Karen Wetterhahn

<h2 id="career">Career</h2>
Wetterhahn was born in <a href="/facts/Plattsburgh,_New_York/wtfXhB7M">Plattsburgh, New York</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> She earned her bachelor's degree from <a href="/facts/St._Lawrence_University/N1d7MQMT">St. Lawrence University</a> in 1970 and her <a href="/facts/Doctorate/hb3AGQ6A">doctorate</a> from <a href="/facts/Columbia_University/Hlf1gw53">Columbia University</a> in 1975.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> Her doctoral work was supervised by <a href="/facts/Stephen_J._Lippard/dh7hrohM">Stephen J. Lippard</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> She joined Dartmouth's faculty in 1976 and published more than 85 research papers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> In 1990, Wetterhahn helped establish Dartmouth College's Women in Science Project (WISP), which helped to raise the share of women science majors from 13 to 25 percent at Dartmouth College and has become a national model.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>

<h2 id="accident-and-death">Accident and death</h2>
On August 14, 1996, Wetterhahn, a specialist in toxic metal exposure, was studying the way <a href="/facts/Mercury_(element)/WlxfoHva">mercury</a> <a href="/facts/Ion/3bePpDna">ions</a> interact with <a href="/facts/DNA_repair/hsURuYYq">DNA repair</a> proteins and investigating the toxic properties of another highly toxic <a href="/facts/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)/Cblmy8qI">heavy metal</a>, <a href="/facts/Cadmium/wXkV2eIX">cadmium</a>. She was using <a href="/facts/Dimethylmercury/ettgPTS7">dimethylmercury</a>, at the time the standard <a href="/facts/Chemical_shift/VoCY7s7R">internal reference</a> for 199Hg <a href="/facts/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance/pGYAn9Bz">nuclear magnetic resonance</a> (NMR) measurements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
Wetterhahn would recall that she had spilled several drops of dimethylmercury from the tip of a pipette onto her latex-gloved hand.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Not believing herself in any immediate danger, as she was taking all recommended precautions,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> she proceeded to clean up the area prior to removing her protective clothing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> However, tests later revealed that dimethylmercury can, in fact, rapidly permeate several kinds of latex gloves and enter the skin within about 15 seconds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> Her exposure was later confirmed by <a href="/facts/Hair_analysis/Ez4Pyp6B">hair analysis</a>, which showed a dramatic jump in mercury levels 17 days after the initial accident, peaking at 39 days, followed by a gradual decline.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>
Approximately three months after the initial accident Wetterhahn began experiencing brief episodes of abdominal discomfort and noticed significant weight loss. The more distinctive neurological symptoms of mercury poisoning, including loss of balance and slurred speech, appeared in January 1997, five months after the accident.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> At this point, tests proved that she had severe <a href="/facts/Mercury_poisoning/xdSGkWLU">mercury poisoning</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Her blood and urinary mercury content were measured at 4,000 μg/L<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> and 234 μg/L, respectively—both many times their respective toxic thresholds of 200 μg/L and 50 μg/L (blood and urine reference ranges are 1 to 8 μg/L and 1 to 5 μg/L).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
Despite aggressive <a href="/facts/Chelation_therapy/BtIB1o8I">chelation therapy</a>, her condition rapidly deteriorated. Three weeks after the first neurological symptoms appeared, Wetterhahn lapsed into what appeared to be a vegetative state punctuated by periods of extreme agitation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> One of her former students said that "Her husband saw tears rolling down her face. I asked if she was in pain. The doctors said it didn't appear that her brain could even register pain."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> Wetterhahn was removed from <a href="/facts/Life_support/Mop22veW">life support</a> and pronounced dead on June 8, 1997, less than a year after her initial exposure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
The case proved that the standard precautions at the time, all of which Wetterhahn had carefully followed, were inadequate for "super-toxic" chemicals like dimethylmercury.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> In response, the <a href="/facts/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration/dCGbW5Ax">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> recommended that the use of dimethylmercury be avoided unless absolutely necessary and mandated the use of plastic-laminate gloves (SilverShield) when handling this compound.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> Her death prompted consideration of using an alternative reference material for mercury <a href="/facts/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy/SFKgdthI">NMR spectroscopy</a> experiments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>

<h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2>
Wetterhahn's death shocked not only the entire chemistry department at Dartmouth, but also regulatory agencies, as the accidental exposure occurred despite her having taken all measures required at that time. These included the use of <a href="/facts/Latex_gloves/HVnqdEhp">latex gloves</a>, a <a href="/facts/Fume_hood/dIsosPMN">fume hood</a>, and adherence to standard safety procedures. After Wetterhahn's <a href="/facts/Mercury_poisoning/xdSGkWLU">mercury poisoning</a> was discovered, her colleagues tested various safety gloves against dimethylmercury and found that the small, <a href="/facts/Apolar/KlIJ0zjB">apolar</a> molecule diffuses through most of them in seconds, much more quickly than expected.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> As a result, it is now recommended by OSHA to wear Silver Shield laminate gloves, which should be worn under an outer glove that is resistant to abrasion and tears, while handling dimethylmercury.
At the time, dimethylmercury was the common calibration standard for 199Hg <a href="/facts/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy/SFKgdthI">NMR spectroscopy</a> because it has certain advantages over the alternatives that exist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> As a consequence of Wetterhahn's accident, safety recommendations have been revised, and the use of dimethylmercury for any purpose has been highly discouraged.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> Wetterhahn's legacy includes a significant and lasting improvement in laboratory safety.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
Dartmouth College has since established an award in Wetterhahn's name (The Karen E. Wetterhahn Graduate Fellowship in Chemistry, created in 1998 and funded by the Karen E. Wetterhahn Memorial Fund) to encourage other women to pursue careers in science. It is a one-year fellowship given to an exceptionally good chemistry graduate student who will receive their PhD within two years. Whenever possible, a woman is preferred for the award.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> The <a href="/facts/National_Institute_of_Environmental_Health_Sciences/3BuhDE9o">National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</a> also maintains an annual award, for a graduate student or post-doctoral researcher, in honor of Karen Wetterhahn (the Karen Wetterhahn Memorial Award).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>

<ul>
<li>Biography portal</li><li>United States portal</li><li>Science portal</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://sites.dartmouth.edu/dujs/2008/05/16/remembering-karen-wetterhahn/">Remembering Karen Wetterhahn</a>, Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, May 16, 2008</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Lippard's PhD. students at Columbia University" (PDF). lippardlab.mit.edu. Retrieved July 7, 2021. <a href="https://lippardlab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/Columbia_PhD.pdf" target="_blank">https://lippardlab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/Columbia_PhD.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Karen Wetterhahn; Dartmouth Scientist". Los Angeles Times. June 12, 1997. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-06-12-mn-2765-story.html" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-06-12-mn-2765-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"In Memoriam Karen E. Wetterhahn, Ph.D. 1948−1997". Chemical Research in Toxicology. 10 (9): 923. 1997. doi:10.1021/tx9704922. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Ftx9704922" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1021%2Ftx9704922</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Long, Janice (1997). "Mercury poisoning fatal to chemist". Chemical & Engineering News. 75 (24): 11–12. doi:10.1021/cen-v075n024.p011a. <a href="/wiki/Chemical_%26_Engineering_News" target="_blank">/wiki/Chemical_%26_Engineering_News</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Karen Wetterhahn; Dartmouth Scientist". Los Angeles Times. June 12, 1997. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-06-12-mn-2765-story.html" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-06-12-mn-2765-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Karen Wetterhahn; Dartmouth Scientist". Los Angeles Times. June 12, 1997. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-06-12-mn-2765-story.html" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-06-12-mn-2765-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Endicott, Karen (April 1998). "The Trembling Edge of Science". Dartmouth Alumni Magazine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-07-15. <a href="https://archive.dartmouthalumnimagazine.com/article/1998/4/1/the-trembling-edge-of-science" target="_blank">https://archive.dartmouthalumnimagazine.com/article/1998/4/1/the-trembling-edge-of-science</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"A Tribute to Karen Wetterhahn". Dartmouth College. May 1, 2009. Archived from the original on June 26, 2009. <a href="https://sites.dartmouth.edu/toxmetal/about-us/a-tribute-to-karen-wetterhahn/" target="_blank">https://sites.dartmouth.edu/toxmetal/about-us/a-tribute-to-karen-wetterhahn/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Cotton, Simon (October 2003). "Dimethylmercury and Mercury Poisoning: The Karen Wetterhahn story". Molecule of the Month. Bristol University School of Chemistry. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.5245807. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2021. <a href="https://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/dimethylmercury/dmmh.htm" target="_blank">https://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/dimethylmercury/dmmh.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Nierenberg, David W.; Nordgren, Richard E.; Chang, Morris B.; Siegler, Richard W.; Blayney, Michael B.; Hochberg, Fred; Toribara, Taft Y.; Cernichiari, Elsa; Clarkson, Thomas (1998). "Delayed Cerebellar Disease and Death after Accidental Exposure to Dimethylmercury". New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (23): 1672–1676. doi:10.1056/NEJM199806043382305. PMID 9614258. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199806043382305" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199806043382305</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Newman, Cathy (May 2005). "Pick Your Poison – 12 Toxic Tales". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2009-02-18. Retrieved 2009-03-07. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218234139/http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-body/poison-toxic-tales.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090218234139/http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-body/poison-toxic-tales.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Nierenberg, David W.; Nordgren, Richard E.; Chang, Morris B.; Siegler, Richard W.; Blayney, Michael B.; Hochberg, Fred; Toribara, Taft Y.; Cernichiari, Elsa; Clarkson, Thomas (1998). "Delayed Cerebellar Disease and Death after Accidental Exposure to Dimethylmercury". New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (23): 1672–1676. doi:10.1056/NEJM199806043382305. PMID 9614258. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199806043382305" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199806043382305</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Cotton, Simon (October 2003). "Dimethylmercury and Mercury Poisoning: The Karen Wetterhahn story". Molecule of the Month. Bristol University School of Chemistry. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.5245807. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2021. <a href="https://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/dimethylmercury/dmmh.htm" target="_blank">https://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/dimethylmercury/dmmh.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Nierenberg, David W.; Nordgren, Richard E.; Chang, Morris B.; Siegler, Richard W.; Blayney, Michael B.; Hochberg, Fred; Toribara, Taft Y.; Cernichiari, Elsa; Clarkson, Thomas (1998). "Delayed Cerebellar Disease and Death after Accidental Exposure to Dimethylmercury". New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (23): 1672–1676. doi:10.1056/NEJM199806043382305. PMID 9614258. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199806043382305" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199806043382305</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Nierenberg, David W.; Nordgren, Richard E.; Chang, Morris B.; Siegler, Richard W.; Blayney, Michael B.; Hochberg, Fred; Toribara, Taft Y.; Cernichiari, Elsa; Clarkson, Thomas (1998). "Delayed Cerebellar Disease and Death after Accidental Exposure to Dimethylmercury". New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (23): 1672–1676. doi:10.1056/NEJM199806043382305. PMID 9614258. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199806043382305" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199806043382305</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Endicott, Karen (April 1998). "The Trembling Edge of Science". Dartmouth Alumni Magazine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-07-15. <a href="https://archive.dartmouthalumnimagazine.com/article/1998/4/1/the-trembling-edge-of-science" target="_blank">https://archive.dartmouthalumnimagazine.com/article/1998/4/1/the-trembling-edge-of-science</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"A Tribute to Karen Wetterhahn". Dartmouth College. May 1, 2009. Archived from the original on June 26, 2009. <a href="https://sites.dartmouth.edu/toxmetal/about-us/a-tribute-to-karen-wetterhahn/" target="_blank">https://sites.dartmouth.edu/toxmetal/about-us/a-tribute-to-karen-wetterhahn/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Newman, Cathy (May 2005). "Pick Your Poison – 12 Toxic Tales". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2009-02-18. Retrieved 2009-03-07. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218234139/http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-body/poison-toxic-tales.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090218234139/http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-body/poison-toxic-tales.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Cotton, Simon (October 2003). "Dimethylmercury and Mercury Poisoning: The Karen Wetterhahn story". Molecule of the Month. Bristol University School of Chemistry. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.5245807. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2021. <a href="https://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/dimethylmercury/dmmh.htm" target="_blank">https://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/dimethylmercury/dmmh.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Nierenberg, David W.; Nordgren, Richard E.; Chang, Morris B.; Siegler, Richard W.; Blayney, Michael B.; Hochberg, Fred; Toribara, Taft Y.; Cernichiari, Elsa; Clarkson, Thomas (1998). "Delayed Cerebellar Disease and Death after Accidental Exposure to Dimethylmercury". New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (23): 1672–1676. doi:10.1056/NEJM199806043382305. PMID 9614258. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199806043382305" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199806043382305</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Nierenberg, David W.; Nordgren, Richard E.; Chang, Morris B.; Siegler, Richard W.; Blayney, Michael B.; Hochberg, Fred; Toribara, Taft Y.; Cernichiari, Elsa; Clarkson, Thomas (1998). "Delayed Cerebellar Disease and Death after Accidental Exposure to Dimethylmercury". New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (23): 1672–1676. doi:10.1056/NEJM199806043382305. PMID 9614258. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199806043382305" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199806043382305</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Newman, Cathy (May 2005). "Pick Your Poison – 12 Toxic Tales". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2009-02-18. Retrieved 2009-03-07. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218234139/http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-body/poison-toxic-tales.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090218234139/http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-body/poison-toxic-tales.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Nierenberg, David W.; Nordgren, Richard E.; Chang, Morris B.; Siegler, Richard W.; Blayney, Michael B.; Hochberg, Fred; Toribara, Taft Y.; Cernichiari, Elsa; Clarkson, Thomas (1998). "Delayed Cerebellar Disease and Death after Accidental Exposure to Dimethylmercury". New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (23): 1672–1676. doi:10.1056/NEJM199806043382305. PMID 9614258. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199806043382305" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199806043382305</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Nierenberg, David W.; Nordgren, Richard E.; Chang, Morris B.; Siegler, Richard W.; Blayney, Michael B.; Hochberg, Fred; Toribara, Taft Y.; Cernichiari, Elsa; Clarkson, Thomas (1998). "Delayed Cerebellar Disease and Death after Accidental Exposure to Dimethylmercury". New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (23): 1672–1676. doi:10.1056/NEJM199806043382305. PMID 9614258. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199806043382305" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199806043382305</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Witt, Steven F. (March 9, 1998). "Dimethylmercury". OSHA Hazard Information Bulletins. Office of Science and Technology Assessment, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved March 22, 2021. <a href="https://www.osha.gov/publications/hib19980309" target="_blank">https://www.osha.gov/publications/hib19980309</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Zacks, Rebecca (September 1997). "Looking for alternatives". Scientific American. Vol. 277, no. 3. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" target="_blank">/wiki/Scientific_American</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Blayney, Michael B.; Winn, John S.; Nierenberg, David W. (May 12, 1997). "Handling dimethylmercury". Chemical & Engineering News. Vol. 75, no. 19. p. 7. doi:10.1021/cen-v075n019.p007. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/cen-v075n019.p007" target="_blank">https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/cen-v075n019.p007</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Toriba, Taft Y.; Clarkson, Thomas W.; Nierenberg, David W. (June 16, 1997). "More on working with dimethylmercury". Chemical and Engineering News. Vol. 75, no. 24. p. 6. doi:10.1021/cen-v075n024.p006. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/cen-v075n024.p006" target="_blank">https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/cen-v075n024.p006</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Cotton, Simon (October 2003). "Dimethylmercury and Mercury Poisoning: The Karen Wetterhahn story". Molecule of the Month. Bristol University School of Chemistry. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.5245807. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2021. <a href="https://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/dimethylmercury/dmmh.htm" target="_blank">https://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/dimethylmercury/dmmh.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Nierenberg, David W.; Nordgren, Richard E.; Chang, Morris B.; Siegler, Richard W.; Blayney, Michael B.; Hochberg, Fred; Toribara, Taft Y.; Cernichiari, Elsa; Clarkson, Thomas (1998). "Delayed Cerebellar Disease and Death after Accidental Exposure to Dimethylmercury". New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (23): 1672–1676. doi:10.1056/NEJM199806043382305. PMID 9614258. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199806043382305" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199806043382305</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">O'Halloran, Thomas V.; Singer, Christopher P. (March 10, 1998). "199Hg NMR Standards". Northwestern University. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. <a href="https://sites.northwestern.edu/ohalloran/199hg-nmr-standards/" target="_blank">https://sites.northwestern.edu/ohalloran/199hg-nmr-standards/</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Witt, Steven F. (March 9, 1998). "Dimethylmercury". OSHA Hazard Information Bulletins. Office of Science and Technology Assessment, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved March 22, 2021. <a href="https://www.osha.gov/publications/hib19980309" target="_blank">https://www.osha.gov/publications/hib19980309</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Cavanaugh, Ray (February 2019). "The dangers of dimethylmercury". Chemistry World. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved January 6, 2021. <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/the-dangers-of-dimethylmercury-/3010064.article" target="_blank">https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/the-dangers-of-dimethylmercury-/3010064.article</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">"The Karen E. Wetterhahn Graduate Fellowship in Chemistry". Dartmouth College. January 30, 2014. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2014. <a href="https://chemistry.dartmouth.edu/graduate/graduate-awards/karen-e-wetterhahn-graduate-fellowship-chemistry" target="_blank">https://chemistry.dartmouth.edu/graduate/graduate-awards/karen-e-wetterhahn-graduate-fellowship-chemistry</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">"Karen Wetterhahn Memorial Award". National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. June 27, 2013. Archived from the original on August 14, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2014. <a href="https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/supported/centers/srp/training/wetterhahn/" target="_blank">https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/supported/centers/srp/training/wetterhahn/</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Karen Wetterhahn open-in-new

Karen Wetterhahn