SmartPLS

<h2 id="smartpls4">SmartPLS4</h2>
The Newest addition is the SmartPLS4. The software released to the general public in 2022 is an easy to use tool for Structural Equation Modelling. To estimate the model in SmartPLS, the model has to be estimated at two levels that include the measurement model assessment and structural model assessment. 
Measurement Model assessment involves several steps<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> that includes the assessment of quality criteria that includes the evaluation of factor loadings, construct reliability, construct validity. The criteria for factor loadings is 0.70, any items with loadings less than 0.70 may be considered for removal, if removing the items can improve the reliability and validity over the required threshold. Further Construct reliability is assessed using Cronbach Alpha and Composite Reliability, the required value for both is 0.70.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> Further, construct validity is assessed using convergent validity (AVE > 0.50) and Discriminant validity (Fornell & Larcker Criterion and Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio).
Next, after measurement model assessment structural model is assessed to substantiate the proposed hypotheses. This can include direct, indirect, or moderating relationships. SmartPLS4 is an increasingly used tool for SEM that can help model simple and complex model.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Estimation_theory/4nbgFDec">Estimation theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Partial_least_squares_path_modeling/tvJyY2P1">Partial least squares path modeling</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Partial_least_squares_regression/jYIcInPw">Partial least squares regression</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Principal_component_analysis/pCbVTqdR">Principal component analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Regression_analysis/n6z5Tf7K">Regression analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Regression_validation/wVHacLAX">Regression validation</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/WarpPLS/L0EmxuqN">WarpPLS</a></li></ul>

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<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Wong, K. K. K. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques using SmartPLS. Marketing Bulletin, 24(1), pp. 1-32, p. 1, p. 15, and p. 30. <a href="http://marketing-bulletin.massey.ac.nz/V24/MB_V24_T1_Wong.pdf" target="_blank">http://marketing-bulletin.massey.ac.nz/V24/MB_V24_T1_Wong.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. <a href="https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/a-primer-on-partial-least-squares-structural-equation-modeling-pls-sem/book270548" target="_blank">https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/a-primer-on-partial-least-squares-structural-equation-modeling-pls-sem/book270548</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Gudergan, S. P. (2018). Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. <a href="https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/advanced-issues-in-partial-least-squares-structural-equation-modeling/book243803" target="_blank">https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/advanced-issues-in-partial-least-squares-structural-equation-modeling/book243803</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Wong, Ken Kwong-Kay (2019-02-22). Mastering Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (Pls-Sem) with Smartpls in 38 Hours. iUniverse. ISBN 9781532066481. <a href="9781532066481" target="_blank">9781532066481</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Mumtaz Ali Memona, T. Ramayah, Jun-Hwa Cheah, Hiram Ting, Francis Chuah and Tat Huei Cham (2021). "PLS-SEM Statistical Programs: A Review" (PDF). Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling. 5(i): i–xiv.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="https://jasemjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Memon-et-al-2021_JASEM51.pdf" target="_blank">https://jasemjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Memon-et-al-2021_JASEM51.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Lohmöller, J.-B. (1989). Latent variable path modeling with partial least squares. Physica: Heidelberg, p. 29. <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/891146763" target="_blank">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/891146763</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Wold, H. (1982). Soft modeling: The basic design and some extensions, in: K. G. Jöreskog and H. Wold (eds.), Systems under indirect observations: Part II, North-Holland: Amsterdam, pp. 1-54, pp. 2-3. <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wold" target="_blank">/wiki/Herman_Wold</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Ramayah, T., Cheah, J., Chuah, F., Ting, H., and Memon, M. A. (2018). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 3.0: An updated and practical guide to statistical analysis (2nd ed.), Singapore et al.: Pearson. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312460772_Partial_Least_Squares_Structural_Equation_Modeling_PLS-SEM_using_SmartPLS_30_An_Updated_and_Practical_Guide_to_Statistical_Analysis" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312460772_Partial_Least_Squares_Structural_Equation_Modeling_PLS-SEM_using_SmartPLS_30_An_Updated_and_Practical_Guide_to_Statistical_Analysis</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Garson, G. D. (2016). Partial least squares regression and structural equation models, Statistical Associates: Asheboro, pp. 122-188. <a href="http://www.statisticalassociates.com/pls-sem.htm" target="_blank">http://www.statisticalassociates.com/pls-sem.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Sarstedt, Marko; Cheah, Jun-Hwa (2019-06-27). "Partial least squares structural equation modeling using SmartPLS: A software review" (PDF). Journal of Marketing Analytics. 7 (3): 196–202. doi:10.1057/s41270-019-00058-3. ISSN 2050-3318. S2CID 198334897. <a href="http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/81615/1/Partial%20least%20squares%20structural%20equation%20modeling%20using%20SmartPLS%20a%20software%20review.pdf" target="_blank">http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/81615/1/Partial%20least%20squares%20structural%20equation%20modeling%20using%20SmartPLS%20a%20software%20review.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Hair, Joseph F.; Risher, Jeffrey J.; Sarstedt, Marko; Ringle, Christian M. (2019). "When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM". European Business Review. 31 (1): 2–24. doi:10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203. ISSN 0955-534X. S2CID 158782424. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Temme, D., Kreis, H., and Hildebrandt, L. (2010). A comparison of current PLS path modeling software: Features, ease-of-use, and performance, in: V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, and H. Wang (eds.), Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications, Springer: Berlin-Heidelberg, pp. 737-756, p.745. <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/990473184" target="_blank">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/990473184</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"Steps in Data Analysis". ResearchWithFawad. Retrieved 2023-10-09. <a href="https://researchwithfawad.com/index.php/lp-courses/smartpls4-tutorial-series/steps-in-data-analsis/" target="_blank">https://researchwithfawad.com/index.php/lp-courses/smartpls4-tutorial-series/steps-in-data-analsis/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM)". SAGE India. 2023-10-08. Retrieved 2023-10-09. <a href="https://in.sagepub.com/en-in/sas/a-primer-on-partial-least-squares-structural-equation-modeling-pls-sem/book244583" target="_blank">https://in.sagepub.com/en-in/sas/a-primer-on-partial-least-squares-structural-equation-modeling-pls-sem/book244583</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Recommended videos - SmartPLS". www.smartpls.com. Retrieved 2023-10-09. <a href="https://www.smartpls.com/documentation/getting-started/videos" target="_blank">https://www.smartpls.com/documentation/getting-started/videos</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

SmartPLS open-in-new

SmartPLS