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Polygonal patterned ground
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<h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <p>Unlike mudcracks, which are dominated by T-junctions, polygonal terrain is dominated by Y-junctions. It is formed by repeatedly <a href="/facts/Annealing_(materials_science)/2AfoCE4X">annealing</a> the crack pattern, as the same ground is partially melted every summer, then frozen every winter, until thousands of years later, it settles into a thermodynamically favored state, which is dominated by Y-junctions. This is similar to <a href="/facts/Columnar_jointing/LFqtR5N5">columnar jointing</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="polygons-in-mare-australe-quadrangle">Polygons in Mare Australe quadrangle</h2> <h2 id="polygons-in-casius-quadrangle">Polygons in Casius quadrangle</h2> <h2 id="polygons-in-hellas-quadrangle">Polygons in <a href="/facts/Hellas_quadrangle/tBzMVnFr">Hellas quadrangle</a></h2> <h2 id="sizes-and-formation-of-polygonal-ground">Sizes and formation of polygonal ground</h2> <p>Fractured polygonal ground is generally divided into two kinds: high center and low center. The middle of a high center polygon is 10 meters across and its troughs are 2–3 meters wide. Low center polygons are 5–10 meters across and the boundary ridges are 3–4 meters wide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <p>High center polygons are higher in the center and lower along their boundaries. It forms from increased sublimation around cracks in a surface. Cracks are common in ice-rich surfaces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>The cracks provide a place of increased surface area for sublimation. After a time the narrow cracks widen to become troughs. </p> <p>Low center polygons are thought to develop from the high center polygons. The troughs along the edges of high center polygons may become filled with sediment. This thick sediment will retard sublimation, so more sublimation will take place in the center that is protected by a thinner lag deposit. In time, the middle becomes lower than the outer parts. The sediments from the troughs will turn into ridges.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="high-center-polygons-in-noachis-quadrangle">High-center polygons in <a href="/facts/Noachis_quadrangle/zyqTQgqo">Noachis quadrangle</a></h2> <h2 id="high-center-polygons-in-ismenius-lacus-quadrangle">High-center polygons in <a href="/facts/Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle/3vveemVl">Ismenius Lacus quadrangle</a></h2> <h2 id="clastic-patterned-ground">Clastic patterned ground</h2> <p>Many areas of patterned ground were formed by boulders. For, as yet unknown reasons, boulders are often arranged in various shapes that include polygons. A study around <a href="/facts/Lomonosov_(Martian_crater)/2KjMl8UT">Lomonosov Crater</a> found that they were not caused by fracture networks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Clastic patterned ground has been found across the Northern Plains.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Another site was <a href="/facts/Elysium_Planitia/FExaAU21">Elysium Planitia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Researchers also found this terrain in the Argyre Basin (<a href="/facts/Argyre_quadrangle/8ljRyKCH">Argyre quadrangle</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="latitude-dependent-mantle">Latitude dependent mantle</h2> <p>Much of the Martian surface is covered with a thick ice-rich, mantle layer that has fallen from the sky a number of times in the past. It fell as snow and ice-coated dust. This mantle layer is called "<a href="/facts/Latitude_dependent_mantle/sjSUP0k5">latitude dependent mantle</a>" because its occurrence is related to the latitude. It is this mantle that cracks and then forms polygonal ground. </p><p>The mantle layer lasts for a very long time before all the ice is gone because a protective lag deposit forms on the top.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> The mantle contains ice and dust. After a certain amount of ice disappears from sublimation the dust stays on the top, forming the lag deposit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>Mantle forms when the Martian climate is different than the present climate. The tilt or obliquity of the axis of the planet changes a great deal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> The Earth’s tilt changes little because our rather large moon stabilizes the Earth. Mars only has two very small moons that do not possess enough gravity to stabilize its tilt. When the tilt of Mars exceeds around 40 degrees (from today's 25 degrees), ice is deposited in certain bands where much mantle exists today.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="other-surface-features">Other surface features</h2> <p>Another type of surface is called "<a href="/facts/Brain_terrain/7AnLmDN1">brain terrain</a>" as it looks like the surface of a human brain. Brain terrain lies under polygonal ground when the two are both visible in a region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p> <p>Since the top, polygon layer is fairly smooth although the underlying brain terrain is irregular; it is believed that the mantle layer that contains the polygons is 10–20 meters thick.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p>"Basketball terrain" is another expression of the surface of Mars. At certain distances it looks like a basketball’s surface. Close-up pictures have revealed it to consist of piles of rocks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> Many ideas have been advanced to explain how these piles of rocks are formed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p><p>Many steep surfaces in latitude bands near 40 degrees North and South contain gullies. Some of the gullies show polygons. These have been called "gullygons."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="complex-polygonal-patterned-ground">Complex polygonal patterned ground</h2> <h2 id="on-the-earth">On the Earth</h2> <p>On the Earth, polygonal, <a href="/facts/Patterned_ground/psAJm1Jg">patterned ground</a> is present in ice-rich ground, especially in polar regions. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Casius_quadrangle/6Cnl6CAB">Casius quadrangle</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Climate_of_Mars/fRAS3qWy">Climate of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle/3vveemVl">Ismenius Lacus quadrangle</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Latitude_dependent_mantle/sjSUP0k5">Latitude dependent mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Patterned_ground/psAJm1Jg">Patterned ground</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mudcrack/ux4RS6fu">Mudcrack</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/servlets/MCRFileNodeSe[permanent dead link] rvlet/FUDISS_derivate_000000003198/16_ColdClimateLandforms-13-utopia.pdf?hosts= <a href="http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/servlets/MCRFileNodeSe" target="_blank">http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/servlets/MCRFileNodeSe</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Kostama, V.-P.; Kreslavsky, Head (2006). 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