IBM AIX

<h2 id="background">Background</h2>
Originally released for the <a href="/facts/IBM_RT_PC/HqTqSLBz">IBM RT PC</a> <a href="/facts/Reduced_instruction_set_computer/aQbGM62p">RISC</a> <a href="/facts/Workstation/h5tK4hTt">workstation</a> in 1986, AIX has supported a wide range of hardware platforms, including the IBM <a href="/facts/IBM_RS%2f6000/BEbesygF">RS/6000</a> series and later <a href="/facts/IBM_Power_microprocessors/twCjzqAx">Power</a> and <a href="/facts/PowerPC/DqmM9y50">PowerPC</a>-based systems, <a href="/facts/IBM_System_i/BWYaNnqe">IBM System i</a>, <a href="/facts/System%2f370/TRo1jaFw">System/370</a> mainframes, <a href="/facts/IBM_PS%2f2/G299srDC">PS/2</a> personal computers, and the <a href="/facts/Apple_Network_Server/j1kdJVEU">Apple Network Server</a>. Currently, it is supported on <a href="/facts/IBM_Power_Systems/8yTTWKgs">IBM Power Systems</a> alongside <a href="/facts/IBM_i/lsIRAUvn">IBM i</a> and <a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a>.
AIX is based on <a href="/facts/UNIX_System_V/Epm6GEY4">UNIX System V</a> with <a href="/facts/4.3BSD/VUMqqYzx">4.3BSD</a>-compatible extensions. It is certified to the UNIX 03 and UNIX V7 specifications of the <a href="/facts/Single_UNIX_Specification/w1ba5bDt">Single UNIX Specification</a>, beginning with AIX versions 5.3 and 7.2 TL5, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> Older versions were certified to the UNIX 95 and UNIX 98 specifications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>
AIX was the first operating system to implement a <a href="/facts/Journaling_file_system/UCAaSBrD">journaling file system</a>. IBM has continuously enhanced the software with features such as processor, disk, and network <a href="/facts/Virtualization/bEqH0Wtf">virtualization</a>, dynamic hardware resource allocation (including fractional processor units), and <a href="/facts/Reliability_engineering/cd6AS5w3">reliability engineering</a> concepts derived from its <a href="/facts/Mainframe_computer/nrBR6rWa">mainframe</a> designs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>

<h2 id="history">History</h2>

Unix began in the early 1970s at <a href="/facts/AT%2526T_Corporation/BfsX7eX2">AT&T</a>'s <a href="/facts/Bell_Labs/fKP5Gk0H">Bell Labs</a> research center, running on <a href="/facts/Digital_Equipment_Corporation/ztxs6keA">DEC</a> <a href="/facts/Minicomputer/g8hvpQxe">minicomputers</a>. By 1976, the operating system was used in various academic institutions, including <a href="/facts/Princeton_University/n3EPGHBM">Princeton University</a>, where Tom Lyon and others ported it to the <a href="/facts/IBM_System%2f370/TRo1jaFw">S/370</a> to run as a guest OS under <a href="/facts/VM_(operating_system)/Ymu9SRtX">VM/370</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> This port became <a href="/facts/Amdahl_UTS/mYJUvLf7">Amdahl UTS</a> from IBM's mainframe rival,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> which that company increasingly proritized from the late 1980s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>
IBM's involvement with Unix began in 1979 when it assisted Bell Labs in porting Unix to the S/370 platform to be used as a <a href="/facts/Software_build/uTz1koQy">build host</a> for the <a href="/facts/5ESS_switch/n1xRexFM">5ESS switch</a>'s software. During this process, IBM made modifications to the <a href="/facts/TSS%2f370/sBeDCuXS">TSS/370</a> Resident Supervisor to better support Unix.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
In 1984, IBM introduced its own Unix variant for the S/370 platform called VM/IX, developed by <a href="/facts/Interactive_Systems_Corporation/uWkY8Xv7">Interactive Systems Corporation</a> (ISC) using Unix System III. However, VM/IX was only available as a PRPQ (Programming Request for Price Quotation) and was not a General Availability product.
By 1985 most computer companies offered Unix alongside their proprietary operating systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Although an industry analyst that year described IBM as not enthusiastic about Unix,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> the company replaced VM/IX in 1985 with IBM IX/370, a fully supported product based on AT&T's Unix System V, intended to compete against UTS<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> and also developed by ISC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
ISC also developed AIX for the <a href="/facts/IBM_RT_PC/HqTqSLBz">IBM RT PC</a> workstation, introduced in January 1986, based on <a href="/facts/UNIX_System_V/Epm6GEY4">UNIX System V</a> Releases 1 and 2, and incorporating source code from 4.2 and 4.3 <a href="/facts/Berkeley_Standard_Distribution/XQKcURrh">BSD</a> UNIX.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> AIX Version 2 followed in 1987 for the RT PC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
In 1990, AIX Version 3 was released for the <a href="/facts/IBM_POWER_architecture/AptQ0xLu">POWER</a>-based <a href="/facts/IBM_RS%2f6000/BEbesygF">RS/6000</a> platform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> It became the primary operating system for the RS/6000 series, which was later renamed <a href="/facts/IBM_eServer/zmWX1ykM">IBM eServer</a> pSeries, <a href="/facts/IBM_System_p/ycAeJell">IBM System p</a>, and finally <a href="/facts/IBM_Power_Systems/8yTTWKgs">IBM Power Systems</a>.
AIX Version 4, introduced in 1994, added <a href="/facts/Symmetric_multiprocessing/T9CahUsN">symmetric multiprocessing</a> and evolved through the 1990s, culminating with AIX 4.3.3 in 1999. A modified version of Version 4.1 was also used as the standard OS for the <a href="/facts/Apple_Network_Server/j1kdJVEU">Apple Network Server</a> line by <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple Computer</a>.
In the late 1990s, under <a href="/facts/Project_Monterey/u2LLat0U">Project Monterey</a>, IBM and the <a href="/facts/Santa_Cruz_Operation/jLoYByEf">Santa Cruz Operation</a> attempted to integrate AIX and <a href="/facts/UnixWare/L0q19BlL">UnixWare</a> into a multiplatform Unix for <a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a> <a href="/facts/Itanium/0wkjSDpe">IA-64</a> architecture. The project was discontinued in 2002 after limited commercial success.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
In 2003, the <a href="/facts/SCO_Group/uftSH8RP">SCO Group</a> filed a lawsuit against IBM, alleging misappropriation of <a href="/facts/UNIX_System_V/Epm6GEY4">UNIX System V</a> source code in AIX. The case was resolved in 2010 when a jury ruled that <a href="/facts/Novell/lABGMT7U">Novell</a> owned the rights to Unix, not SCO.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>

AIX 6 was announced in May 2007 and became generally available on November 9, 2007. Key features included <a href="/facts/Role-based_access_control/dPN1ohBE">role-based access control</a>, <a href="/facts/Workload_partitions/S9abFFpu">workload partitions</a>, and <a href="/facts/Live_Partition_Mobility/1spDKop1">Live Partition Mobility</a>.
AIX 7.1 was released in September 2010 with enhancements such as Cluster Aware AIX and support for large-scale memory and real-time application requirements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>

<h2 id="supported-hardware-platforms">Supported hardware platforms</h2>
<h3>IBM RT PC</h3>
The original AIX (sometimes called AIX/RT) was developed for the IBM RT PC workstation by IBM in conjunction with ISC,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> which had previously ported <a href="/facts/UNIX_System_III/nkoNsbM6">UNIX System III</a> to the <a href="/facts/IBM_PC/yhcJGMPL">IBM PC</a> for IBM as <a href="/facts/PC%2fIX/uWkY8Xv7">PC/IX</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> According to its developers, the original AIX source consists of one million lines of code.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Installation media consists of eight <a href="/facts/Floppy_disk/rShxfuxa">1.2M floppy disks</a>. The RT was based on the <a href="/facts/IBM_ROMP/xanFmaKD">IBM ROMP</a> <a href="/facts/Microprocessor/Fx9CaQht">microprocessor</a>, the first commercial <a href="/facts/RISC/aQbGM62p">RISC</a> chip, based on <a href="/facts/IBM_Research/4DaaL58U">IBM Research</a>'s <a href="/facts/IBM_801/J5r1fpt4">IBM 801</a>).
One of the novel aspects of the RT design is the use of a <a href="/facts/Microkernel/wsaWtYCU">microkernel</a>, called Virtual Resource Manager (VRM). The keyboard, mouse, display, disk drives and network are all controlled by a microkernel. One can "hotkey" from one operating system to the next using the Alt-Tab key combination. Each OS in turn gets possession of the keyboard, mouse and display. Besides AIX v2, the <a href="/facts/PICK_OS/LSXLknzu">PICK OS</a> also includes this microkernel.
Much of the AIX v2 kernel was written in the <a href="/facts/PL.8/YvsJCXC3">PL.8</a> programming language, which proved troublesome during the migration to AIX v3. AIX v2 includes full <a href="/facts/TCP%2fIP/KNkxtSpw">TCP/IP</a> networking, as well as <a href="/facts/Systems_Network_Architecture/NlFaXaBC">SNA</a> and two networking file systems: <a href="/facts/Network_File_System_(protocol)/jWRRALVo">NFS</a>, licensed from <a href="/facts/Sun_Microsystems/VJ9EzEFd">Sun Microsystems</a>, and Distributed Services (DS). DS has the distinction of being built on top of SNA, and thereby being fully compatible with DS on IBM mainframe systems and on midrange systems running <a href="/facts/OS%2f400/lsIRAUvn">OS/400</a> through <a href="/facts/IBM_i/lsIRAUvn">IBM i</a>. For the graphical user interfaces, AIX v2 comes with the X10R3 and later the X10R4 and X11 versions of the <a href="/facts/X_Window_System/ac2vRIQL">X Window System</a> from MIT, with the <a href="/facts/Xaw/Q0ksLYxs">Athena widget set</a>. Compilers for <a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a> and <a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> were available.

<h3>IBM PS/2 series</h3>

AIX PS/2 (also known as AIX/386) was developed by <a href="/facts/Locus_Computing_Corporation/6wDJRGuj">Locus Computing Corporation</a> under contract to IBM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> AIX PS/2, first released in October 1988,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> runs on <a href="/facts/IBM_PS%2f2/G299srDC">IBM PS/2</a> personal computers with <a href="/facts/Intel_386/ag5eSgWv">Intel 386</a> and compatible processors.

The product was announced in September 1988 with a baseline tag price of $595, although some utilities, such as <a href="/facts/UUCP/dQ055F7b">UUCP</a>, were included in a separate Extension package priced at $250. <a href="/facts/Nroff/E6JGTTbE">nroff</a> and <a href="/facts/Troff/NtPk6T03">troff</a> for AIX were also sold separately in a Text Formatting System package priced at $200. The <a href="/facts/TCP%2fIP/KNkxtSpw">TCP/IP</a> stack for AIX PS/2 retailed for another $300. The <a href="/facts/X_Window_System/ac2vRIQL">X Window System</a> package was priced at $195, and has a graphical environment called the AIXwindows Desktop, based on <a href="/facts/IXI_Limited/WGbqHmBE">IXI's</a> <a href="/facts/X.desktop/l2eCuzzg">X.desktop</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> The C and FORTRAN compilers each had a price tag of $275. Locus also made available their <a href="/facts/DOS_Merge/jCWggnhl">DOS Merge</a> virtual machine environment for AIX, which can run MS DOS 3.3 applications inside AIX; DOS Merge was sold separately for another $250.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> IBM also offered a $150 AIX PS/2 DOS Server Program, which provided <a href="/facts/File_server/4SFrAdHY">file server</a> and <a href="/facts/Print_server/4gr2wCYq">print server</a> services for client computers running PC DOS 3.3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>
The last version of PS/2 AIX is 1.3. It was released in 1992 and announced to add support for non-IBM (non-microchannel) computers as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> Support for PS/2 AIX ended in March 1995.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>

<h3>IBM mainframes</h3>
In 1988, IBM announced AIX/370,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> also developed by Locus. AIX/370 was IBM's fourth attempt to offer <a href="/facts/Unix-like/YAKrAxzd">Unix-like</a> functionality for their mainframe line, specifically the <a href="/facts/IBM_System%2f370/TRo1jaFw">System/370</a> (the prior versions were a <a href="/facts/TSS_(operating_system)/sBeDCuXS">TSS/370</a>-based Unix system developed jointly with AT&T c.1980,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> a <a href="/facts/VM%2f370/Ymu9SRtX">VM/370</a>-based system named VM/IX developed jointly with ISC c.1984, and a <a href="/facts/VM%2f370/Ymu9SRtX">VM/370</a>-based version of TSS/370 named IX/370 which was upgraded to be compatible with <a href="/facts/UNIX_System_V/Epm6GEY4">UNIX System V</a>). AIX/370 was released in 1990 with functional equivalence to System V Release 2 and 4.3BSD as well as IBM enhancements. With the introduction of the <a href="/facts/IBM_System%2f390/lzkp2UE5">ESA/390</a> architecture, AIX/370 was replaced by AIX/ESA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> in 1991 based on <a href="/facts/OSF%2f1/mck5Bgyq">OSF/1</a>, and also runs on the <a href="/facts/IBM_System%2f390/lzkp2UE5">System/390</a> platform. Unlike AIX/370, AIX/ESA runs both natively as the host operating system, and as a guest under <a href="/facts/VM_(operating_system)/Ymu9SRtX">VM</a>. AIX/ESA, while technically advanced, had little commercial success, partially because UNIX functionality was added as an option to the existing mainframe operating system, <a href="/facts/MVS/VPSmB9ML">MVS</a>, as <a href="/facts/MVS%2fESA/VPSmB9ML">MVS/ESA SP Version 4 Release 3 OpenEdition</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> in 1994, and continued as an integral part of MVS/ESA SP Version 5, OS/390 and z/OS, with the name eventually changing from OpenEdition to Unix System Services. IBM also provided OpenEdition in VM/ESA Version 2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> through z/VM.

<h3>IA-64 systems</h3>
As part of <a href="/facts/Project_Monterey/u2LLat0U">Project Monterey</a>, IBM released a <a href="/facts/Beta_test/z4Q4RElA">beta test</a> version of AIX 5L for the IA-64 (<a href="/facts/Itanium/0wkjSDpe">Itanium</a>) architecture in 2001, but this never became an official product due to lack of interest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>

<h3>Apple Network Servers</h3>
The <a href="/facts/Apple_Network_Server/j1kdJVEU">Apple Network Server</a> (ANS) systems are PowerPC-based systems designed by <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple Computer</a> to have numerous high-end features that contemporary standard Apple hardware does not have, including swappable hard drives, redundant power supplies, and external monitoring capability. These systems are more or less based on the <a href="/facts/Power_Macintosh/SARawrPX">Power Macintosh</a> hardware available at the time but designed to use AIX (versions 4.1.4 or 4.1.5) as their native operating system in a specialized version specific to the ANS called AIX for Apple Network Servers.
AIX is only compatible with the Network Servers and was not ported to standard Power Macintosh hardware. It should not be confused with <a href="/facts/A%2fUX/EzdufrHs">A/UX</a>, Apple's earlier version of Unix for <a href="/facts/Motorola_68000_series/jxd7VPlW">68k</a>-based <a href="/facts/Mac_(computer)/8GhnXTK0">Macintoshes</a>.

<h3>POWER ISA/PowerPC/Power ISA-based systems</h3>

The release of AIX version 3 (sometimes called AIX/6000) coincided with the announcement of the first <a href="/facts/POWER1/c3WdDTXs">POWER1</a>-based IBM <a href="/facts/IBM_RS%2f6000/BEbesygF">RS/6000</a> models in 1990.
AIX v3 innovated in several ways on the software side. It is the first operating system to introduce the idea of a <a href="/facts/Journaling_file_system/UCAaSBrD">journaling file system</a>, <a href="/facts/JFS_(file_system)/bmJLqaP8">JFS</a>, which allows for fast boot times by avoiding the need to ensure the consistency of the file systems on disks (see <a href="/facts/Fsck/v9IpnBLS">fsck</a>) on every reboot. Another innovation is <a href="/facts/Shared_library/xRzL3P7q">shared libraries</a> which avoid the need for static linking from an application to the libraries it used. The resulting smaller binaries use less of the hardware RAM to run, and used less disk space to install. Besides improving performance, executable binaries can be in the tens of <a href="/facts/Kilobyte/jIe6t4yv">kilobytes</a> instead of a megabyte for an executable statically linked to the <a href="/facts/C_standard_library/qdG1nW2c">C library</a>. AIX v3 also scrapped the microkernel of AIX v2, a contentious move that resulted in v3 containing no <a href="/facts/PL.8/YvsJCXC3">PL.8</a> code and being somewhat more "pure" than v2.
Other notable subsystems include:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/IRIS_GL/Qp7pNcbQ">IRIS GL</a>, a 3D rendering library, the progenitor of <a href="/facts/OpenGL/xQoMWePr">OpenGL</a>. IRIS GL was licensed by IBM from <a href="/facts/Silicon_Graphics/DKvkrfLX">SGI</a> in 1987, a small company, which had sold only a few thousand machines at the time. SGI also provided the low-end graphics card for the RS/6000, capable of drawing 20,000 <a href="/facts/Gouraud_shading/04Nz96F5">gouraud-shaded</a> triangles per second. The high-end graphics card was designed by IBM, a follow-on to the mainframe-attached IBM 5080, capable of rendering 990,000 vectors per second.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/PHIGS/dwR9wpv6">PHIGS</a>, another <a href="/facts/3D_rendering_API/NwoxlLXz">3D rendering API</a>, popular in automotive CAD/CAM circles, and at the core of <a href="/facts/CATIA/TKMauzJP">CATIA</a>.</li>
<li>Full implementation of version 11 of the X Window System, together with <a href="/facts/Motif_(software)/zEwd49VX">Motif</a> as the recommended widget toolkit and window manager.</li>
<li>Network file systems: <a href="/facts/Network_File_System/jWRRALVo">NFS</a> from <a href="/facts/Sun_Microsystems/VJ9EzEFd">Sun</a>; AFS, the <a href="/facts/Andrew_File_System/qQ07XKk6">Andrew File System</a>; and DFS, the <a href="/facts/DCE_Distributed_File_System/TglTDBIh">Distributed File System</a>.</li>
<li>NCS, the <a href="/facts/Network_Computing_System/gXawcc3z">Network Computing System</a>, licensed from <a href="/facts/Apollo_Computer/AyhaS46l">Apollo Computer</a> (later acquired by <a href="/facts/Hewlett-Packard/abuNSYNu">HP</a>).</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Display_PostScript/Kt6Pj1D0">DPS</a> on-screen display system as an alternative if the X11+Motif combination failed in the marketplace. However, it is highly proprietary, supported only by Sun, <a href="/facts/NeXT/71CK18lB">NeXT</a>, and IBM. This, and lack of 3D capability, caused it to fail in the marketplace versus X11+Motif and its lack of 3D capability.</li></ul>
In addition, AIX applications can run in the <a href="/facts/IBM_i/lsIRAUvn">PASE</a> subsystem under <a href="/facts/IBM_i/lsIRAUvn">IBM i</a>.

<h2 id="source-code">Source code</h2>
IBM made the AIX for RS/6000 source code available to customers for a fee; in 1991, IBM customers could order the AIX 3.0 source code for a one-time charge of US$60,000;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> subsequently, IBM released the AIX 3.1 source code in 1992,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> and AIX 3.2 in 1993.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> These source code distributions exclude certain files (authored by third-parties) which IBM did not have rights to redistribute, and also exclude layered products such as the MS-DOS emulator and the C compiler. To license the AIX source code the customer first had to procure source code license agreements with AT&T and the <a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>

<h2 id="versions">Versions</h2>

<h3>POWER/PowerPC/Power ISA releases</h3>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Release date</th><th>End of support date</th></tr><tr><td>Unsupported: 5L 5.1</td><td>May 4, 2001; 24 years ago (2001-05-04)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a></td><td>April 1, 2006; 19 years ago (2006-04-01)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a></td></tr><tr><td>Unsupported: 5L 5.2</td><td>October 18, 2002; 22 years ago (2002-10-18)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a></td><td>April 30, 2009; 16 years ago (2009-04-30)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a></td></tr><tr><td>Unsupported: 5L 5.3</td><td>August 13, 2004; 20 years ago (2004-08-13)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a></td><td>April 30, 2012; 13 years ago (2012-04-30)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a></td></tr><tr><td>Unsupported: 6.1</td><td>November 9, 2007; 17 years ago (2007-11-09)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a></td><td>April 30, 2017; 8 years ago (2017-04-30)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a></td></tr><tr><td>Unsupported: 7.1</td><td>September 10, 2010; 14 years ago (2010-09-10)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a></td><td>April 30, 2023; 2 years ago (2023-04-30)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a></td></tr><tr><td>Supported: 7.2</td><td>December 4, 2015; 9 years ago (2015-12-04)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a></td><td>TBA</td></tr><tr><td>Latest version: 7.3</td><td>December 10, 2021; 3 years ago (2021-12-10)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a></td><td>TBA</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Legend:UnsupportedSupportedLatest versionPreview versionFuture version</td></tr></tbody></table>
<ul><li>AIX V7.3, December 10, 2021<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>
<ul><li>Requires <a href="/facts/POWER8/kokdP5VT">POWER8</a> or newer CPUs</li></ul></li>
<li>AIX V7.2, October 5, 2015<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>
<ul><li>Live update for Interim Fixes, Service Packs and Technology Levels – replaces the entire AIX kernel without impacting applications</li>
<li>Flash based filesystem caching</li>
<li>Cluster Aware AIX automation with repository replacement mechanism</li>
<li>SRIOV-backed VNIC, or dedicated VNIC virtualized network adapter support</li>
<li>RDSv3 over <a href="/facts/RDMA_over_Converged_Ethernet/SxDcW1aH">RoCE</a> adds support of the Oracle RDSv3 protocol over the Mellanox Connect RoCE adapters</li>
<li>Supports secure boot on <a href="/facts/POWER9/1xMKJHsX">POWER9</a> systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a></li>
<li>Requires <a href="/facts/POWER7/GKnhcYKC">POWER7</a> or newer CPUs</li></ul></li>
<li>AIX V7.1, September 10, 2010<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a>
<ul><li>Support for 256 cores / 1024 threads in a single LPAR</li>
<li>The ability to run AIX V5.2 or V5.3 inside of a Workload Partition</li>
<li>An XML profile based system configuration management utility</li>
<li>Support for export of Fibre Channel adapters to WPARs</li>
<li>VIOS disk support in a WPAR</li>
<li>Cluster Aware AIX</li>
<li>AIX Event infrastructure</li>
<li>Role-based access control (RBAC) with domain support for multi-tenant environments</li>
<li>Requires <a href="/facts/POWER4/dBBnIW7g">POWER4</a> or newer CPUs</li></ul></li>
<li>AIX V6.1, November 9, 2007<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Workload_Partitions/S9abFFpu">Workload Partitions</a> (WPARs) <a href="/facts/Operating_system-level_virtualization/gkLoCrgN">operating system-level virtualization</a></li>
<li>Live Application Mobility</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Live_Partition_Mobility/1spDKop1">Live Partition Mobility</a></li>
<li>Security
<ul><li>Role Based Access Control <a href="/facts/RBAC/dPN1ohBE">RBAC</a></li>
<li>AIX Security Expert – a system and network security hardening tool</li>
<li>Encrypting <a href="/facts/JFS2/bmJLqaP8">JFS2</a> filesystem</li>
<li>Trusted AIX</li>
<li>Trusted Execution</li></ul></li>
<li>Integrated Electronic Service Agent for auto error reporting</li>
<li>Concurrent Kernel Maintenance</li>
<li>Kernel exploitation of <a href="/facts/POWER6/GqfSuMVM">POWER6</a> storage keys</li>
<li><a href="/facts/ProbeVue/1FS3SupJ">ProbeVue</a> dynamic tracing</li>
<li>Systems Director Console for AIX</li>
<li>Integrated <a href="/facts/Snapshot_(computer_storage)/LKm3NX2A">filesystem snapshot</a></li>
<li>Requires <a href="/facts/POWER4/dBBnIW7g">POWER4</a> or newer CPUs</li>
<li>AIX 6 withdrawn from Marketing effective April 2016 and from Support effective April 2017<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a></li></ul></li>
<li>AIX 5L 5.3,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> August 13, 2004,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> end of support April 30, 2012<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Network_File_System_(protocol)/jWRRALVo">NFS</a> Version 4</li>
<li>Advanced Accounting</li>
<li>Virtual <a href="/facts/SCSI/pxXulrBr">SCSI</a></li>
<li>Virtual <a href="/facts/Ethernet/nMfhU8tU">Ethernet</a></li>
<li>Exploitation of <a href="/facts/Simultaneous_multithreading/bk8ec9yn">Simultaneous multithreading</a> (SMT)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Micro-Partitioning/uDsBFxV0">Micro-Partitioning</a> enablement</li>
<li>POWER5 exploitation</li>
<li><a href="/facts/IBM_Journaled_File_System_2_(JFS2)/bmJLqaP8">JFS2</a> quotas</li>
<li>Ability to shrink a <a href="/facts/JFS2/bmJLqaP8">JFS2</a> filesystem</li>
<li>Kernel scheduler has been enhanced to dynamically increase and decrease the use of virtual processors.</li></ul></li>
<li>AIX 5L 5.2,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> October 18, 2002,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> end of support April 30, 2009<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a>
<ul><li>Ability to run on the IBM <a href="/facts/BladeCenter/XfHbTe6E">BladeCenter</a> JS20 with the <a href="/facts/PowerPC_970/nRyX1JxX">PowerPC 970</a></li>
<li>Minimum level required for POWER5 hardware</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Multipath_I%2fO/KRmpD3nm">MPIO</a> for <a href="/facts/Fibre_Channel/C7C0yreb">Fibre Channel</a> disks</li>
<li><a href="/facts/ISCSI/oxaQpYBc">iSCSI</a> Initiator software</li>
<li>Participation in <a href="/facts/Dynamic_Logical_Partitioning/6FuKlv2p">Dynamic LPAR</a></li>
<li>Concurrent I/O (CIO) feature introduced for <a href="/facts/JFS2/bmJLqaP8">JFS2</a> released in Maintenance Level 01 in May 2003<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a></li></ul></li>
<li>AIX 5L 5.1,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> May 4, 2001,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> end of support April 1, 2006<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a>
<ul><li>Ability to run on an <a href="/facts/IA-64/m6egpGno">IA-64</a> architecture processor, although this never went beyond beta.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a></li>
<li>Minimum level required for POWER4 hardware and the last release that worked on the <a href="/facts/Micro_Channel_architecture/63TW6aq4">Micro Channel architecture</a></li>
<li>64-bit <a href="/facts/Kernel_(operating_system)/uEj4U3Rz">kernel</a>, installed but not activated by default</li>
<li>JFS2</li>
<li>Ability to run in a <a href="/facts/LPAR/4JYGqyen">Logical Partition</a> on <a href="/facts/POWER4/dBBnIW7g">POWER4</a></li>
<li>The L stands for <a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a> affinity</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Trusted_Computing_Base/QFA4q830">Trusted Computing Base</a> (TCB)</li>
<li>Support for mirroring with striping</li></ul></li>
<li>AIX 4.3.3, September 17, 1999<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a>
<ul><li>Online <a href="/facts/Backup/ldV72CkU">backup</a> function</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Workload_Manager/6c8nKx42">Workload Manager</a> (WLM)</li>
<li>Introduction of topas utility</li></ul></li>
<li>AIX 4.3.2, October 23, 1998<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a></li>
<li>AIX 4.3.1, April 24, 1998<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a>
<ul><li>First <a href="/facts/Trusted_Computer_System_Evaluation_Criteria/GCN1fjaE">TCSEC security evaluation</a>, completed December 18, 1998<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a></li></ul></li>
<li>AIX 4.3, October 31, 1997<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a>
<ul><li>Ability to run on 64-bit <a href="/facts/CPU_design/HeNbj78g">architecture</a> CPUs</li>
<li><a href="/facts/IPv6/d4dg7kIL">IPv6</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Web-based_System_Manager/SGJPU7K6">Web-based System Manager</a></li></ul></li>
<li>AIX 4.2.1, April 25, 1997<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Network_File_System_(protocol)/jWRRALVo">NFS</a> Version 3</li>
<li>Y2K-compliant</li></ul></li>
<li>AIX 4.2, May 17, 1996<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a></li>
<li>AIX 4.1.5, November 8, 1996<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a></li>
<li>AIX 4.1.4, October 20, 1995<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a></li>
<li>AIX 4.1.3, July 7, 1995<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Common_Desktop_Environment/Tama5QTW">CDE</a> 1.0 became the default GUI environment, replacing the AIXwindows Desktop.</li></ul></li>
<li>AIX 4.1.1, October 28, 1994<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a></li>
<li>AIX 4.1, August 12, 1994<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a>
<ul><li>AIX Ultimedia Services introduced (multimedia drivers and applications)</li></ul></li>
<li>AIX 4.0, 1994
<ul><li>Run on RS/6000 systems with <a href="/facts/PowerPC/DqmM9y50">PowerPC</a> processors and <a href="/facts/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect/n6CGuFvP">PCI</a> busses.</li></ul></li>
<li>AIX 3.2.5, October 15, 1993</li>
<li>AIX 3.2 1992</li>
<li>AIX 3.1, (General Availability) February 1990
<ul><li>Journaled File System (<a href="/facts/IBM_Journaled_File_System_2_(JFS2)/bmJLqaP8">JFS</a>) filesystem type</li>
<li>AIXwindows Desktop (based on <a href="/facts/X.desktop/l2eCuzzg">X.desktop</a> from <a href="/facts/IXI_Limited/WGbqHmBE">IXI Limited</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li>AIX 3.0 1989 (Early Access)
<ul><li>LVM (Logical Volume Manager) was incorporated into OSF/1, and in 1995 for HP-UX,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> and the Linux LVM implementation is similar to the HP-UX LVM implementation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/IBM_AIX_SMIT/VovaPxvl">SMIT</a> was introduced.</li></ul></li></ul>
<h3>IBM System/370 releases</h3>
<ul><li>AIX/ESA Version 2 Release 2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a>
<ul><li>Announced December 15, 1992</li>
<li>Available February 26, 1993</li>
<li>Withdrawn Jun 19, 1993</li>
<li>Runs only in S/370-ESA mode</li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li>AIX/ESA Version 2 Release 1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a>
<ul><li>Announced March 31, 1992</li>
<li>Available June 26, 1992</li>
<li>Withdrawn Jun 19, 1993</li>
<li>Runs only in S/370-ESA mode</li></ul></li>
<li>AIX/370 Version 1 Release 2.1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a>
<ul><li>Announced February 5, 1991</li>
<li>Available February February 22, 1991</li>
<li>Withdrawn December 31, 1992</li>
<li>Does not run in XA, ESA or z mode</li></ul></li>
<li>AIX/370 Version 1 Release 1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a>
<ul><li>Announced March 15, 1988</li>
<li>Available February 16, 1989</li>
<li>Does not run in XA, ESA or z mode</li></ul></li></ul>
<h3>IBM PS/2 releases</h3>
<ul><li>AIX PS/2 v1.3, October 1992
<ul><li>Withdrawn from sale in US, March 1995</li>
<li>Patches supporting IBM ThinkPad 750C family of notebook computers, 1994</li>
<li>Patches supporting non PS/2 hardware and systems, 1993</li></ul></li>
<li>AIX PS/2 v1.2.1, May 1991</li>
<li>AIX PS/2 v1.2, March 1990</li>
<li>AIX PS/2 v1.1, March 1989</li></ul>
<h3>IBM RT releases</h3>
<ul><li>AIX RT v2.2.1, March 1991</li>
<li>AIX RT v2.2, March 1990</li>
<li>AIX RT v2.1, March 1989
<ul><li>X-Windows included on installation media</li></ul></li>
<li>AIX RT v1.1, 1986</li>
<li>AIX RT v1.0, 1985</li></ul>
<h2 id="user-interfaces">User interfaces</h2>

The default shell was <a href="/facts/Bourne_shell/wUCh3Qkl">Bourne shell</a> up to AIX version 3, and <a href="/facts/KornShell/MMp8fQ4A">KornShell</a> (ksh88) in version 4 for <a href="/facts/XPG4/btwVKbX2">XPG4</a> and <a href="/facts/POSIX/mQkSt234">POSIX</a> compliance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a>

<h3>Graphical</h3>
The <a href="/facts/Common_Desktop_Environment/Tama5QTW">Common Desktop Environment</a> (CDE) is AIX's default <a href="/facts/Graphical_user_interface/wBlQFWDP">graphical user interface</a>. As part of Linux Affinity and the free <a href="/facts/AIX_Toolbox_for_Linux_Applications/zpcmt0nR">AIX Toolbox for Linux Applications</a> (ATLA), open-source <a href="/facts/KDE/PCh32IWA">KDE</a> and <a href="/facts/GNOME/EFMNBmpR">GNOME</a> desktops are also available.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a>

<h3>System Management Interface Tool</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/System_Management_Interface_Tool/VovaPxvl">System Management Interface Tool</a>

<a href="/facts/IBM_AIX_SMIT/VovaPxvl">SMIT</a> is the System Management Interface Tool for AIX. It allows a user to navigate a menu hierarchy of commands, rather than using the command line. Invocation is typically achieved with the command smit. Experienced system administrators make use of the F6 function key which generates the command line that SMIT will invoke to complete it.
SMIT also generates a log of commands that are performed in the smit.script file. The smit.script file automatically records the commands with the command flags and parameters used. The smit.script file can be used as an executable shell script to rerun system configuration tasks. SMIT also creates the smit.log file, which contains additional detailed information that can be used by programmers in extending the SMIT system.
smit and smitty refer to the same program, though smitty invokes the text-based version, while smit will invoke an X Window System based interface if possible; however, if smit determines that X Window System capabilities are not present, it will present the text-based version instead of failing. Determination of X Window System capabilities is typically performed by checking for the existence of the DISPLAY variable.

<h2 id="database">Database</h2>
Object Data Manager (ODM) is a database of system information integrated into AIX,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> analogous to the <a href="/facts/Windows_registry/cH9RlHTp">registry</a> in <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Windows/bwhAhuSL">Microsoft Windows</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> A good understanding of the ODM is essential for managing AIX systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a>
Data managed in ODM is stored and maintained as <a href="/facts/Object_(computer_science)/eX99dtAw">objects</a> with associated <a href="/facts/Attribute_(computing)/EpQSmn02">attributes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a> Interaction with ODM is possible via <a href="/facts/Application_programming_interface/GMlN4vUr">application programming interface</a> (API) <a href="/facts/Library_(computing)/xRzL3P7q">library</a> for programs, and <a href="/facts/Command-line_utilities/Gkr3u58Y">command-line utilities</a> such as odmshow, odmget, odmadd, odmchange and odmdelete for <a href="/facts/Shell_script/NE7YvsBD">shell scripts</a> and users. <a href="/facts/System_Management_Interface_Tool/VovaPxvl">SMIT</a> and its associated AIX commands can also be used to query and modify information in the ODM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> ODM is stored on disk using <a href="/facts/Berkeley_DB/lWwNrclz">Berkeley DB</a> files.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a>
Example of information stored in the ODM database are:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Computer_network/3w5RM99p">Network</a> configuration<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Logical_volume_management/ku3Ivefk">Logical volume management</a> configuration</li>
<li>Installed software information<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a></li>
<li>Information for logical devices or <a href="/facts/Software_driver/rDYnHU1G">software drivers</a></li>
<li>List of all AIX supported devices</li>
<li>Physical hardware devices installed and their configuration</li>
<li>Menus, screens and commands that SMIT uses<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Academic_Operating_System/HqTqSLBz">AOS</a>, IBM's educational-market port of <a href="/facts/Berkeley_Software_Distribution/XQKcURrh">4.3BSD</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/IBM_High_Availability_Cluster_Multiprocessing/RqnsEMIR">IBM PowerHA SystemMirror</a> (formerly HACMP)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_Unix_systems/U8X53e9u">List of Unix systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Nmon/WdSujmoH">nmon</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Operating_systems_timeline/VUkt443G">Operating systems timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Service_Update_Management_Assistant/7fpwuodP">Service Update Management Assistant</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Vital_Product_Data/9euzz1UJ">Vital Product Data</a> (VPD)</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Unix Pronunciation". wordpress.com. January 29, 2010. Archived from the original on October 28, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2011. <a href="http://tehtable.wordpress.com/2010/01/29/unix-pronunciation" target="_blank">http://tehtable.wordpress.com/2010/01/29/unix-pronunciation</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"IBM Corporation Registered Products by Product Standard". Open Group. Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2022. <a href="https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/ibm.htm" target="_blank">https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/ibm.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"The Open Brand - Register of Certified Products". Open Group. July 23, 2003. Archived from the original on August 2, 2003. Retrieved January 23, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030802103246/http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20030802103246/http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"UNIX turns 40". IBM Corporation. February 9, 2011. Archived from the original on June 24, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624231140/http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-unix40/#aixhistory" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110624231140/http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-unix40/#aixhistory</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Johnson, Stephen C.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). "Portability of C Programs and the UNIX System" (PDF). Bell System Technical Journal. 57 (6): 2021–2048. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02141.x. S2CID 17510065. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2015. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Johnson" target="_blank">/wiki/Stephen_C._Johnson</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Poulsen, Lars (2001). "IBM 360/370/3090/390". Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2015. <a href="http://www.beagle-ears.com/lars/engineer/comphist/ibm360.htm" target="_blank">http://www.beagle-ears.com/lars/engineer/comphist/ibm360.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"Amdahl launches UTS mainframe Unix". 1993. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2015. <a href="http://www.telecompaper.com/news/amdahl-launches-uts-mainframe-unix-version--3646" target="_blank">http://www.telecompaper.com/news/amdahl-launches-uts-mainframe-unix-version--3646</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Leong, Kathy Chin (November 2, 1987). "Amdahl kills Aspen plan, favors Unix". Computerworld. Vol. XXI, no. 44. pp. 1, 10. Retrieved June 8, 2025. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mUSIMiurpfYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=mUSIMiurpfYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Felton, W. A.; Miller, G. L.; Milner, J. M. (1984). "A UNIX System Implementation for System/370" (PDF). AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal. 63 (8). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 11, 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2015. <a href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/otherports/ibm.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/otherports/ibm.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Desmond, John (May 20, 1985). "Prime adds Unix environment for 50 series users". Computerworld. Vol. XIX, no. 20. p. 7. Retrieved June 7, 2025. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygHfUXZWXlcC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=true" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ygHfUXZWXlcC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=true</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Sullivan, Kathleen (May 20, 1985). "Unix needs push to win in corporate micro market". Computerworld. Vol. XIX, no. 20. p. 42. Retrieved June 7, 2025. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygHfUXZWXlcC&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=true" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ygHfUXZWXlcC&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=true</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Gallant, John (February 18, 1985). "Users: New life for VM". Computerworld. p. 11. Archived from the original on May 17, 2015. Retrieved February 3, 2015. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iwX8vVdMAckC&pg=PA11" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=iwX8vVdMAckC&pg=PA11</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Babcock, Charles (January 27, 1986). "IBM unveils RISC system". Computerworld. Vol. XX, no. 4. pp. 1, 8. Retrieved May 29, 2025. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=33QfOHT69aMC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=true" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=33QfOHT69aMC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=true</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

IBM AIX open-in-new

IBM AIX