Aspect weaver

<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
Many <a href="/facts/Programming_language/cWTYbgWa">programming languages</a> are already widely accepted and understood. However, there is no significant desire to create radically different programming languages to support the <a href="/facts/Aspect-oriented_programming/HK7CFwan">aspect-oriented programming</a> paradigm due to business-related risks associated with adopting new technologies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> Use of an entirely new language relies on a business's ability to acquire new developers. Additionally, the existing code base of a business would need to be discarded. Finally, a business would need to acquire a new <a href="/facts/Toolchain/SmlWCJhY">toolchain</a> (suite of tools) for development, which is often expensive in both money and time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> Primary concerns about <a href="/facts/Plan/jVP4MBhr">roadmaps</a> for the adoption of new technologies include the need to train new developers and adapt existing processes to the new technology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>
To address these business concerns, an aspect weaver enables the use of widely adopted languages like <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a> with aspect-oriented programming through minor adaptations such as <a href="/facts/AspectJ/0ctawTQj">AspectJ</a> which work with existing tools.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> Instead of developing an entirely new language, the aspect weaver interprets the extensions defined by AspectJ and builds "woven" Java code which can then be used by any existing Java compiler. This ensures that any existing <a href="/facts/Object-oriented_programming/TxNMEcao">object oriented</a> code will still be valid aspect-oriented code and that development will feel like a natural extension of the object-oriented language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> The <a href="/facts/AspectC%2B%2B/ISSoPGhR">AspectC++</a> programming language extends <a href="/facts/C%2B%2B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> through the use of an aspect weaver, offering the additional efficiency over <a href="/facts/AspectJ/0ctawTQj">AspectJ</a> that is needed for <a href="/facts/Embedded_systems/a4muX1wU">embedded systems</a> while still retaining the benefits of aspect-oriented programming.[6]

<h2 id="implementation">Implementation</h2>
Aspect weavers operate by taking instructions specified by <a href="/facts/Aspect_(computer_science)/vj1WET3C">aspects</a>, known as advice, and automatically distributing it throughout the various <a href="/facts/Class_(computer_science)/zvzkSAtE">classes</a> in the program. The result of the weaving process is a set of classes with the same names as the original classes but with additional code automatically injected into the classes' <a href="/facts/Function_(computer_science)/9vFJrg0A">functions</a>. The advice specifies the exact location and functionality of the injected code.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
Through this weaving process, aspect weavers allow for code which otherwise would have been duplicated across classes. By eliminating this duplication, aspect weavers promote <a href="/facts/Modular_programming/sNoqKvRD">modularity</a> of <a href="/facts/Cross-cutting_concern/zUWmQsQm">cross-cutting concerns</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> Aspects define the implementation code which otherwise would have been duplicated and then use <a href="/facts/Pointcut/25BQnbtR">pointcuts</a> and <a href="/facts/Join_point/hMNu97Vd">join points</a> to define the advice. During weaving, the aspect weaver uses the pointcuts and join points, known as a pointcut designator, to identify the positions in candidate classes at which the implementation should be injected.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> The implementation is then injected into the classes at the points identified, thus permitting the code to be executed at the appropriate times without relying on manual duplication by the <a href="/facts/Programmer/WGTS1Jv9">programmer</a>.[10]

<table><tbody><tr><td>aspect Logger { pointcut method() : execution(* *(..)); before() : method() { System.out.println("Entering " + thisJoinPoint.getSignature().toString()); } after() : method() { System.out.println("Leaving " + thisJoinPoint.getSignature().toString()); }}public class Foo { public void bar() { System.out.println("Executing Foo.bar()"); } public void baz() { System.out.println("Executing Foo.baz()"); }}</td></tr><tr><td>A sample <a href="/facts/Aspect_(computer_science)/vj1WET3C">aspect</a> and <a href="/facts/Class_(computer_science)/zvzkSAtE">class</a> defined in the <a href="/facts/AspectJ/0ctawTQj">AspectJ</a> <a href="/facts/Programming_language/cWTYbgWa">programming language</a></td></tr><tr><td>public class Foo { public void bar() { System.out.println("Entering Foo.bar()"); System.out.println("Executing Foo.bar()"); System.out.println("Leaving Foo.bar()"); } public void baz() { System.out.println("Entering Foo.baz()"); System.out.println("Executing Foo.baz()"); System.out.println("Leaving Foo.baz()"); }}</td></tr><tr><td>The woven class that results from executing an aspect weaver on the above sample</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Weaving in AspectJ</h3>
In the <a href="/facts/Programming_language/cWTYbgWa">programming language</a> <a href="/facts/AspectJ/0ctawTQj">AspectJ</a>, pointcuts, join points, and the modularized code are defined in an aspect block similar to that of <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a> <a href="/facts/Class_(computer_science)/zvzkSAtE">classes</a>. Classes are defined using Java syntax. The weaving process consists of executing the aspect advice to produce only a set of generated classes that have the aspect implementation code woven into it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
The example at right shows a potential implementation of an aspect which logs the entry and exit of all <a href="/facts/Method_(computer_science)/8kAXxVYs">methods</a>. Without an aspect weaver, this feature would require <a href="/facts/Duplicate_code/adzaD7R2">duplication of code</a> in the class for every method. Instead, the entry and exit code is defined solely within the aspect.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
The aspect weaver analyzes the advice specified by the pointcut in the aspect and uses that advice to distribute the implementation code into the defined class. The code differs slightly in each method due to slight variances in requirements for the method (as the method <a href="/facts/Identifier/pPaQPLhj">identifier</a> has changed). The aspect weaver determines the appropriate code to generate in each situation as defined by the implementation advice and then injects it into methods matching the specified pointcut.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>

<h3>Weaving to bytecode</h3>
Instead of generating a set of woven <a href="/facts/Source_code/o9J6Jv23">source code</a>, some AspectJ weavers instead weave the aspects and <a href="/facts/Class_(computer_science)/zvzkSAtE">classes</a> together directly into <a href="/facts/Bytecode/EPkMFR7M">bytecode</a>, acting both as the aspect weaver and <a href="/facts/Compiler/WNfCDFJe">compiler</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> It is expected that the performance of aspect weavers which also perform the compilation process will require more computation time due to the weaving process involved. However, the bytecode weaving process produces more efficient runtime code than would usually be achieved through compiled woven source.

<h3>Run-time weaving</h3>
Developments in AspectJ have revealed the potential to incorporate <a href="/facts/Just-in-time_compilation/rEYDsd8l">just-in-time compilation</a> into the execution of aspect-oriented code to address performance demands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> At <a href="/facts/Run_time_(program_lifecycle_phase)/lCxKsrzB">run-time</a>, an aspect weaver could translate aspects in a more efficient manner than traditional, static weaving approaches. Using AspectJ on a <a href="/facts/Java_Virtual_Machine/l9Nzrsun">Java Virtual Machine</a>, dynamic weaving of aspects at run-time has been shown to improve code performance by 26%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> While some implementations of just-in-time virtual machines implement this capability through a new virtual machine, some implementations can be designed to use features that already exist in current virtual machines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> The requirement of a new virtual machine is contrary to one of the original design goals of AspectJ.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
To accomplish just-in-time weaving, a change to the <a href="/facts/Virtual_machine/BLevU3sx">virtual machine</a> that executes the compiled <a href="/facts/Bytecode/EPkMFR7M">bytecode</a> is needed. A proposed solution for AspectJ uses a <a href="/facts/Abstraction_layer/EV8c84SY">layered</a> approach which builds upon the existing Java Virtual Machine to add support for join point management and callbacks to a Dynamic Aspect-Oriented Programming Engine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> An alternative implementation uses a weaving engine that uses <a href="/facts/Breakpoints/LgtYUIlq">breakpoints</a> to halt execution at the pointcut, select an appropriate method, embed it into the application, and continue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> The use of breakpoints in this manner has been shown to reduce performance due to a very large number of <a href="/facts/Context_switch/N0oJQ6CC">context switches</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>

<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
Aspect weavers' performance, as well as the performance of the code that they produce, has been a subject of analysis. It is preferable that the improvement in modularity supplied by aspect weaving does not impact run-time performance. Aspect weavers are able to perform aspect-specific optimizations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> While traditional optimizations such as the elimination of unused special <a href="/facts/Variable_(programming)/VoCKtwml">variables</a> from aspect code can be done at <a href="/facts/Compile-time/yCdI3oqn">compile-time</a>, some optimizations can only be performed by the aspect weaver. For example, AspectJ contains two similar but distinct keywords, thisJoinPoint, which contains information about this particular instance of woven code, and thisJoinPointStaticPart, which contains information common to all instances of code relevant to that set of advice. The optimization of replacing thisJoinPoint with the more efficient and <a href="/facts/Static_variable/dYIs2E5p">static</a> keyword thisJoinPointStaticPart can only be done by the aspect weaver. By performing this replacement, the woven program avoids the creation of a join point <a href="/facts/Object_(computer_science)/eX99dtAw">object</a> on every execution.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Studies have shown that the unnecessary creation of join point objects in AspectJ can lead to a performance overhead of 5% at run-time, while performance degradation is only approximately 1% when this object is not created.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>
Compile-time performance is generally worse in aspect weavers than their traditional compiler counterparts due to the additional work needed for locating methods which match the specified pointcuts. One study showed that the AspectJ compiler ajc is about 34% slower than the <a href="/facts/Sun_Microsystems/VJ9EzEFd">Sun Microsystems</a> <a href="/facts/Java_1.3/Br6eHSP8">Java 1.3</a> compiler and about 62% slower than the <a href="/facts/Java_1.4/Br6eHSP8">Java 1.4</a> compiler.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Aspect-oriented_programming/HK7CFwan">Aspect-oriented programming</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Preprocessor/arTRL5RG">Preprocessor</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Compiler/WNfCDFJe">Compiler</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2>

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<li>Popovici, Andrei; Alonso, Gustavo; Gross, Thomas (2003). "Just-in-time aspects". Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Aspect-oriented software development. <a href="/facts/Association_for_Computing_Machinery/abI2atlP">ACM</a>. pp. 100–109. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F643603.643614">10.1145/643603.643614</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-58113-660-9. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1662985">1662985</a>.</li>
<li>Sato, Yoshiki; Chiba, Shigeru; Tatsubori, Michiaki (September 2003). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100924060437/http://csg.is.titech.ac.jp/paper/yoshiki-gpce03.pdf">"A Selective, Just-in-Time Aspect Weaver"</a> (PDF). Generative Programming and Component Engineering. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2830. pp. 189–208. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-39815-8_12">10.1007/978-3-540-39815-8_12</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-540-20102-1. Archived from <a href="http://www.csg.is.titech.ac.jp/paper/yoshiki-gpce03.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2010-09-24. Retrieved 4 January 2010.</li>
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<li>Spinczyk, Olaf; Lohmann, Daniel (October 2007). <a href="http://www4.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/Publications/2007/spinczyk_07_knosys.pdf">"The design and implementation of AspectC++"</a> (PDF). Knowledge-Based Systems. 20 (7): 636–651. <a href="/facts/CiteSeerX_(identifier)/SceDmd3c">CiteSeerX</a> <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.149.7119">10.1.1.149.7119</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.knosys.2007.05.004">10.1016/j.knosys.2007.05.004</a>. Retrieved 23 January 2010.</li>
<li>Viega, John; Voas, Jeffrey (November 2000). "Can Aspect-Oriented Programming lead to More Reliable Software?". <a href="/facts/IEEE_Software/JlYjWWke">IEEE Software</a>. 17 (6): 19–21. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F52.895163">10.1109/52.895163</a>.</li>
<li>Wand, Michael; Kiczales, Gregor; Dutchyn, Christopher (2004). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110825210934/http://reference.kfupm.edu.sa/content/s/e/a_semantics_for_advice_and_dynamic_join__97028.pdf">"A semantics for advice and dynamic join points in aspect-oriented programming"</a> (PDF). ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems. 26 (5): 890–910. <a href="/facts/CiteSeerX_(identifier)/SceDmd3c">CiteSeerX</a> <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.57.6581">10.1.1.57.6581</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1018203.1018208">10.1145/1018203.1018208</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12456097">12456097</a>. Archived from <a href="http://reference.kfupm.edu.sa/content/s/e/a_semantics_for_advice_and_dynamic_join__97028.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2009.</li>
<li>Wang, Yi; Zhao, Jianjun (July 2007). "Specifying Pointcuts in AspectJ". <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320083708/http://cse.sjtu.edu.cn/~zhao/pub/pdf/aoasia07.pdf">31st Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference - Vol. 2 - (COMPSAC 2007)</a> (PDF). Vol. 2. pp. 5–10. <a href="/facts/CiteSeerX_(identifier)/SceDmd3c">CiteSeerX</a> <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.547.6577">10.1.1.547.6577</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FCOMPSAC.2007.196">10.1109/COMPSAC.2007.196</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7695-2870-0. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18772035">18772035</a>. Archived from <a href="http://cse.sjtu.edu.cn/~zhao/pub/pdf/aoasia07.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 March 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2010.</li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Suzuki, Junichi; Yamamoto, Yoshikazu (June 1999). Moreira, A. M.; Demeyer, Moreira (eds.). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722194353/http://www.imamu.edu.sa/DContent/IT_Topics/Aspect%20Support%20in%20the%20Design%20Phase.pdf">"Extending UML with Aspects: Aspect Support in the Design Phase"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the Workshop on Object-Oriented Technology. 1743: 299–300. Archived from <a href="http://www.imamu.edu.sa/DContent/IT_Topics/Aspect%20Support%20in%20the%20Design%20Phase.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2010.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Kiczales (October 2001), p.2 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Kiczales (October 2001), p.7 <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Colyer (2003), p.6 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Kiczales (October 2001), p.5 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Kiczales (June 2001), p.3 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Wand (2004), p.1 <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Wand (2004), p.7 <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Viega (November 2000), p.2 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Wang (July 2007), p.4 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Avgustinov (2007), p.2 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Hilsdale (2004), pp.5–6 <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Hilsdale (2004), p.2 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">McEachen (2005), p.1 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Popovici (2003), p.1 <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Sato (September 2003), p.17 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Sato (September 2003), p.2 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Papovici (2003), p.3 <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Kiczales (June 2001), p.3 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Papovici (2003), p.3 <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Sato (September 2003), p.11 <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Sato (September 2003), p.17 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Gal (2001), p.3 <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Hilsdale (2004), p.2 <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Colyer (2003), p.2 <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Hilsdale (2004), p.7 <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

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