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Pitjantjatjara
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<h2 id="pronunciation">Pronunciation</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Ethnonym/fEFU3fYr">ethnonym</a> <i>Pitjantjatjara</i> is usually pronounced (in normal, fast speech) with elision of one of the repeated syllables <i>-tja-</i>, thus: <i>pitjantjara</i>. In more careful speech all syllables will be pronounced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>The name <i>Pitjantjatjara</i> derives from the word <i>pitjantja</i>, a <a href="/facts/Nominalization/lL86bfN8">nominalised form</a> of the verb "go" (equivalent to the English "going" used as a noun). Combined with the <a href="/facts/Comitative/WDARCJmj">comitative</a> suffix <i>-tjara</i>, it means something like "<i>pitjantja</i>-having" (i.e. the variety that uses the word <i>pitjantja</i> for "going"). This distinguishes it from its near neighbour Yankunytjatjara which has <i>yankunytja</i> for the same meaning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> This naming strategy is also the source of the names of <a href="/facts/Ngaanyatjarra_language/YCmy6kwG">Ngaanyatjarra</a> and <a href="/facts/Ngaatjatjarra_language/n3h4g0m7">Ngaatjatjarra</a> but in that case the names contrast the two languages based on their words for "this" (respectively, <i>ngaanya</i> and <i>ngaatja</i>). The two languages Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara may be grouped together under the name Nyangatjatjara (indicating that they have <i>nyangatja</i> for "this") which then contrasts them with <a href="/facts/Ngaanyatjarra/vY8BQzzF">Ngaanyatjarra</a> and <a href="/facts/Ngaatjatjarra/q60M2D5o">Ngaatjatjarra</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="language">Language</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Pitjantjatjara_language/DLaXDBWB">Pitjantjatjara language</a> is used as a general term for a number of closely related dialects which together, according to Ronald Trudinger were "spoken over a wider area of Australia than any other Aboriginal language".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> It shares an 80% overlap in vocabulary with <a href="/facts/Yankunytjatjara/GaP1e7hg">Yankunytjatjara</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="some-major-communities">Some major communities</h2> <p>See WARU community directory<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> for a complete list </p> <ul><li>in South Australia type 2 <ul><li>in the <a href="/facts/Anangu_Pitjantjatjara_Yankunytjatjara/EB9bvVuo">Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara</a>, including: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Pukatja%2c_South_Australia/5AEYK1pA">Pukatja</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Amata%2c_South_Australia/daqteuJm">Amata</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kalka%2c_South_Australia/JfBMp1MA">Kalka</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pipalyatjara%2c_South_Australia/t9oCj5Jo">Pipalyatjara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yalata%2c_South_Australia/yLBcWbJj">Yalata</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Oak_Valley%2c_South_Australia/sS5CFxxj">Oak Valley</a></li></ul></li> <li>In the Northern Territory <ul><li><a href="/facts/Kaltukatjara%2c_Northern_Territory/tooNvsAn">Kaltukatjara</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Areyonga%2c_Northern_Territory/qKzgYUf2">Areyonga</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mutitjulu%2c_Northern_Territory/WLn84sSn">Mutitjulu</a></li></ul></li> <li>In Western Australia <ul><li><a href="/facts/Wingellina%2c_Western_Australia/phPkeF4D">Wingellina</a> also called Irruntju</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>From 1950 onwards, many aṉangu were forced to leave their traditional lands due to <a href="/facts/British_nuclear_tests_at_Maralinga/UM0Du3CK">British nuclear tests at Maralinga</a>. Some aṉangu were subsequently contaminated by the <a href="/facts/Nuclear_fallout/I1kJkLKt">nuclear fallout</a> from the <a href="/facts/Atomic_test/s2srGDFP">atomic tests</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Their experience of issues of <a href="/facts/Indigenous_land_rights_in_Australia/b0C518bB">land rights</a> and <a href="/facts/Native_title_in_Australia/WrXQznDX">native title</a> in South Australia has been unique. After four years of campaigning and negotiations with government and mining groups, the <i>Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1981</i> was passed on 19 March 1981, granting freehold title over 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi) of land in the northwestern corner of South Australia. </p> <h3>Recognition of sacred sites</h3> <p>The sacred sites of Uluru / Ayers Rock and <a href="/facts/Kata_Tju%25E1%25B9%25AFa/7wa20M91">Kata Tjuṯa / Mount Olga</a> possess important spiritual and ceremonial significance for the <i>Anangu</i> with more than 40 named sacred sites and 11 separate <a href="/facts/The_Dreaming/Hfd88Ms3">Tjukurpa</a> (or "Dreaming") tracks in the area, some of which lead as far as the sea. Uluru / Ayers Rock and Kata Tjuta / Mount Olga are separated from the Pitjantjatjara lands by the border between the <a href="/facts/Northern_Territory/5BFWuuyv">Northern Territory</a> and South Australia and have become a major tourist attraction and a <a href="/facts/National_park/otRgEoQ3">national park</a>. </p> <h2 id="notable-people">Notable people</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Gordon_Briscoe/xHlIVEpC">Gordon Briscoe</a>, an association football player</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ian_Abdulla/mrNxbTCe">Ian Abdulla</a>, an award-winning author, and artist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Trevor_Adamson/0gywV5IX">Trevor Adamson</a>, a country/gospel singer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tiger_Tjalkalyirri/WmIM73QF">Tiger Tjalkalyirri</a>, an elder and guide</li> <li><a href="/facts/Anmanari_Brown/ye8h3fVL">Anmanari Brown</a>, pioneering artist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hector_Burton/qID11Dhz">Hector Burton</a>, an artist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wawiriya_Burton/ycB5QN4F">Wawiriya Burton</a>, an artist, known for acrylic works</li> <li><a href="/facts/Angkaliya_Curtis/2MC5jUY8">Angkaliya Curtis</a>, an artist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Malpiya_Davey/AldhvXPv">Malpiya Davey</a>, also known as Irpintiri Davey, an artist, known for ceramic artworks</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jimmy_James_(tracker)/LtJzV1xJ">Jimmy James</a> OAM, a tracker</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rene_Kulitja/RtkxrD1D">Rene Kulitja</a>, an artist, a famous design is Yananyi Dreaming, which covers a Qantas Boeing 737</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Miller_(painter)/XEh7LXJN">David Miller</a>, an artist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dickie_Minyintiri/JpEpE3US">Dickie Minyintiri</a>, an award-winning artist, and sacred lawman</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tiger_Palpatja/CE72KjtM">Tiger Palpatja</a>, an artist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Walter_Pukutiwara/Y3aV2CPl">Walter Pukutiwara</a>, an artist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kunmanara_Stewart/XoFdbbLy">Kunmanara Stewart</a>, an artist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tjunkaya_Tapaya/CAXTHLqC">Tjunkaya Tapaya</a>, a batik artist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Malya_Teamay/5kz0ukwy">Malya Teamay</a>, an Aboriginal Australian artist, and Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park management board member</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wingu_Tingima/8Dm7YC7w">Wingu Tingima</a>, an artist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tony_Tjamiwa/aDhFlbqE">Tony Tjamiwa</a>, also known as Tony Curtis, a traditional healer and storyteller</li> <li><a href="/facts/Harry_Tjutjuna/5XHXLS8P">Harry Tjutjuna</a>, an artist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Yannima_Tommy_Watson/02Lwfq8V">Yannima Tommy Watson</a>, known as Tommy Watson, an artist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ginger_Wikilyiri/Q5ghrako">Ginger Wikilyiri</a>, an artist</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ruby_Tjangawa_Williamson/GA2EHxbS">Ruby Williamson</a>, an artist, known for acrylic works</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nipper_Winmarti/U6EEbQxk">Nipper Winmarti</a>, Aboriginal tracker and Traditional Owner of Uluru</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bart_Willoughby/tLKwLpU7">Bart Willoughby</a>, a musician, noted for his pioneering fusion of reggae</li> <li><a href="/facts/Frank_Yamma/cQSqNbgK">Frank Yamma</a>, an early proponent of singing Western style songs in traditional language</li> <li><a href="/facts/Isaac_Yamma/vHlRKaAr">Isaac Yamma</a>, a country singer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Harold_Allison/k4IMk9XY">Harold Allison</a>, initiated as a member of the Pitjantjatjara shortly after becoming Minister of Aboriginal Affairs</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Australia portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Wiltja/hcHy04nW">Wiltja</a>, a shelter made by the Pitjantjatjara people and other indigenous Australian groups</li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h3>Citations</h3> <h2 id="sources">Sources</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Daisy_Bates_(author)/weureFQX">Bates, Daisy</a> (1918). <a href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42802106">"Aborigines of the West Coast of South Australia; vocabularies and ethnological notes"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Royal_Society_of_South_Australia/tDKH886a">Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia</a></i>. 42. Adelaide: 152–167 – via <a href="/facts/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library/NqePUljt">BHL</a>.[<i>unused reference</i>]</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ronald_Berndt/KhNJHAGJ">Berndt, Ronald M.</a> (September 1941). "Tribal Migrations and Myths Centring on Ooldea, South Australia". <i><a href="/facts/Oceania_(journal)/CxzLJX04">Oceania</a></i>. 12 (1): 1–20. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1941.tb00343.x">10.1002/j.1834-4461.1941.tb00343.x</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40327930">40327930</a>.[<i>unused reference</i>]</li> <li>Duguid, Charles (1972). <a href="https://archive.org/details/doctoraborigines0000dugu"><i>Doctor and the Aborigines</i></a>. Rigby. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-85179-411-4 – via <a href="/facts/Internet_Archive/PHStU8Lo">Internet Archive</a>.[<i>unused reference</i>]</li> <li>Fry, H. K. (June 1934). "Kinship in Western Central Australia". <i><a href="/facts/Oceania_(journal)/CxzLJX04">Oceania</a></i>. 4 (4): 472–478. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1934.tb00123.x">10.1002/j.1834-4461.1934.tb00123.x</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27976165">27976165</a>.[<i>unused reference</i>]</li> <li>Glass, Amee; Hackett, Dorothy (1979). <a href="https://archive.org/details/ngaanyatjarratex0000glas"><i>Ngaanyatjarra texts. New Revised edition of Pitjantjatjara texts (1969)</i></a>. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-391-01683-0 – via <a href="/facts/Internet_Archive/PHStU8Lo">Internet Archive</a>.[<i>unused reference</i>]</li> <li>Goddard, Cliff (1985). <i>A Grammar of Yankunytjatjara</i>. Institute for Aboriginal Development Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-949659-32-0.</li> <li>Goddard, Cliff (1996). <i>Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara to English Dictionary</i>. Alice Springs: IAD Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-949659-91-6.[<i>unused reference</i>]</li> <li>Goddard, Cliff (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA871">"Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara"</a>. In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i>. Elsevier. pp. 871–876. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-080-87775-4.</li> <li>Hilliard, Winifred M. (1976) [First published 1968]. <i>The People in Between: The Pitjantjatjara People of Ernabella</i>. Seal Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7270-0159-0. (reprint)[<i>unused reference</i>]</li> <li>Isaacs, Jennifer (1992). <i>Desert Crafts: Anangu Maruku Punu</i>. Doubleday. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-86824-474-0.[<i>unused reference</i>]</li> <li>Kavanagh, Maggie (1990). <i>Minyma Tjuta Tjunguringkula Kunpuringanyi: Women Growing Strong Together</i>. Ngaanyatjarra, Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara Women's Council 1980–1990. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-646-02068-4.[<i>unused reference</i>]</li> <li>Kimber, R. G. (1986). <i>Man from Arltunga</i>. Carlisle: Hesperian Press. chapter 12.</li> <li><a href="https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/lz/c/a/maralinga%20tjarutja%20land%20rights%20act%201984.aspx">"Maralinga Tjarutja Land Rights Act 1984"</a>. Government of South Australia, Attorney-General's Department. Retrieved 16 August 2016.[<i>unused reference</i>]</li> <li>Tame, Adrian; Robotham, F.P.J. (1982). <i>MARALINGA: British A-Bomb Australian Legacy</i>. Melbourne: Fontana / Collins. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-00-636391-1.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Norman_Tindale/4ce9WPXB">Tindale, Norman Barnett</a> (1974). <a href="http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/pitjandjara.htm">"Pitjandjara (SA)"</a>. <i>Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names</i>. <a href="/facts/ANU_Press/wlYxbSmL">Australian National University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-708-10741-6.[<i>unused reference</i>]</li> <li>Toyne, Phillip; Vachon, Daniel (1984). <i>Growing Up the Country: The Pitjantjatjara struggle for their land</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-14-007641-7.[<i>unused reference</i>]</li> <li>Trudinger, Ronald M. (March 1943). "Grammar of the Pitjantjatjara Dialect, Central Australia". <i><a href="/facts/Oceania_(journal)/CxzLJX04">Oceania</a></i>. 13 (3): 205–223. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1943.tb00381.x">10.1002/j.1834-4461.1943.tb00381.x</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40327992">40327992</a>.</li> <li>Wallace, Phil; Wallace, Noel (1977). <i>Killing Me Softly: The Destruction of a Heritage</i>. Melbourne: Thomas Nelson. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-17-005153-6.[<i>unused reference</i>]</li> <li><a href="https://archive.today/20140219/http://waru.org/directory.php">"WARU community directory"</a>. Archived from <a href="http://waru.org/directory.php">the original</a> on 19 February 2014.</li> <li>Woenne-Green, Susan; Johnston, Ross; Sultan, Ros; Wallis, Arnold (1993). <i>Competing Interests: Aboriginal Participation in National Parks and Conservation Reserves in Australia - A Review</i>. Fitzroy, Victoria: Australian Conservation Foundation. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-85802-113-7.[<i>unused reference</i>]</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.ngapartji.org/">Ngapartji</a> Online course of Pitjantjatjara language, and related performance event</li> <li><a href="http://waru.org">Web portal for Anangu Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara and Ngaanyatjarra peoples, communities and organisations</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.yalata.org/">Yalata Land Management</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.ausanthrop.net/resources/ausanthrop_db/detail.php?id_search=457">Pitjantjatjara entry in the AusAnthrop database</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.atns.net.au/agreement.asp?EntityID=892">Pitjantjatjara People at <i>Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements</i> (ATNS)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Bauer, Laurie (2007). The Linguistics Student's Handbook. Edinburgh.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Kimber 1986, chapter 12. - Kimber, R. G. (1986). Man from Arltunga. Carlisle: Hesperian Press. chapter 12. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Goddard 1985. - Goddard, Cliff (1985). A Grammar of Yankunytjatjara. Institute for Aboriginal Development Press. ISBN 0-949659-32-0. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Goddard 2010, p. 871. - Goddard, Cliff (2010). "Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. pp. 871–876. ISBN 978-0-080-87775-4. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA871" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA871</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Goddard 1985. - Goddard, Cliff (1985). A Grammar of Yankunytjatjara. Institute for Aboriginal Development Press. ISBN 0-949659-32-0. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Trudinger 1943, p. 205. - Trudinger, Ronald M. (March 1943). "Grammar of the Pitjantjatjara Dialect, Central Australia". Oceania. 13 (3): 205–223. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1943.tb00381.x. JSTOR 40327992. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1943.tb00381.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.1943.tb00381.x</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Goddard 2010, p. 871. - Goddard, Cliff (2010). "Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. pp. 871–876. ISBN 978-0-080-87775-4. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA871" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA871</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>WARU community directory. - "WARU community directory". Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. <a href="https://archive.today/20140219/http://waru.org/directory.php" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20140219/http://waru.org/directory.php</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Tame & Robotham 1982. - Tame, Adrian; Robotham, F.P.J. (1982). MARALINGA: British A-Bomb Australian Legacy. Melbourne: Fontana / Collins. ISBN 0-00-636391-1. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>