_Francis/F2uNhKC9">Pope Francis</a> has spoken out against the use of the term. At a Mass in the chapel of the Casa Santa Marta on April 3, 2020 Francis said: "She did not ask herself to be a quasi-redeemer or a co-redeemer: no. The Redeemer is one and this title does not double."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>

<h2 id="proposed-dogmatic-definition">Proposed dogmatic definition</h2>
There have been efforts to propose a formal <a href="/facts/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church/kb15cG7Y">dogmatization</a>, which has had both popular and ecclesiastical support. The proposal for the dogma is often associated with the alleged apparitions of <a href="/facts/The_Lady_of_All_Nations/PL4Vvatc">The Lady of All Nations</a> to Ida Peerdeman, in <a href="/facts/Amsterdam/Xdd393bz">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a>. The visionary reported that the Lady of the apparition repeatedly instructed her to petition <a href="/facts/Pope_Pius_XII/k2XgCEy2">Pope Pius XII</a> to dogmatically define Mary's spiritual motherhood under the threefold title of Coredemptrix, <a href="/facts/Mediatrix/tdT1aaPN">Mediatrix</a>, and <a href="/facts/Advocate/eRIXuCDT">Advocate</a>. The apparitions have the approval of the diocesan ordinary, Bishop <a href="/facts/Jos_Punt/cVo50NnS">Jozef Marianus Punt</a> of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Haarlem-Amsterdam/x3hxvouK">Haarlem-Amsterdam</a>. This came after the <a href="/facts/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith/KVngJk9n">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> had affirmed the earlier finding of Bishop Johannes Huibers, a predecessor, that he "found no evidence of the supernatural nature of the apparitions".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> The CDF affirmed his position on 13 March 1957 and again on 24 May 1972 and 25 May 1974.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>
The possibility of such a dogma was brought up at the <a href="/facts/Second_Vatican_Council/pH00YMc3">Second Vatican Council</a> by Italian, Spanish, and Polish bishops, but not dealt with on the council floor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> Subsequently, "not only did the Council not take the route of a dogmatic pronouncement, but it positively avoided using 'coredemptio'", and popes pointedly did not include such language in their encyclicals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>
In the early 1990s <a href="/facts/Mark_Miravalle/vLqJHyj1">Mark Miravalle</a> of the <a href="/facts/Franciscan_University_of_Steubenville/Ae4brSzf">Franciscan University of Steubenville</a> and author of the book Mary: Coredemptrix, Mediatrix, Advocate launched a popular petition to urge <a href="/facts/Pope_John_Paul_II/Md3PoDuj">Pope John Paul II</a> to declare Mary Coredemptrix <a href="/facts/Ex_cathedra/zvPVHNkh">ex cathedra</a>. Salvatore Perrella of the Pontifical Theological Faculty of the <a href="/facts/Marianum/sLE6dTP5">Marianum</a> in Rome thought that this indicated "...a certain 'under-appreciation' of the Council's teaching, which is perhaps believed to be not completely adequate to illustrate comprehensively Mary's co-operation in Christ's work of Redemption."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>

<h2 id="scriptural-basis">Scriptural basis</h2>
The <a href="/facts/New_Testament/k066sDIn">New Testament</a> is commonly cited in favour of this teaching:

<ul><li><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+19:25–27&version=dra">John 19:25–27</a>: "Now there stood by the cross of Jesus, <a href="/facts/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus/cq3fKofl">his mother</a>, and his mother's sister, <a href="/facts/Mary_of_Clopas/FkVtPffQ">Mary of Cleophas</a>, and <a href="/facts/Mary_Magdalene/x9a2Agb4">Mary Magdalen</a>. When Jesus therefore had seen his mother and the disciple standing <a href="/facts/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved/x1jA6hNk">whom he loved</a>, he saith to his mother: Woman, behold thy son. After that, he saith to the disciple: Behold thy mother. And from that hour, the disciple took her to his own." <a href="/facts/Lumen_gentium/F6wILs83">Lumen gentium</a>, the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, states, "...In this singular way she cooperated by her obedience, faith, hope and burning charity in the work of the Saviour in giving back supernatural life to souls. Wherefore she is our mother in the order of grace."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Colossians+1:24&version=dra">Colossians 1:24</a>: "[I, <a href="/facts/Paul_the_Apostle/mIAFgUw7">Paul</a>,] now rejoice in my sufferings for you, and fill up those things that are wanting of the sufferings of Christ, in my flesh, for his body, which is the church”.
<ul><li>If Paul could fill up what was behind, so could the Blessed Virgin Mary a fortiori. At the same time, this is easily interpreted as the task of all Christians to mediate the face of Christ to the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<h2 id="opposing-arguments">Opposing arguments</h2>
Arguments opposed are that such a dogma might subtract from the redemptive role of Jesus Christ. <a href="/facts/Frederick_William_Faber/AAy5r942">Frederick William Faber</a> says,

Our Blessed Lord is the sole Redeemer of the world in the true and proper sense of the word, and in this sense no creature whatsoever shares the honor with Him, neither can it be said of Him without impiety that He is co-redeemer with Mary, ... [although] in a degree to which no others approach, our Blessed Lady co-operated with Him in the redemption of the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>
Faber recognized that the term Co-Redemptrix usually requires some explanation in modern English because so often the prefix co- tends to imply complete equality. He also explains that, "Thus, so far as the literal meaning of the word is concerned, it would appear that the term co-redemptress is not theologically true, or at least does not express the truth it certainly contains with theological accuracy."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> 

This concern is shared by Perrella.The semantic weight of this expression would require a good many other qualifications and clarifications, especially in the case under examination, where she who is wished to be proclaimed co-redeemer is, in the first place, one who is redeemed, albeit in a singular manner, and who participates in Redemption primarily as something she herself receives. Thus we see the inadequacy of the above-mentioned term for expressing a doctrine which requires, even from the lexical standpoint, the proper nuances and distinctions of levels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>
It was rejected by the Vatican in the past because of serious theological difficulties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> In August 1996, a Mariological Congress was held in <a href="/facts/Cz%C4%99stochowa/nN1ojMGS">Częstochowa</a>, <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a>, where a commission was established in response to a request of the <a href="/facts/Holy_See/7tK8AceC">Holy See</a>. The congress sought the opinion of scholars present there regarding the possibility of proposing a fifth Marian dogma on Mary as Coredemptrix, <a href="/facts/Mediatrix/tdT1aaPN">Mediatrix</a>, and Advocate. The commission unanimously declared that it was not opportune, voting 23–0 against the proposed dogma.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>
Another argument is that it would also complicate <a href="/facts/Ecumenism/1Yyzv1zM">ecumenical efforts</a> for a better understanding of the role of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the <a href="/facts/Salvation_(Christianity)/8mfcqQQe">salvation</a> mystery of Jesus Christ.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>
By 1998 it was doubtful the <a href="/facts/Vatican_City/JTKnEt6J">Vatican</a> was going to consider new Marian dogmas. The papal spokesman stated "This is not under study by the Holy Father nor by any <a href="/facts/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)/UzJEdLLB">Vatican congregation</a> or commission."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> A leading Mariologist stated the petition was "theologically inadequate, historically a mistake, pastorally imprudent and ecumenically unacceptable."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> <a href="/facts/Pope_John_Paul_II/Md3PoDuj">Pope John Paul II</a> cautioned against "all false exaggeration";<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> his teaching and devotion to Mary has strictly been "exalting Mary as the first among believers but concentrating all faith on the <a href="/facts/Trinity/2eElg705">Triune God</a> and giving primacy to Christ."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> In his 1994 Apostolic letter, Tertio Milennio Adveniente, John Paul said, "Christ, the Redeemer of the world, is the one Mediator between God and men, and there is no other name under heaven by which we can be saved (cf. Acts 4:12)."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> 
When asked in an interview in 2000 whether the Catholic Church would go along with the desire to solemnly define Mary as Co-redemptrix, then-Cardinal Ratzinger (later <a href="/facts/Pope_Benedict_XVI/Kwqu9TB5">Pope Benedict XVI</a>) responded that, "...the formula “Co-redemptrix” departs to too great an extent from the language of Scripture and of the Fathers and therefore gives rise to misunderstandings. ...Everything comes from Him [Christ], as the <a href="/facts/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians/oa4x3gYz">Letter to the Ephesians</a> and the <a href="/facts/Epistle_to_the_Colossians/jafBT9rD">Letter to the Colossians</a>, in particular, tell us; Mary, too, is everything she is through Him. The word “Co-redemptrix” would obscure this origin. A correct intention being expressed in the wrong way.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a>
In December 2019, at a Mass in St. Peter's Basilica celebrating the feast of <a href="/facts/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe/tKnq9aUz">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a>, Pope Francis said in referring to a picture of La Morenita that three terms came to mind, woman, mother and mestiza; the latter because "Mary makes God a mestizo, true God but also true man.” He also discouraged proposals for a new dogmatic title. "“When they come to us with the story of declaring her this or making that dogma, let’s not get lost in foolishness [in Spanish, tonteras],” he said."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> 
<a href="/facts/Ren%C3%A9_Laurentin/S3BLm0TN">René Laurentin</a>, theologian specializing in Mariology, said “There is no mediation or co-redemption except in Christ. He alone is God.”<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>

<ul><li>Ludwig Ott, Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma, Mercier Press Ltd., Cork, Ireland, 1955.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis/dauTvrTS">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a>, referenced as AAS by year.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mark_Miravalle/vLqJHyj1">Mark Miravalle</a> (January 1, 2002). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027212139/http://www.latheotokos.it/programmi/LINGUE/INGLESE/corredentrix.pdf">Mary co-redemptrix : doctrinal issues today</a> (PDF). Goleta, Calif.: Queenship Publishing. p. 287. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1579181765. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49687270">49687270</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.latheotokos.it/programmi/LINGUE/INGLESE/corredentrix.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 October 2017. (<a href="/facts/Open_Access/r7rLYN6C">Open Access</a>)</li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Most, Fr. William. Church Teaching on Mary's Co-Operation in the Redemption of Mankind Retrieved March 26th, 2020. <a href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/teachings/church-teaching-on-marys-cooperation-in-the-redemption-of-mankind-827" target="_blank">https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/teachings/church-teaching-on-marys-cooperation-in-the-redemption-of-mankind-827</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"News Report on the Mediatrix Petition to the Pope". Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2008-05-30. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917093954/http://www.zenit.org/article-21743?l=english" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080917093954/http://www.zenit.org/article-21743?l=english</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Pope Benedict XV, Apostolic Letter Inter soldalica, AAS 1918, 181.
 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" target="_blank">/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">San Martín, Inés. "Once again, Pope Francis says Mary is not the 'co-redemptrix'". Crux Now. Retrieved 25 March 2021. <a href="https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2021/03/once-again-pope-francis-says-mary-is-not-the-co-redemptrix/" target="_blank">https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2021/03/once-again-pope-francis-says-mary-is-not-the-co-redemptrix/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">San Martín, Inés. "Once again, Pope Francis says Mary is not the 'co-redemptrix'". Crux Now. Retrieved 25 March 2021. <a href="https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2021/03/once-again-pope-francis-says-mary-is-not-the-co-redemptrix/" target="_blank">https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2021/03/once-again-pope-francis-says-mary-is-not-the-co-redemptrix/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">St. Ambrose, De inst. virg. 7, cited from Ott, Dogmatics. <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_of_Milan" target="_blank">/wiki/Ambrose_of_Milan</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Reynolds, Brian K. and Reynolds, Brian. Gateway to Heaven: Marian Doctrine and Devotion, Image and Typology in the Patristic and Medieval Periods, Vol. 1, New City Press, 2012, ISBN 9781565484498, p. 107 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_yWVkCWe3n0C&q=Co-Redemptrix" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=_yWVkCWe3n0C&q=Co-Redemptrix</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"Garrigou-Lagrange, O. P., Reginald. Reality—A Synthesis Of Thomistic Thought, CH37: "Mariology"". Archived from the original on 2017-03-31. Retrieved 2018-10-08. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331114553/http://www.thesumma.info/reality/reality38.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170331114553/http://www.thesumma.info/reality/reality38.php</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Pope Pius X. Ad diem illum, §14, February 2, 1904, Libreria Editrice Vaticana <a href="https://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-x/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-x_enc_02021904_ad-diem-illum-laetissimum.html" target="_blank">https://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-x/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-x_enc_02021904_ad-diem-illum-laetissimum.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">“Mary is the intermediary through whom is distributed unto us this immense treasure of mercies gathered by God, for mercy and truth were created by Jesus Christ. Thus as no man goeth to the Father but by the Son, so no man goeth to Christ but by His Mother.” Leo XIII, encyclical Octobri mense 4. Ott, Dogmatics, Mariology § 7 even thinks that, in spite of uncertain evidence in the Sources of Faith, a dogmatic definition does not seem impossible. <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" target="_blank">/wiki/Leo_XIII</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Why Catholics Ask Mary's Intercession". Catholic Books and Media | Pauline Books & Media | Daughters of St. Paul. Retrieved 2017-07-08. <a href="http://www.pauline.org/Pauline-Books-Media-Blog/ArticleID/1539/Why-Catholics-Ask-Marys-Intercession" target="_blank">http://www.pauline.org/Pauline-Books-Media-Blog/ArticleID/1539/Why-Catholics-Ask-Marys-Intercession</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">1Tim 2,5 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Ott Dogmatics 256 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Second Vatican Council, dogmatic constitution Lumen gentium 62, citing St. Ambrose, Epist. 63: PL 16, 1218. <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" target="_blank">/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Propitiation or Expiation? Did Christ "Change God's Attitude?"". katachriston. 2011-06-22. Retrieved 2017-07-08. <a href="https://katachriston.wordpress.com/2011/06/22/propitiation-or-expiation-did-christ-change-gods-attitude/" target="_blank">https://katachriston.wordpress.com/2011/06/22/propitiation-or-expiation-did-christ-change-gods-attitude/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Sacrifice: the Way to Enter the Paschal Mystery". America Magazine. 2003-05-12. Retrieved 2017-07-08. <a href="https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/433/article/sacrifice-way-enter-paschal-mystery" target="_blank">https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/433/article/sacrifice-way-enter-paschal-mystery</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Daly, SJ, Robert (March 2003). "Sacrifice Unveiled or Sacrifice Revisited: Trinitarian and Liturgical Perspectives" (PDF). Theological Studies. 64: 24–42. doi:10.1177/004056390306400130. S2CID 170816180. <a href="http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/64/64.1/64.1.2.pdf" target="_blank">http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/64/64.1/64.1.2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"ZENIT - Why It's Not the Right Time for a Dogma on Mary as Co-redemptrix". 2008-09-28. Archived from the original on 2008-09-28. Retrieved 2017-07-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928031618/http://www.zenit.org/article-5650?l=english" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080928031618/http://www.zenit.org/article-5650?l=english</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Ott 256 <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Gabriel Roschini, Compendium Mariologiae, Roma 1946. <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Roschini" target="_blank">/wiki/Gabriel_Roschini</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Iucunda Semper Expectatione (September 8, 1894) | LEO XIII <a href="http://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_08091894_iucunda-semper-expectatione.html" target="_blank">http://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_08091894_iucunda-semper-expectatione.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Schmaus, Mariologie, München, 1955, 328 <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">San Martín, Inés. "Pope calls idea of declaring Mary co-redemptrix ‘foolishness’", Crux, December 13, 2019 <a href="https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/12/pope-calls-idea-of-declaring-mary-co-redemptrix-foolishness/" target="_blank">https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/12/pope-calls-idea-of-declaring-mary-co-redemptrix-foolishness/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Kenneth Scott Latourette (1961). Christianity in a Revolutionary Age. Vol. 4. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Scott_Latourette" target="_blank">/wiki/Kenneth_Scott_Latourette</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Pope Benedict XV, Apostolic Letter Inter sodalica, AAS 1918, 181 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" target="_blank">/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Pope Pius X. Ad diem illum, §14, February 2, 1904, Libreria Editrice Vaticana <a href="https://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-x/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-x_enc_02021904_ad-diem-illum-laetissimum.html" target="_blank">https://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-x/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-x_enc_02021904_ad-diem-illum-laetissimum.html</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"Co-Redemptrix as Dogma?", International Marian Research Institute, University of Dayton <a href="https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/c/co-redemptrix-as-dogma.php" target="_blank">https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/c/co-redemptrix-as-dogma.php</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">"Changing the name of our Congregation of the Mother Coredemptrix" (Press release). Thủ Đức: Congregation of the Mother of the Redeemer. April 7, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2017. <a href="https://dongcong.us/thong-bao-thay-doi-ten-dong-dong-me-chua-cuu-chuoc-crm/" target="_blank">https://dongcong.us/thong-bao-thay-doi-ten-dong-dong-me-chua-cuu-chuoc-crm/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">San Martín, Inés. "Pope calls idea of declaring Mary co-redemptrix ‘foolishness’", Crux, December 13, 2019 <a href="https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/12/pope-calls-idea-of-declaring-mary-co-redemptrix-foolishness/" target="_blank">https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/12/pope-calls-idea-of-declaring-mary-co-redemptrix-foolishness/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Martín, Inés San (24 March 2021). "Once again, Pope Francis says Mary is not the 'co-redemptrix'". Angelus News. Retrieved 10 May 2024. <a href="https://angelusnews.com/faith/once-again-pope-francis-says-mary-is-not-the-co-redemptrix/" target="_blank">https://angelusnews.com/faith/once-again-pope-francis-says-mary-is-not-the-co-redemptrix/</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"Pope Francis: Jesus entrusted Mary to us as a Mother, 'not as co-redeemer'". CNA: Catholic News Agency. Mar 24, 2021. Retrieved Mar 24, 2021. Pope Francis on Wednesday said that Jesus entrusted the Virgin Mary to us as a Mother, "not as co-redeemer." <a href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/247025/pope-francis-jesus-entrusted-mary-to-us-as-a-mother-not-as-co-redeemer" target="_blank">https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/247025/pope-francis-jesus-entrusted-mary-to-us-as-a-mother-not-as-co-redeemer</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Hannah Brockhaus (2020-04-03). "Pope Francis: Reflect on the seven sorrows of Mary, our Mother". Catholic News Agency. <a href="https://www.detroitcatholic.com/news/pope-francis-reflect-on-the-seven-sorrows-of-mary-our-mother" target="_blank">https://www.detroitcatholic.com/news/pope-francis-reflect-on-the-seven-sorrows-of-mary-our-mother</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (1974-06-27). "Notification regarding the alleged apparitions and revelations of Our Lady of All Nations in Amsterdam". L'Osservatore Romano. p. 12. <a href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19740525_signora-amsterdam_en.html" target="_blank">https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19740525_signora-amsterdam_en.html</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (1974-06-27). "Notification regarding the alleged apparitions and revelations of Our Lady of All Nations in Amsterdam". L'Osservatore Romano. p. 12. <a href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19740525_signora-amsterdam_en.html" target="_blank">https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19740525_signora-amsterdam_en.html</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Otto Hermann Pesch Das Zweite Vatikanische Konzil, Echter, 1993, 194. <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">"Mary's cooperation in work of Redemption". www.ewtn.com. Retrieved 2017-07-08. <a href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/ormaria.htm" target="_blank">http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/ormaria.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"Mary's cooperation in work of Redemption". www.ewtn.com. Retrieved 2017-07-08. <a href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/ormaria.htm" target="_blank">http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/ormaria.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Pope Paul VI, Lumen Gentium, November 21, 1964, §61 <a href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html" target="_blank">https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"Propitiation or Expiation? Did Christ "Change God's Attitude?"". katachriston. 2011-06-22. Retrieved 2017-07-08. <a href="https://katachriston.wordpress.com/2011/06/22/propitiation-or-expiation-did-christ-change-gods-attitude/" target="_blank">https://katachriston.wordpress.com/2011/06/22/propitiation-or-expiation-did-christ-change-gods-attitude/</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Faber, Frederick William (1858). The foot of the Cross; or, The sorrows of Mary. Thomas Richardson and Son. p. 448. co-redemptress. <a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BfwCAAAAQAAJ" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BfwCAAAAQAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Faber 1858, p. 448. - Faber, Frederick William (1858). The foot of the Cross; or, The sorrows of Mary. Thomas Richardson and Son. p. 448. co-redemptress. <a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BfwCAAAAQAAJ" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BfwCAAAAQAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">"Mary's cooperation in work of Redemption". www.ewtn.com. Retrieved 2017-07-08. <a href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/ormaria.htm" target="_blank">http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/ormaria.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"Co-Redemptrix as Dogma?", International Marian Research Institute, University of Dayton <a href="https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/c/co-redemptrix-as-dogma.php" target="_blank">https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/c/co-redemptrix-as-dogma.php</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">L'Osservatore Romano, Weekly Edition in English 25 June 1997, page 10 <a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" target="_blank">/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Joaquin Navarro-Valls, Catholic Herald, 1997-08-22, p.7. <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">"ZENIT - Why It's Not the Right Time for a Dogma on Mary as Co-redemptrix". 2008-09-28. Archived from the original on 2008-09-28. Retrieved 2017-07-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928031618/http://www.zenit.org/article-5650?l=english" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080928031618/http://www.zenit.org/article-5650?l=english</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Joaquin Navarro-Valls, Catholic Herald, 1997-08-22, p.7. <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Father Salvatore Perrella, The Message, 1997-09-05, p.5. <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">L'Osservatore Romano, January 1996 <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Father Salvatore Perrella, The Message, 1997-09-05, p.5. <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Pope John Paul II. Tertio Milennio Adveniente, §4, November 10, 1994, Libreria Editrice Vaticana <a href="https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/1994/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19941110_tertio-millennio-adveniente.html" target="_blank">https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/1994/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19941110_tertio-millennio-adveniente.html</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, God and the World: A Conversion with Peter Seewald. Ignatius Press, San Francisco, 2002, p. 306 <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">San Martín, Inés. "Pope calls idea of declaring Mary co-redemptrix ‘foolishness’", Crux, December 13, 2019 <a href="https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/12/pope-calls-idea-of-declaring-mary-co-redemptrix-foolishness/" target="_blank">https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/12/pope-calls-idea-of-declaring-mary-co-redemptrix-foolishness/</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Smith, Harrison, "René Laurentin, Catholic scholar who studied visions of Mary, dies at 99", The Washington Post, September 18, 2017 <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/rene-laurentin-catholic-scholar-who-studied-visions-of-mary-dies-at-99/2017/09/17/4a7322ec-9bb3-11e7-9083-fbfddf6804c2_story.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/rene-laurentin-catholic-scholar-who-studied-visions-of-mary-dies-at-99/2017/09/17/4a7322ec-9bb3-11e7-9083-fbfddf6804c2_story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Co-Redemptrix open-in-new

Co-Redemptrix