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File Control Block
open-in-new
<h2 id="usage">Usage</h2> <p>In CP/M, <a href="/facts/86-DOS/u0Hm0Ijv">86-DOS</a> and <a href="/facts/PC_DOS/ScsfqAwQ">PC DOS</a> 1.x/MS-DOS 1.xx, the FCB was the only method of accessing files. Under DOS a few INT 21h subfunctions provided the interface to operate on files using the FCB.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> When, with MS-DOS 2, preparations were made to support multiple processes or users,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> use other filesystems<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> than FAT or to share files<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> over networks in the future, FCBs were felt to be too small to handle the extra data required for such features<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> and therefore FCBs were seen as inadequate for various future expansion paths.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Also, they didn't provide a field to specify sub-directories.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Exposing file system related data to user-space was also seen as a security risk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> FCBs were thus superseded by <a href="/facts/File_handle/Iw74UKqG">file handles</a>, as used on <a href="/facts/UNIX/0pNL2seI">UNIX</a> and its derivatives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> File handles are simply consecutive integer numbers associated with specific open files. </p><p>If a program uses the newer file handle API to open a file, the operating system will manage its internal data structure associated with that file in its own memory area. This has the great advantage that these structures can grow in size in later operating system versions without breaking compatibility with application programs; its disadvantage is that, given the rather simplistic <a href="/facts/Memory_management/vthLkUpz">memory management</a> of DOS, space for as many of these structures as the most "file-hungry" program is likely to use has to be reserved at boot time and cannot be used for any other purpose while the computer is running. Such memory reservation is done using the <a href="/facts/FILES_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)/a1QSEJhj">FILES</a>= directive in the <a href="/facts/CONFIG.SYS/a1QSEJhj">CONFIG.SYS</a> file. This problem does not occur with FCBs in DOS 1 or in CP/M, since the operating system stores all that it needs to know about an open file inside the FCB and thus does not need to use any per-file memory in operating system memory space. When using FCBs in MS-DOS 3 or later, the FCB format depends on whether SHARE.EXE is loaded and whether the FCB refers to a local or remote file and often refers to a SFT entry. Because of this, the number of FCBs which can be kept open at once in DOS 3 or higher is limited as well, usually to 4; using the <a href="/facts/FCBS_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)/a1QSEJhj">FCBS</a>= directive in the CONFIG.SYS file, it may be increased beyond that number if necessary. Under <a href="/facts/DR-DOS/GcCTKutW">DR-DOS</a>, both FILES and FCBS come from the same internal pool of available handles structures and are assigned dynamically as needed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>FCBs were supported in all versions of MS-DOS and <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Windows/bwhAhuSL">Windows</a> until the introduction of the <a href="/facts/FAT32/uFvpmWxa">FAT32</a> filesystem. <a href="/facts/Windows_95/1E1L93qC">Windows 95</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_98/6qtq4oJm">Windows 98</a> and <a href="/facts/Windows_Me/fjENFRNa">Windows Me</a> do not support the use of FCBs on FAT32 drives due to its 32-bit cluster numbers,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> except to read the volume label. This caused some old DOS applications, including <a href="/facts/WordStar/QWnaF7t7">WordStar</a>, to fail under these versions of Windows. </p><p>The FCB interface does not work properly on <a href="/facts/Windows_NT/EtccWvxQ">Windows NT</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_2000/amJIt9gz">2000</a>, etc. either – WordStar does not function properly on these operating systems. DOS emulators <a href="/facts/DOSEMU/wlRNj9wS">DOSEMU</a> and <a href="/facts/DOSBox/Du2egHYo">DOSBox</a> implement the FCB interface properly, thus they are a way to run older DOS programs that need FCBs on modern operating systems. </p> <h2 id="disk-transfer-area">Disk Transfer Area</h2> <p>A companion data structure used together with the FCB was the Disk Transfer Area (DTA).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> This is the name given to the buffer where file contents (records) would be read into/written from. File access functions in DOS that used the FCB assumed a fixed location for the DTA, initially pointing to a part of the PSP (see next section); this location could be changed by calling a DOS function, with subsequent file accesses implicitly using the new location. </p><p>With the deprecation of the FCB method, the new file access functions which used file handles also provided a means to specify a memory buffer for file contents with every function call, such that maintaining concurrent, independent buffers (either for different files or for the same file) became much more practical. </p> <h2 id="program-segment-prefix--program-initialisation">Program Segment Prefix & Program Initialisation</h2> <p>Every DOS executable started from the shell (<a href="/facts/COMMAND.COM/06Sz5wle">COMMAND.COM</a>) was provided with a pre-filled 256-byte long data structure called the <i><a href="/facts/Program_Segment_Prefix/ljzJrWyd">Program Segment Prefix</a></i> (PSP). Relevant fields within this structure include:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Offset</th><th>Bytesize</th><th>Contents</th></tr><tr><td>0x02</td><td>2</td><td>Available memory for the program in 16-byte chunks.</td></tr><tr><td>0x2C</td><td>2</td><td>Segment address containing the program's environment variables.</td></tr><tr><td>0x5C</td><td>16</td><td>Prepared FCB for first command line argument (unopened).</td></tr><tr><td>0x6C</td><td>20</td><td>Prepared FCB for second command line argument (unopened).</td></tr><tr><td>0x80</td><td>1</td><td>Length of command line.</td></tr><tr><td>0x81</td><td>127</td><td>Command line contents.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This data structure could be found at the beginning of the data segment whose address was provided by DOS at program start in the DS and ES segment registers. Besides providing the program's command line verbatim at address 0x81, DOS also tried to construct two FCB's corresponding to the first two words in the command line, the purpose being to save work for the programmer in the common case where these words were filenames to operate on. Since these FCB's remained unopened, no problem would ensue even if these command line words did not refer to files. </p><p>The initial address for the DTA was set to overlay the area in the PSP (at address 0x80) where the command line arguments were stored, such that a program needed to parse this area for command line arguments before invoking DOS functions that made use of the DTA (such as reading in a file record), unless the program took care to change the address of the DTA to some other memory region (or not use the DTA/FCB functions altogether, which soon became deprecated in favour of file handles). </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Record-oriented_filesystem/LGEHrRj2">Record-oriented filesystem</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ralf_D._Brown/dzYVSXxV">Brown, Ralf D.</a>, ed. (2000-07-17). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160619060655/http://www.ctyme.com/intr/rb-2574.htm">"210F: DOS 1+ - OPEN FILE USING FCB"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Ralf_Brown%27s_Interrupt_List/dzYVSXxV">Ralf Brown's Interrupt List</a> 61</i>. ctyme.com. Archived from <a href="http://www.ctyme.com/intr/rb-2574.htm">the original</a> on 2016-06-19. <a href="http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/rbinter/id/85/25.html">[7]</a></li> <li>Elliott, John C. (2002-12-29). <a href="http://seasip.info/Cpm/fcb.html">"CP/M File Control Block"</a>. <i>Seasip.info</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823020604/http://seasip.info/Cpm/fcb.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-23. Retrieved 2017-08-23.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823015253/http://obsolescence.wixsite.com/obsolescence/cpm-internals?_escaped_fragment_=cpm-internals%2Fc247i#!cpm-internals/c247i">"CP/M Internals"</a>. 2017-08-23. Archived from <a href="http://obsolescence.wix.com/obsolescence#!cpm-internals/c247i">the original</a> on 2017-08-23. Retrieved 2017-08-23. - In-depth description of CP/M FCB</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"FCB - Standard DOS File Control Block". <a href="http://stanislavs.org/helppc/fcb.html" target="_blank">http://stanislavs.org/helppc/fcb.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Rodriguez-Rosello, Miguel (1992). 8088-8086/8087 Programacion Ensamblador En Entorno MSDOS (in Spanish). Ediciones Anaya Multimedia. ISBN 84-7614-128-9. <a href="84-7614-128-9" target="_blank">84-7614-128-9</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"FCB - Standard DOS File Control Block". <a href="http://stanislavs.org/helppc/fcb.html" target="_blank">http://stanislavs.org/helppc/fcb.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"FCB - Standard DOS File Control Block". <a href="http://stanislavs.org/helppc/fcb.html" target="_blank">http://stanislavs.org/helppc/fcb.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Zbikowski, Mark; Allen, Paul; Ballmer, Steve; Borman, Reuben; Borman, Rob; Butler, John; Carroll, Chuck; Chamberlain, Mark; Chell, David; Colee, Mike; Courtney, Mike; Dryfoos, Mike; Duncan, Rachel; Eckhardt, Kurt; Evans, Eric; Farmer, Rick; Gates, Bill; Geary, Michael; Griffin, Bob; Hogarth, Doug; Johnson, James W.; Kermaani, Kaamel; King, Adrian; Koch, Reed; Landowski, James; Larson, Chris; Lennon, Thomas; Lipkie, Dan; McDonald, Marc; McKinney, Bruce; Martin, Pascal; Mathers, Estelle; Matthews, Bob; Melin, David; Mergentime, Charles; Nevin, Randy; Newell, Dan; Newell, Tani; Norris, David; O'Leary, Mike; O'Rear, Bob; Olsson, Mike; Osterman, Larry; Ostling, Ridge; Pai, Sunil; Paterson, Tim; Perez, Gary; Peters, Chris; Petzold, Charles; Pollock, John; Reynolds, Aaron; Rubin, Darryl; Ryan, Ralph; Schulmeisters, Karl; Shah, Rajen; Shaw, Barry; Short, Anthony; Slivka, Ben; Smirl, Jon; Stillmaker, Betty; Stoddard, John; Tillman, Dennis; Whitten, Greg; Yount, Natalie; Zeck, Steve (1988). "Technical advisors". The MS-DOS Encyclopedia: versions 1.0 through 3.2. By Duncan, Ray; Bostwick, Steve; Burgoyne, Keith; Byers, Robert A.; Hogan, Thom; Kyle, Jim; Letwin, Gordon; Petzold, Charles; Rabinowitz, Chip; Tomlin, Jim; Wilton, Richard; Wolverton, Van; Wong, William; Woodcock, JoAnne (Completely reworked ed.). Redmond, Washington, USA: Microsoft Press. ISBN 1-55615-049-0. LCCN 87-21452. OCLC 16581341. (xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors. [1]) <a href="1-55615-049-0" target="_blank">1-55615-049-0</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Chappell, Geoff (January 1994). Schulman, Andrew; Pedersen, Amorette (eds.). DOS Internals. The Andrew Schulman Programming Series (1st printing, 1st ed.). Addison Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-60835-9. (xxvi+738+iv pages, 3.5"-floppy [2][3]) Errata: [4][5][6] <a href="978-0-201-60835-9" target="_blank">978-0-201-60835-9</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Zbikowski, Mark; Allen, Paul; Ballmer, Steve; Borman, Reuben; Borman, Rob; Butler, John; Carroll, Chuck; Chamberlain, Mark; Chell, David; Colee, Mike; Courtney, Mike; Dryfoos, Mike; Duncan, Rachel; Eckhardt, Kurt; Evans, Eric; Farmer, Rick; Gates, Bill; Geary, Michael; Griffin, Bob; Hogarth, Doug; Johnson, James W.; Kermaani, Kaamel; King, Adrian; Koch, Reed; Landowski, James; Larson, Chris; Lennon, Thomas; Lipkie, Dan; McDonald, Marc; McKinney, Bruce; Martin, Pascal; Mathers, Estelle; Matthews, Bob; Melin, David; Mergentime, Charles; Nevin, Randy; Newell, Dan; Newell, Tani; Norris, David; O'Leary, Mike; O'Rear, Bob; Olsson, Mike; Osterman, Larry; Ostling, Ridge; Pai, Sunil; Paterson, Tim; Perez, Gary; Peters, Chris; Petzold, Charles; Pollock, John; Reynolds, Aaron; Rubin, Darryl; Ryan, Ralph; Schulmeisters, Karl; Shah, Rajen; Shaw, Barry; Short, Anthony; Slivka, Ben; Smirl, Jon; Stillmaker, Betty; Stoddard, John; Tillman, Dennis; Whitten, Greg; Yount, Natalie; Zeck, Steve (1988). "Technical advisors". The MS-DOS Encyclopedia: versions 1.0 through 3.2. By Duncan, Ray; Bostwick, Steve; Burgoyne, Keith; Byers, Robert A.; Hogan, Thom; Kyle, Jim; Letwin, Gordon; Petzold, Charles; Rabinowitz, Chip; Tomlin, Jim; Wilton, Richard; Wolverton, Van; Wong, William; Woodcock, JoAnne (Completely reworked ed.). Redmond, Washington, USA: Microsoft Press. ISBN 1-55615-049-0. LCCN 87-21452. OCLC 16581341. (xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors. [1]) <a href="1-55615-049-0" target="_blank">1-55615-049-0</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Chappell, Geoff (January 1994). Schulman, Andrew; Pedersen, Amorette (eds.). DOS Internals. The Andrew Schulman Programming Series (1st printing, 1st ed.). Addison Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-60835-9. (xxvi+738+iv pages, 3.5"-floppy [2][3]) Errata: [4][5][6] <a href="978-0-201-60835-9" target="_blank">978-0-201-60835-9</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Zbikowski, Mark; Allen, Paul; Ballmer, Steve; Borman, Reuben; Borman, Rob; Butler, John; Carroll, Chuck; Chamberlain, Mark; Chell, David; Colee, Mike; Courtney, Mike; Dryfoos, Mike; Duncan, Rachel; Eckhardt, Kurt; Evans, Eric; Farmer, Rick; Gates, Bill; Geary, Michael; Griffin, Bob; Hogarth, Doug; Johnson, James W.; Kermaani, Kaamel; King, Adrian; Koch, Reed; Landowski, James; Larson, Chris; Lennon, Thomas; Lipkie, Dan; McDonald, Marc; McKinney, Bruce; Martin, Pascal; Mathers, Estelle; Matthews, Bob; Melin, David; Mergentime, Charles; Nevin, Randy; Newell, Dan; Newell, Tani; Norris, David; O'Leary, Mike; O'Rear, Bob; Olsson, Mike; Osterman, Larry; Ostling, Ridge; Pai, Sunil; Paterson, Tim; Perez, Gary; Peters, Chris; Petzold, Charles; Pollock, John; Reynolds, Aaron; Rubin, Darryl; Ryan, Ralph; Schulmeisters, Karl; Shah, Rajen; Shaw, Barry; Short, Anthony; Slivka, Ben; Smirl, Jon; Stillmaker, Betty; Stoddard, John; Tillman, Dennis; Whitten, Greg; Yount, Natalie; Zeck, Steve (1988). "Technical advisors". The MS-DOS Encyclopedia: versions 1.0 through 3.2. By Duncan, Ray; Bostwick, Steve; Burgoyne, Keith; Byers, Robert A.; Hogan, Thom; Kyle, Jim; Letwin, Gordon; Petzold, Charles; Rabinowitz, Chip; Tomlin, Jim; Wilton, Richard; Wolverton, Van; Wong, William; Woodcock, JoAnne (Completely reworked ed.). Redmond, Washington, USA: Microsoft Press. ISBN 1-55615-049-0. LCCN 87-21452. OCLC 16581341. (xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors. [1]) <a href="1-55615-049-0" target="_blank">1-55615-049-0</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Chappell, Geoff (January 1994). Schulman, Andrew; Pedersen, Amorette (eds.). DOS Internals. The Andrew Schulman Programming Series (1st printing, 1st ed.). Addison Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-60835-9. (xxvi+738+iv pages, 3.5"-floppy [2][3]) Errata: [4][5][6] <a href="978-0-201-60835-9" target="_blank">978-0-201-60835-9</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Chappell, Geoff (January 1994). Schulman, Andrew; Pedersen, Amorette (eds.). DOS Internals. The Andrew Schulman Programming Series (1st printing, 1st ed.). Addison Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-60835-9. (xxvi+738+iv pages, 3.5"-floppy [2][3]) Errata: [4][5][6] <a href="978-0-201-60835-9" target="_blank">978-0-201-60835-9</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Chappell, Geoff (January 1994). Schulman, Andrew; Pedersen, Amorette (eds.). DOS Internals. The Andrew Schulman Programming Series (1st printing, 1st ed.). Addison Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-60835-9. (xxvi+738+iv pages, 3.5"-floppy [2][3]) Errata: [4][5][6] <a href="978-0-201-60835-9" target="_blank">978-0-201-60835-9</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Zbikowski, Mark; Allen, Paul; Ballmer, Steve; Borman, Reuben; Borman, Rob; Butler, John; Carroll, Chuck; Chamberlain, Mark; Chell, David; Colee, Mike; Courtney, Mike; Dryfoos, Mike; Duncan, Rachel; Eckhardt, Kurt; Evans, Eric; Farmer, Rick; Gates, Bill; Geary, Michael; Griffin, Bob; Hogarth, Doug; Johnson, James W.; Kermaani, Kaamel; King, Adrian; Koch, Reed; Landowski, James; Larson, Chris; Lennon, Thomas; Lipkie, Dan; McDonald, Marc; McKinney, Bruce; Martin, Pascal; Mathers, Estelle; Matthews, Bob; Melin, David; Mergentime, Charles; Nevin, Randy; Newell, Dan; Newell, Tani; Norris, David; O'Leary, Mike; O'Rear, Bob; Olsson, Mike; Osterman, Larry; Ostling, Ridge; Pai, Sunil; Paterson, Tim; Perez, Gary; Peters, Chris; Petzold, Charles; Pollock, John; Reynolds, Aaron; Rubin, Darryl; Ryan, Ralph; Schulmeisters, Karl; Shah, Rajen; Shaw, Barry; Short, Anthony; Slivka, Ben; Smirl, Jon; Stillmaker, Betty; Stoddard, John; Tillman, Dennis; Whitten, Greg; Yount, Natalie; Zeck, Steve (1988). "Technical advisors". The MS-DOS Encyclopedia: versions 1.0 through 3.2. By Duncan, Ray; Bostwick, Steve; Burgoyne, Keith; Byers, Robert A.; Hogan, Thom; Kyle, Jim; Letwin, Gordon; Petzold, Charles; Rabinowitz, Chip; Tomlin, Jim; Wilton, Richard; Wolverton, Van; Wong, William; Woodcock, JoAnne (Completely reworked ed.). Redmond, Washington, USA: Microsoft Press. ISBN 1-55615-049-0. LCCN 87-21452. OCLC 16581341. (xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors. [1]) <a href="1-55615-049-0" target="_blank">1-55615-049-0</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Zbikowski, Mark; Allen, Paul; Ballmer, Steve; Borman, Reuben; Borman, Rob; Butler, John; Carroll, Chuck; Chamberlain, Mark; Chell, David; Colee, Mike; Courtney, Mike; Dryfoos, Mike; Duncan, Rachel; Eckhardt, Kurt; Evans, Eric; Farmer, Rick; Gates, Bill; Geary, Michael; Griffin, Bob; Hogarth, Doug; Johnson, James W.; Kermaani, Kaamel; King, Adrian; Koch, Reed; Landowski, James; Larson, Chris; Lennon, Thomas; Lipkie, Dan; McDonald, Marc; McKinney, Bruce; Martin, Pascal; Mathers, Estelle; Matthews, Bob; Melin, David; Mergentime, Charles; Nevin, Randy; Newell, Dan; Newell, Tani; Norris, David; O'Leary, Mike; O'Rear, Bob; Olsson, Mike; Osterman, Larry; Ostling, Ridge; Pai, Sunil; Paterson, Tim; Perez, Gary; Peters, Chris; Petzold, Charles; Pollock, John; Reynolds, Aaron; Rubin, Darryl; Ryan, Ralph; Schulmeisters, Karl; Shah, Rajen; Shaw, Barry; Short, Anthony; Slivka, Ben; Smirl, Jon; Stillmaker, Betty; Stoddard, John; Tillman, Dennis; Whitten, Greg; Yount, Natalie; Zeck, Steve (1988). "Technical advisors". The MS-DOS Encyclopedia: versions 1.0 through 3.2. By Duncan, Ray; Bostwick, Steve; Burgoyne, Keith; Byers, Robert A.; Hogan, Thom; Kyle, Jim; Letwin, Gordon; Petzold, Charles; Rabinowitz, Chip; Tomlin, Jim; Wilton, Richard; Wolverton, Van; Wong, William; Woodcock, JoAnne (Completely reworked ed.). Redmond, Washington, USA: Microsoft Press. ISBN 1-55615-049-0. LCCN 87-21452. OCLC 16581341. (xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors. [1]) <a href="1-55615-049-0" target="_blank">1-55615-049-0</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Chappell, Geoff (January 1994). Schulman, Andrew; Pedersen, Amorette (eds.). DOS Internals. The Andrew Schulman Programming Series (1st printing, 1st ed.). Addison Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-60835-9. (xxvi+738+iv pages, 3.5"-floppy [2][3]) Errata: [4][5][6] <a href="978-0-201-60835-9" target="_blank">978-0-201-60835-9</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Zbikowski, Mark; Allen, Paul; Ballmer, Steve; Borman, Reuben; Borman, Rob; Butler, John; Carroll, Chuck; Chamberlain, Mark; Chell, David; Colee, Mike; Courtney, Mike; Dryfoos, Mike; Duncan, Rachel; Eckhardt, Kurt; Evans, Eric; Farmer, Rick; Gates, Bill; Geary, Michael; Griffin, Bob; Hogarth, Doug; Johnson, James W.; Kermaani, Kaamel; King, Adrian; Koch, Reed; Landowski, James; Larson, Chris; Lennon, Thomas; Lipkie, Dan; McDonald, Marc; McKinney, Bruce; Martin, Pascal; Mathers, Estelle; Matthews, Bob; Melin, David; Mergentime, Charles; Nevin, Randy; Newell, Dan; Newell, Tani; Norris, David; O'Leary, Mike; O'Rear, Bob; Olsson, Mike; Osterman, Larry; Ostling, Ridge; Pai, Sunil; Paterson, Tim; Perez, Gary; Peters, Chris; Petzold, Charles; Pollock, John; Reynolds, Aaron; Rubin, Darryl; Ryan, Ralph; Schulmeisters, Karl; Shah, Rajen; Shaw, Barry; Short, Anthony; Slivka, Ben; Smirl, Jon; Stillmaker, Betty; Stoddard, John; Tillman, Dennis; Whitten, Greg; Yount, Natalie; Zeck, Steve (1988). "Technical advisors". The MS-DOS Encyclopedia: versions 1.0 through 3.2. By Duncan, Ray; Bostwick, Steve; Burgoyne, Keith; Byers, Robert A.; Hogan, Thom; Kyle, Jim; Letwin, Gordon; Petzold, Charles; Rabinowitz, Chip; Tomlin, Jim; Wilton, Richard; Wolverton, Van; Wong, William; Woodcock, JoAnne (Completely reworked ed.). Redmond, Washington, USA: Microsoft Press. ISBN 1-55615-049-0. LCCN 87-21452. OCLC 16581341. (xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors. [1]) <a href="1-55615-049-0" target="_blank">1-55615-049-0</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2017-08-23. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Chappell, Geoff (January 1994). Schulman, Andrew; Pedersen, Amorette (eds.). DOS Internals. The Andrew Schulman Programming Series (1st printing, 1st ed.). Addison Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-60835-9. (xxvi+738+iv pages, 3.5"-floppy [2][3]) Errata: [4][5][6] <a href="978-0-201-60835-9" target="_blank">978-0-201-60835-9</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Rodriguez-Rosello, Miguel (1992). 8088-8086/8087 Programacion Ensamblador En Entorno MSDOS (in Spanish). Ediciones Anaya Multimedia. ISBN 84-7614-128-9. <a href="84-7614-128-9" target="_blank">84-7614-128-9</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Rodriguez-Rosello, Miguel (1992). 8088-8086/8087 Programacion Ensamblador En Entorno MSDOS (in Spanish). Ediciones Anaya Multimedia. ISBN 84-7614-128-9. <a href="84-7614-128-9" target="_blank">84-7614-128-9</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>