Music Macro Language

<h2 id="background">Background</h2>
Early automatic music generation functions were used in <a href="/facts/Arcade_video_game/dCRltFVF">arcade video games</a>, which used many computer sounds. Early examples of arcade <a href="/facts/Video_game_music/4WkNBtI5">video game music</a> <a href="/facts/Chiptunes/9F9RQwts">chiptunes</a> include <a href="/facts/Gun_Fight/jwyN3t3V">Gun Fight</a> (1975) and <a href="/facts/Circus_(video_game)/z6Jmfxu6">Circus</a> (1977).
The boom in Japanese video games was heralded in 1978 by the appearance in Japanese game centers (<a href="/facts/Amusement_arcade/Rj6XI1Q4">Amusement arcades</a>) of <a href="/facts/Space_Invaders/A4R9djwo">Space Invaders</a> by <a href="/facts/Taito/jwfCHr1o">Taito</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a>
The music was all proprietary (<a href="/facts/Closed_source/9zcskxYL">closed source</a>). The 1978 release of the <a href="/facts/Programmable_Interval_Timer/2hpRmVAl">Programmable interval timer</a> by <a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a> was significant. The <a href="/facts/Intel_8253/ywrfGhlk">Intel 8253</a> Mode 3 Square Wave generator was used for music, in the Kit computer <a href="/facts/Sharp_MZ/Du1LUHkn">MZ-40K</a> (Microcomputer Doctor (マイコン博士/まいこんはかせ, Maikon Hakase)) by <a href="/facts/Sharp_Corporation/IbmkAjKB">SHARP Corporation</a>, made in Japan at May 1978. Another Micro computer BASIC MASTER MB-6880(ja) BASIC Master (ベーシックマスター, BASIC Master) used a 5Bit D/A converter music automated reference signal. Also important was the development of a method to generate using <a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a> software.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> The machine was assembled by <a href="/facts/Hitachi/KeK38e82">Hitachi</a> and made in Japan in September 1978. The MZ-40K used an <a href="/facts/Open_architecture/mou6VjUD">open</a> <a href="/facts/Computer_architecture/tHtwxgR2">architecture</a> and <a href="/facts/Source_code/o9J6Jv23">program sources</a>, was therefore a kind of <a href="/facts/Open_source_software/HzTaB8E9">open source software</a>.

<h2 id="versions">Versions</h2>
<h3>Classical MML</h3>
The first commands for classical MML appeared in the internal architecture of the SP-1002 MONITOR <a href="/facts/IOCS/3k5RKhcQ">IOCS</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> and SP-5001 <a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a> Operating Systems on the <a href="/facts/Sharp_MZ/Du1LUHkn">MZ-80K</a> <a href="/facts/8-bit/2CkhLNoH">8-bit</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> computer. Made by <a href="/facts/Sharp_Corporation/IbmkAjKB">SHARP Corporation</a> at 1978 in <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> It incorporated <a href="/facts/Intel_8253/ywrfGhlk">Intel 8253</a> hardware and memory mapped I/O. The sound-related <a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a> Statements were MUSIC, TEMPO, and BEEP.
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>

<h4>Syntax</h4>

Classical MML as used in <a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a> is described here. "MML Commands" are supplied to the MUSIC statement. Notes are specified in a three-octave range. A song is a sequence of mono single tones.
"+" (or in some old code, "￣") indicates upper octave, "- " (or in some old code, "_") indicates the lower octave. The characters "CDEFGAB" correspond to a scale ("Doremi Faso Lassi"). A semitone is indicated by following the note with a '#' character. The note names are followed by a tone length, indicated by a number from 0–9. Similarly, R indicates a rest, and is also followed by a number from 0-9 indicating length.
Sound length Internal value × TEMPO values.Tone length Demisemiquaver is 0 (SP-1002 Internal value is 1)- Whole note is 9 (SP-1002 Internal value is 32).
Music played on Call to $0030 SP-1002 <a href="/facts/IOCS/3k5RKhcQ">IOCS</a> program routine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>

The sound length<table><tbody><tr><th>Value</th><th>Length</th></tr><tr><th>0</th><td>1/32</td></tr><tr><th>1</th><td>1/16</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>dotted 1/16</td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td>1/8</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>dotted 1/8</td></tr><tr><th>5</th><td>1/4</td></tr><tr><th>6</th><td>dotted 1/4</td></tr><tr><th>7</th><td>1/2</td></tr><tr><th>8</th><td>dotted 1/2</td></tr><tr><th>9</th><td>1</td></tr></tbody></table>
Statements TEMPO n is 1–9, the slowest 1.TEMPO 4 is similar T=120.

<h4>Example</h4>
Below is the popular Japanese song "<a href="/facts/T%25C5%258Dryanse/yy7fK6fY">tōryanse</a>" written using MML in MZ-731 SHARP S-BASIC 1Z-007B (SP-5001 Upper compatible).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>

10 TEMPO 4
20 A$="E5R1E3R0D3R0E3R0E1R0D1R0-B4R1"
30 B$="F3R0F1R0F1R0A3R0F1R0E1R0F1R0E1R0D1R0D1R0E4R1"
40 C$="C3R0C1R0C1R0E3R0C1R0-B1R0C1R0-B1R0-A1R0-A1R0-B4R1"
50 D$="E1R0E1R0E1R0E1R0E1R0E1R0D1R0E1R0E1R0E1R0D1R0-A1R0-A1R0-B4R1"
60 E$="-A1R0-B1R0C1R0D1R0E1R0F1R0E1R0F3R1A3R1B1R0A1R0F3R0E3R0E1R0D1R0E4R1"
100 MUSIC A$+B$+B$
110 MUSIC C$+C$+B$
120 MUSIC C$+D$+E$

<h3>Modern MML</h3>
Modern MML originally appeared in <a href="/facts/Microsoft_BASIC/SuctFIyc">Microsoft BASIC</a> and was common in the early 1970s and 1980s on <a href="/facts/8-bit/2CkhLNoH">8-bit</a> and <a href="/facts/16-bit/bTGS44Ne">16-bit</a> era <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japanese</a> <a href="/facts/Personal_computer/koaYfNce">personal computers</a>. The <a href="/facts/NEC_PC-6001/PMKx5PQx">NEC PC-6001</a> included Microsoft BASIC and the <a href="/facts/Programmable_Sound_Generator/rxCCjtgg">Programmable Sound Generator</a> in 1981. The MML was especially popular on <a href="/facts/NEC/YnlUsMBA">NEC</a>'s personal computers, such as the <a href="/facts/NEC_PC-8801/5R5gdl81">NEC PC-8801</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> With the 2001 release of the mck (Music Creation Kit) software for compiling MML to play music on the <a href="/facts/Nintendo_Entertainment_System/YD59GCQQ">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> awareness and use of MML increased.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> MML is presently popular among <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japanese</a> electronic musicians<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> and musicians who create <a href="/facts/Chiptune/9F9RQwts">chiptunes</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> as a way to write music for the <a href="/facts/Nintendo_Entertainment_System/YD59GCQQ">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>.

<h4>Syntax</h4>
Modern MML originated as a sub-language of <a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a>, then generally included in <a href="/facts/Read-only_memory/P9QMuDLH">ROM</a> on micro-computers. A PLAY statement uses an <a href="/facts/Argument_(computer_science)/LcuLbbSq">argument</a> to define a string of tones that the sound-chip played. MML code has a simple text format whereby letters and numbers are used to describe the <a href="/facts/Musical_note/spIQyV4T">musical notes</a> to be played.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> In addition, various implementations of MML add system extensions allowing parameters of <a href="/facts/Audio_synthesis/NrmdVrPa">audio synthesis</a> to be altered with specialized commands or to simplify the entry of common musical figures such as <a href="/facts/Arpeggio/TNDg3PMw">arpeggios</a>.
Though many platforms feature custom extensions and <a href="/facts/Letter_case/KQcwaUUD">letter case</a> requirements and other minor syntactical features vary slightly in some implementations, the fundamental syntax rules, commands and features that define MML and are present in whole or in part in all implementations are as follows:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>

<ul><li>cdefgab — The letters a to g correspond to the <a href="/facts/Musical_pitch/fQAK0JsC">musical pitches</a> and cause the corresponding <a href="/facts/Musical_note/spIQyV4T">note</a> to be played. <a href="/facts/Sharp_(music)/dUgIJtHX">Sharp</a> notes are produced by appending a + or #, and <a href="/facts/Flat_(music)/gS2acguR">flat</a> notes by appending a -. The length of a note is specified by appending a number representing its length as a fraction of a <a href="/facts/Whole_note/PCdt5Ryj">whole note</a> — for example, c8 represents a <a href="/facts/C_(musical_note)/FdvRz0zL">C</a> <a href="/facts/Eighth_note/I2xpGDQT">eighth note</a>, and f+2 an <a href="/facts/F%25E2%2599%25AF_(musical_note)/Ypg01JWg">F♯</a> <a href="/facts/Half_note/Tbs6wzJ3">half note</a>.</li>
<li>p — A <a href="/facts/Rest_(music)/aoVx9gog">pause or rest</a>. Sometimes also r, although the original IBM and Microsoft BASIC used p,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> as do all clones (e.g. the Linux and BSD speaker devices).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> The length of the rest is specified in the same manner as the length of a note — for example, r1 produces a <a href="/facts/Whole_rest/aoVx9gog">whole rest</a>.</li>
<li>o — Followed by a number, o selects the <a href="/facts/Octave/RA4gWvkV">octave</a> the instrument will play in.</li>
<li>>, < — Used to step up or down one <a href="/facts/Octave/RA4gWvkV">octave</a>.</li>
<li>l — Followed by a number, specifies the default length used by notes or rests which do not explicitly define one. For example, l8 g a b g l16 g a b g produces a series of four <a href="/facts/Eighth_note/I2xpGDQT">eighth notes</a> followed by a series of four <a href="/facts/Sixteenth_note/7jD1tPMm">sixteenth notes</a>.</li>
<li>v — Followed by a number, sets the <a href="/facts/Amplitude/aEckuXJM">volume</a> of the instrument. The range of values allowed is dependent upon the specific sound hardware being used. Some implementations also allow an <a href="/facts/ADSR_envelope/FJylhHed">ADSR envelope</a> to be applied to the amplitude of each note.</li>
<li>t — Followed by a number, sets the <a href="/facts/Tempo/06hWvKMc">tempo</a> in <a href="/facts/Beats_per_minute/P5PfkpTb">beats per minute</a>. On hardware with more than one sound channel, it is often possible to set each channel to a different tempo.</li></ul>
In addition to these, most implementations add their own keywords and symbols for system-specific enhancements or extensions.

<h4>Example</h4>
Below is a Modern MML transcription of <a href="/facts/Laurel_and_Hardy_music/nGbbSo1M">Dance of the Cuckoos</a> (with white-space for clarity, though some MML interpreters will require this to be stripped before playing).

t104
l4
>
c16f16
a>c8<a c16f16
a>c8<a c8
b-8>c8<b-8 g c8
a8>c8<a8 f c16f16
a>c8<a c16f16
a>c8<a c8
b-8>c8<b-8 g >c8
<f2

Below is the popular Japanese song "<a href="/facts/T%25C5%258Dryanse/yy7fK6fY">tōryanse</a>" written using MML in PC-6001( NEC <a href="/facts/PC-6000_series/PMKx5PQx">PC-6000_series</a> ) N60-BASIC.It is listed for comparison with Classical MML.
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>

10 A$="o4e2r32e4r32d4r32e4r32e8r32d8r32o3b2r16"
20 B$="o4f4r32f8r32f8r32a4r32f8r32e8r32f8r32e8r32d8r32d8r32e2r16"
30 C$="o4c4r32c8r32c8r32e4r32c8r32o3b8r32o4c8r32o3b8r32a8r32a8r32b2r16"
40 D$="o4e8r32e8r32e8r32e8r32e8r32e8r32d8r32"
50 E$="o4e8r32e8r32e8r32d8r32o3a8r32a8r32b2r16"
60 F$="o3a8r32b8r32o4c8r32d8r32e8r32f8r32e8r32"
70 G$="o4f4r32a4r32b8r32a8r32f4r32"
80 H$="e4r32e8r32d8r32e2r16"
100 PLAY "t120"
110 PLAY A$
120 PLAY B$
130 PLAY B$
140 PLAY C$
150 PLAY C$
160 PLAY B$
170 PLAY C$
180 PLAY D$
190 PLAY E$
200 PLAY F$
210 PLAY G$
220 PLAY H$

<h3>SMX</h3>
Standard Musical eXpression (SMX) is a variant of Modern MML provided by Microsoft in <a href="/facts/QBASIC/yxMVNxCs">QBASIC</a>, <a href="/facts/BASICA/aTec7AQY">BASICA</a>, and <a href="/facts/GW-BASIC/3XcQtD2e">GW-BASIC</a>'s PLAY statement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> The version used by GW-BASIC is part of the modern BSDs, <a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> <a href="/facts/NetBSD/PTm5HWls">NetBSD</a>, <a href="/facts/OpenBSD/xmPS9tek">OpenBSD</a>, and <a href="/facts/MirOS/AWQYGrHp">MirOS</a>; see speaker(4) for the language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>

<h2 id="languages-platforms-and-software">Languages, platforms and software</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Epic_Games/aoS4cGsK">Epic Games</a>'s <a href="/facts/ZZT/MnFoGNkt">ZZT</a> and <a href="/facts/Super_ZZT/MnFoGNkt">Super ZZT</a>, as well as the <a href="/facts/Open-source_license/FlFTwHmd">open-source</a> <a href="/facts/Software_clone/qd7EcVNT">clone</a> named MegaZeux, use a very compact variant of MML for the PLAY command, with only one channel for the <a href="/facts/PC_Speaker/27mCwdtG">PC Speaker</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/facts/QBASIC/yxMVNxCs">QBASIC</a>, <a href="/facts/BASICA/aTec7AQY">BASICA</a>, and <a href="/facts/GW-BASIC/3XcQtD2e">GW-BASIC</a> all feature a PLAY statement which takes a <a href="/facts/String_(computing)/4ChJu5WS">string</a> argument in the SMX format.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> The name "Music Macro Language" may originate with GW-BASIC, which provided a facility "to play music by embedding a music macro language into the string data type".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> The SBasic compiler from the German magazine DOS Extra, produced by DMV Widuch, offers the same PLAY command, and a few-line BASIC programme could be compiled into a small (few KiB) tool to play any MML files (often called *.PLY) given on the command line.
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Eric_S._Raymond/9jLGSUtk">Eric S. Raymond</a> wrote a UNIX System V driver that offers /dev/speaker in a <a href="/facts/GW-BASIC/3XcQtD2e">GW-BASIC</a>-compatible format.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> It was subsequently ported to <a href="/facts/386BSD/XpTXP1ca">386BSD</a> and is present in modern <a href="/facts/BSD/XQKcURrh">BSD</a> operating systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a></li></ul></li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/NEC_PC-8801/5R5gdl81">NEC PC-8801</a>'s BASIC dialect, N88-BASIC, used MML in its PLAY statement, as did several other implementations of BASIC produced or sold by <a href="/facts/NEC/YnlUsMBA">NEC</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Chiptune/9F9RQwts">Chiptune</a> composer <a href="/facts/Yuzo_Koshiro/PYxR4plA">Yuzo Koshiro</a> created a heavily modified version. According to Koshiro, it "was more a BASIC-style language at first, but I modified it to be something more like <a href="/facts/Assembly_language/7XuV0cla">Assembly</a>. I called it 'Music Love'. I used it for all the <a href="/facts/Streets_of_Rage_(series)/eJHufpHV">Bare Knuckle</a> Games."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Various MML utilities were written for the <a href="/facts/NEC_PC-9801/b0br6zGu">NEC PC-9801</a> family of computers, including PMD (Professional Music Driver)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> by game composer Masahiro Kajihara (most commonly known as KAJA),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> which was used by composer <a href="/facts/Ryu_Umemoto/lbD8okzE">Ryu Umemoto</a> for games like EVE Burst Error and Grounseed, as well as by game developer <a href="/facts/Team_Shanghai_Alice/8SSgpw13">ZUN</a> for most of his first five <a href="/facts/Touhou_Project/naojvVv9">Touhou Project</a> games.</li>
<li>The mck, pmck, and ppmck utilities for creating <a href="/facts/Nintendo_Entertainment_System/YD59GCQQ">Nintendo Entertainment System</a> music,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> and a number of other tools for creating music for other hardware, such as the <a href="/facts/Bandai_WonderSwan/vKPPruXE">Bandai WonderSwan</a>, the <a href="/facts/PC_Engine/MBWz7xPU">NEC PC Engine</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Sega_Mega_Drive/7GuPYDhM">Sega Mega Drive</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a></li>
<li>The xpmck utility for creating music for various systems, including the <a href="/facts/Master_System/7zW0dMIG">Master System</a>, <a href="/facts/Game_Gear/RmXkbC3t">Game Gear</a>, <a href="/facts/Mega_Drive/7GuPYDhM">Mega Drive</a>, <a href="/facts/Nintendo/dMrLpaHu">Nintendo</a> <a href="/facts/Game_Boy/GlyN6e2W">Game Boy</a>, and <a href="/facts/Commodore_64/3TPcKDbb">Commodore 64</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a></li>
<li>Some <a href="/facts/Cellular_phone/H3EcqD9h">cellular phones</a> utilize MML as a <a href="/facts/Ringtone/peCvzFn5">ringtone</a> format.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> The <a href="/facts/Ring_Tone_Transfer_Language/gawBs4xb">RTTTL</a> ringtone language exhibits many of the characteristics of MML.</li>
<li>An <a href="/facts/Escape_sequence/r7lISrrw">escape sequence</a> was defined to allow terminal programs play music encoded in MML. Because of this music in MML is sometimes called ANSI Music.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a></li>
<li>On the <a href="/facts/MSX/mthwra8a">MSX</a> computer system, the built-in <a href="/facts/MSX_BASIC/PB56D2rd">MSX BASIC</a> also uses MML with PLAY-command. Comma separated strings represent separate voice channels. Music hardware expansions such as MSX-Music, MSX-Audio and MSX-MIDI expand PLAY-command so that also FM-chips and external MIDI devices can be controlled through MML.</li>
<li>Sharp Pocket computer music routine PLAYX - <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221141/http://www46.atpages.jp/~qptn/cgi-bin/up/stored/E500.zip">MyArchive</a>.Nihongo -> ja:ポケットコンピュータの製品一覧.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.posemotion.com/macrotune/">Macrotune</a> is a free MML editor available for Windows and OS X while also offering <a href="/facts/Shared_libraries/xRzL3P7q">Shared libraries</a> for software/game developers.</li>
<li><a href="https://edugit.org/nik/floppi-music">FlopPI-Music</a> (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408205759/http://natureshadow.github.io/floppi-music/">archived old documentation page</a>) uses an extended format with a file header with metadata (such as Author, Title, etc.), a newline, and then one line for each staff, supporting multiple instruments, with bar lines. It is designed to output to up to eight 3+1⁄2 in (89 mm) floppy disc drives on Raspberry Pi GPIO ports. It also contains a <a href="https://edugit.org/nik/mmllib">standalone MML parser and MusicXML exporter</a> library and utility, tested with <a href="/facts/MuseScore/FBVGBQSm">MuseScore</a>, allowing easy debugging of especially mass-parallel MML files, score sheet printing (ideally after some minimal postprocessing, but the defaults are usually legible), etc. – Floppi-Music and MMLlib is Free Software written in pure Python.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Petit_Computer/0m88xmWP">Petit Computer</a> and <a href="/facts/SmileBASIC/0m88xmWP">SmileBASIC</a> both offer BGMPLAY functions, which can either take a preset MML track or one provided as a string.</li>
<li>An <a href="/facts/Massively_multiplayer_online_game/b1e4hutw">MMO</a> called <a href="/facts/Mabinogi_(video_game)/GNADbWB9">Mabinogi</a> allows players to type MML code onto in-game <a href="/facts/Sheet_music/P1rGJt0t">music score scrolls</a> which can then be played for everyone nearby to hear using an <a href="/facts/Item_(game_terminology)/55SsQoLs">equipped</a> instrument. Due to that social aspect, users often made their own MML versions of popular songs and uploaded them to <a href="/facts/Fansite/7oVYGb3o">fan sites</a>. The game also teaches users the <a href="/facts/Syntax/6PxSV98p">syntax</a> via skill books, which doubled as a way to unlock a higher size limit when writing the code. <a href="/facts/ArcheAge/HxKxHbF9">ArcheAge</a> MMO provides the same features.</li>
<li>A <a href="/facts/Windows/bwhAhuSL">Windows</a> program called <a href="http://3ml.jp">3MLE</a> was made by a Mabinogi user to assist in writing MML scrolls. The program functions similarly to an <a href="/facts/Integrated_development_environment/jbEINSQf">IDE</a>, allowing the user to write, optimize, and test MML code for different instruments.</li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Chiptune/9F9RQwts">Chiptune</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Electronic_music/zfGNfUvR">Electronic music</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/HTML_audio/7E6qjBsd">HTML audio</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/MIDI/tblhmeFV">MIDI</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Synthetic_music_mobile_application_format/wsYnWvPK">Synthetic music mobile application format</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Compiled by "Tomohiro Nishikado" (西角友宏/にしかどともひろ) worked in the Pacific Industrial Co., Ltd. All compiled alone. <a href="/wiki/Tomohiro_Nishikado" target="_blank">/wiki/Tomohiro_Nishikado</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">PDF file;Micro Computer BASIC MASTER MB-6880 Music method[permanent dead link] - Kunihiko, Nagai; Teruhiro, Takezawa; Kazuma, Yoshimura; KaTsutoshi, Tajima (26 April 1979). "Hitachi Hyoron April 1979 Special Features:A micro-computer, the application method". Hitachi. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2013. <a href="http://digital.hitachihyoron.com/pdf/1979/04/1979_04_26.pdf" target="_blank">http://digital.hitachihyoron.com/pdf/1979/04/1979_04_26.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"SHARP MZ.org MZ-80K monitor sub $0030". 2012-09-20. Archived from the original on 2015-09-26. Retrieved 2012-09-19. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926201920/http://www.sharpmz.org/mz-80k/monisubprg.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150926201920/http://www.sharpmz.org/mz-80k/monisubprg.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">CPU is Z-80 Zilog Licensed Secondary source <a href="/wiki/CPU" target="_blank">/wiki/CPU</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Nobuaki Ohishi (2012-09-20). "Nibbles lab.SHARP Museum,MZ-80K Photo and Catalog". <a href="http://www.retropc.net/ohishi/museum/mz80k.htm" target="_blank">http://www.retropc.net/ohishi/museum/mz80k.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">SHARP Corporation; nagusa_kei (1978). MZ-80 BASIC SP-5030 マニュアル. SHARP Corporation. p. 110.-Document(validation) Upper Version SP-5030 "twitter oec_Nibbleslab". 2012-09-22.-"twitter PlayTrueName". 2012-09-22. Retrieved 2012-09-22."twitter(twilog) PlayTrueName". 2012-09-22. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
SHARP Corporation (1978). MZ-80 BASIC マニュアル. SHARP Corporation. p. 110. <a href="https://mobile.twitter.com/oec_Nibbleslab/status/249167231089528833#!/oec_Nibbleslab/status/249167231089528833" target="_blank">https://mobile.twitter.com/oec_Nibbleslab/status/249167231089528833#!/oec_Nibbleslab/status/249167231089528833</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"SHARP MZ.org MZ-80K monitor sub $0030". 2012-09-20. Archived from the original on 2015-09-26. Retrieved 2012-09-19./"SHARP MZ.org MZ-700 monitor sub $0030". 2012-09-20. Archived from the original on 2015-05-09. Retrieved 2012-09-19. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926201920/http://www.sharpmz.org/mz-80k/monisubprg.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150926201920/http://www.sharpmz.org/mz-80k/monisubprg.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Motoi, Kenkichi. "Viewpoint of the eye. She said "you playing" I'm crying/Awamomo Office". Archived from the original on 2013-02-18. Retrieved 2012-09-20. 
Programmed and arranged by 
Motoi, Kenkichi. "Twitter @PlayTrueName Σ:D『So long time wake up to the◎Programming to sound of music". Retrieved 2012-09-22. 
Licensed #AAAP(Including Creative Commons CC-BY-SA and Text of GNU Free Documentation License.). <a href="https://archive.today/20130218184235/http://d.hatena.ne.jp/awamomo/20120919" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130218184235/http://d.hatena.ne.jp/awamomo/20120919</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Selfridge-Field, Eleanor (1997). Beyond Midi: The Handbook of Musical Codes. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19394-9. <a href="0-262-19394-9" target="_blank">0-262-19394-9</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"VORC Internet Chiptune Encyclopedia - mck". Archived from the original on 2008-01-03. Retrieved 2008-02-13. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080103010234/http://www.vorc.org/en/info=mck" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080103010234/http://www.vorc.org/en/info=mck</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"VORC Internet Chiptune Encyclopedia - MML". Archived from the original on 2007-11-23. Retrieved 2008-02-13. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071123185143/http://www.vorc.org/en/info=MML" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071123185143/http://www.vorc.org/en/info=MML</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Selfridge-Field, Eleanor (1997). Beyond Midi: The Handbook of Musical Codes. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19394-9. <a href="0-262-19394-9" target="_blank">0-262-19394-9</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"VORC: VGM or Chiptune of The Year 2001". 2001-12-31. <a href="http://www.vorc.org/en/columns/hally/2001best10e.html" target="_blank">http://www.vorc.org/en/columns/hally/2001best10e.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Selfridge-Field, Eleanor (1997). Beyond Midi: The Handbook of Musical Codes. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19394-9. <a href="0-262-19394-9" target="_blank">0-262-19394-9</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Selfridge-Field, Eleanor (1997). Beyond Midi: The Handbook of Musical Codes. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19394-9. <a href="0-262-19394-9" target="_blank">0-262-19394-9</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Johnson, Jeremiah. "MCK/MML Beginners Guide". Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2008-02-13. <a href="/wiki/Nullsleep" target="_blank">/wiki/Nullsleep</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"IBM BASIC manual, Second Edition (May 1982), Version 1.10" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-15. Retrieved 2016-03-26. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150615202528/http://maben.homeip.net/static/S100/IBM/software/languages/IBM%20B.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150615202528/http://maben.homeip.net/static/S100/IBM/software/languages/IBM%20B.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">MirBSD speaker device documentation <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403115246/http://www.mirbsd.org:80/htman/i386/man4/speaker.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190403115246/http://www.mirbsd.org:80/htman/i386/man4/speaker.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Programmed by MOTOI_Kenkichi November,11 2024.Licensed #AAAP(Including Creative Commons CC-BY-SA and Text of GNU Free Documentation License.). <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CC-BY-SA" target="_blank">/wiki/Wikipedia:CC-BY-SA</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Selfridge-Field, Eleanor (1997). Beyond Midi: The Handbook of Musical Codes. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19394-9. <a href="0-262-19394-9" target="_blank">0-262-19394-9</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">FreeBSD speaker(4) manual page <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=speaker&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports" target="_blank">https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=speaker&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">speaker(4) manual page <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403115246/http://www.mirbsd.org:80/htman/i386/man4/speaker.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190403115246/http://www.mirbsd.org:80/htman/i386/man4/speaker.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"QBasic manual". Microsoft Corporation. 1991. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_journal</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"IBM Personal Computer BASIC manual". IBM Corporation. 1982. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_journal</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"BASICA manual". Microsoft Corporation. 1982. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_journal</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"GW-BASIC manual". Microsoft Corporation. 1987. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_journal</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Raymond, Eric (7 May 1995). "Eric Raymond's Open-Source Works". Eric S. Raymond's Home Page. Retrieved 3 July 2020. <a href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/software.html" target="_blank">http://www.catb.org/~esr/software.html</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">speaker(4) manual page <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403115246/http://www.mirbsd.org:80/htman/i386/man4/speaker.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190403115246/http://www.mirbsd.org:80/htman/i386/man4/speaker.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Selfridge-Field, Eleanor (1997). Beyond Midi: The Handbook of Musical Codes. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19394-9. <a href="0-262-19394-9" target="_blank">0-262-19394-9</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Koshiro, Yūzō. "Yuzo Koshiro Interview" (Interview). Interviewed by Kikizo Games. Retrieved 2008-02-13. <a href="/wiki/Yuzo_Koshiro" target="_blank">/wiki/Yuzo_Koshiro</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Szczepaniak, John. "Retro Japanese Computers: Gaming's Final Frontier". Hardcore Gaming 101. Retrieved 2011-03-29. Reprinted from Retro Gamer, 2009 <a href="http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/JPNcomputers/Japanesecomputers.htm" target="_blank">http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/JPNcomputers/Japanesecomputers.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"VORC Internet Chiptune Encyclopedia - MML". Archived from the original on 2007-11-23. Retrieved 2008-02-13. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071123185143/http://www.vorc.org/en/info=MML" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071123185143/http://www.vorc.org/en/info=MML</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"ツールのお部屋" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-12-01. <a href="http://www5.airnet.ne.jp/kajapon/tool.html" target="_blank">http://www5.airnet.ne.jp/kajapon/tool.html</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">"VORC Internet Chiptune Encyclopedia - mck". Archived from the original on 2008-01-03. Retrieved 2008-02-13. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080103010234/http://www.vorc.org/en/info=mck" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080103010234/http://www.vorc.org/en/info=mck</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">"VORC Internet Chiptune Encyclopedia - ppmck". Archived from the original on 2006-10-12. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061012154323/http://www.vorc.org/en/info=ppmck" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20061012154323/http://www.vorc.org/en/info=ppmck</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">"VORC Internet Chiptune Encyclopedia - MML". Archived from the original on 2007-11-23. Retrieved 2008-02-13. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071123185143/http://www.vorc.org/en/info=MML" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071123185143/http://www.vorc.org/en/info=MML</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Swimm, Peter (December 21, 2009). "XPMCK - Cross Platform Music Compiler Kit updated". True Chip Till Death. Retrieved December 29, 2011. <a href="http://truechiptilldeath.com/blog/2009/12/21/xpmck-cross-platform-music-compiler-kit-updated/" target="_blank">http://truechiptilldeath.com/blog/2009/12/21/xpmck-cross-platform-music-compiler-kit-updated/</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"着信メロディは再び自分で作る時代に？──MIDIファイルやWAVファイルを着メロに変換". ITmedia, Inc. 2001-04-03. Retrieved 2008-02-13. <a href="http://plusd.itmedia.co.jp/mobile/0104/03/music.html" target="_blank">http://plusd.itmedia.co.jp/mobile/0104/03/music.html</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"ANSI Music - The Technical Details". Retrieved 2009-01-16. <a href="http://artscene.textfiles.com/ansimusic/information/ansimtech.txt" target="_blank">http://artscene.textfiles.com/ansimusic/information/ansimtech.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Music Macro Language open-in-new

Music Macro Language