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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Merriam-Webster/yEt22M9H">Merriam-Webster</a> states that the first use of the term "midget" was in 1816.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Midgets have always been popular entertainers but were often regarded with <a href="/facts/Disgust/57B5cnsT">disgust</a> and revulsion in society. In the early 19th century, midgets were romanticized by the middle class and regarded with the same affectionate condescension extended to children, as creatures of innocence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The term "midget" came into prominence in the mid-19th century after <a href="/facts/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe/V0njHnsq">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a> used it in her novels <i>Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Old_Town_Folks/V08gLEKX">Old Town Folks</a></i> where she described children and an extremely short man, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> <a href="/facts/P._T._Barnum/NFnlvS8o">P. T. Barnum</a> helped popularize the term "midget" when he began featuring <a href="/facts/General_Tom_Thumb/P5ohuzcm">General Tom Thumb</a>, <a href="/facts/Lavinia_Warren/hVjXY7gM">Lavinia Warren</a> and <a href="/facts/Commodore_Nutt/DKtcNVBd">Commodore Nutt</a> in his <a href="/facts/Circus/7flRQANa">circus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> "Midget" became linked to referring to short people put on public display for curiosity and sport.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Barnum's midgets reached position of <a href="/facts/High_society_(group)/oP5gXCuv">high society</a>, given fantasy military titles, introduced to dignitaries and royalty, and showered with gifts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>Such performances continued to be widespread through the middle part of the twentieth century, with Hermines Midgets brought from their performances in Paris to appear at the <a href="/facts/1939_New_York_World%2527s_Fair/M8h3jfm9">1939 New York World's Fair</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> the same year that <a href="/facts/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_Studios/sQdE9Kg2">MGM</a> released <i><a href="/facts/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)/A3mEuf8C">The Wizard of Oz</a></i>, which featured 124 little people in its cast, most of whom were from the <a href="/facts/Singer%2527s_Midgets/4SDRWfxV">Singer's Midgets troupe</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h3>Controversy</h3> <p>When interviewed for a 1999 piece, performers engaged in <a href="/facts/Midget_wrestling/wJJrT8ox">midget wrestling</a> stated that they did not view the term as derogatory but merely descriptive of their small size. Others disagreed, with one stating that the performances themselves perpetuated an outdated and demeaning image.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>Towards the end of the 20th century, the word became considered by some as a <a href="/facts/Pejorative/UId8vPsx">pejorative</a> term when referring to people with dwarfism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Some, such as actor <a href="/facts/Herv%25C3%25A9_Villechaize/yl1eQFzu">Hervé Villechaize</a>, continued to self-identify as "midgets".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>There have been movements to remove the use of the word "midget" from age classification categories in youth sports, with <a href="/facts/Hockey_Canada/CnW7vkgt">Hockey Canada</a> announcing that it would refer to the division as "U18" in 2020 as part of a wider renaming scheme.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, <a href="/facts/Liverpool_Hope_University/EaPBcFvg">Liverpool Hope University</a> academic Dr. Erin Pritchard who complained the word midget, considering its etymology and its use as a slur (often referred by people with dwarfism as "the M-word"), was offensive to people with <a href="/facts/Dwarfism/3dLeF5gt">dwarfism</a> and campaigned to have it removed from the name of the confection <a href="/facts/Midget_gems/EjLXgz2a">midget gems</a>. <a href="/facts/Marks_%2526_Spencer/ejIwnXQX">Marks & Spencer</a> became the first retailer to rename their product, adopting the name <i>Mini Gems</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Other brands started to follow suit over the following months and years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Dr. Pritchard then petitioned to have a pub in <a href="/facts/Abingdon-on-Thames/v20u3Ng6">Abingdon-on-Thames</a> called The Midget, named after a vehicle produced by <a href="/facts/MG_Cars/sHKgySlz">MG Cars</a> which was formerly based locally, renamed. The pub's owners, <a href="/facts/Greene_King/fFx2BDoN">Greene King</a> followed suit in 2024 renaming it The Roaring Raindrop after another MG Cars model.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> However, this decision was controversial with a counter-petition to keep the old name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="mascots">Mascots</h2> <p>As of 2025, at least four high schools in the United States continue to use midget as a <a href="/facts/School_mascot/JtJDx1s2">school mascot</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Freeburg_Community_High_School/8tBBwro5">Freeburg Community High School</a> (Illinois)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Estherville_Lincoln_Central_High_School/gcFV3Wr4">Estherville Lincoln Central High School</a> (Iowa)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li>Putnam County High School (<a href="/facts/Unionville%2c_Missouri/xFm7MUGD">Unionville, Missouri</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li>Butternut High School (<a href="/facts/Butternut%2c_Wisconsin/F49pjlYF">Butternut, Wisconsin</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li></ul> <p>In 2015, the <a href="/facts/McLaughlin%2c_South_Dakota/zyPC5tua">McLaughlin, South Dakota</a> School District, which stands on the <a href="/facts/Standing_Rock_Sioux_Reservation/7hnV9hga">Standing Rock Sioux Reservation</a>, changed the name of their school's mascot after protests came from <a href="/facts/Little_People_of_America/qCkkobD0">Little People of America</a>. The school's basketball coach, an alumnus and proponent of the change, drew comparisons to the <a href="/facts/Native_American_mascot_controversy/bzxQaoYG">Native American mascot controversy</a>. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>In 2019, Hurley High School in Wisconsin changed its Mascot from midgets to the Northstars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> In 2025, a Iowa State Senator <a href="/facts/Molly_Donahue/Qa2TKQ82">Molly Donohue</a> introduced a bill to prohibit schools receiving state aid , including Estherville Lincoln, from using "discriminary mascots" including midgets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> Also in 2025, an advocacy filed a federal discrimination complaint with the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Education/VuahmIvb">U.S. Department of Education</a> against the <a href="/facts/St._Clair_County_School_District/UXeuXm2x">St. Clair County school district</a> over the mascot at Freeburg High School.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> State Rep. <a href="/facts/Maurice_West/t6aYq7EL">Maurice West</a> submitted a bill to the <a href="/facts/Illinois_House_of_Representatives/UnYeqwnc">Illinois House of Representatives</a> that would ban the mascot by 2028.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> The House passed the bill on April 8, 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> A similar bill was introduced in the <a href="/facts/Missouri_House_of_Representatives/R8NPtfXD">Missouri House of Representatives</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p><p>In March 2025, after a long history of attempts,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Dickinson_High_School_(Dickinson%2c_North_Dakota)/VevMd6ce">Dickinson High School (Dickinson, North Dakota)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> announced that it would be retiring the mascot at the end of the year. School officials cited concerns about students feeling uncomfortable with the name and legal risks of <a href="/facts/Discrimination_against_disabled_people/jv0eaWgz">discrimination against disabled people</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_dwarfism_organisations/nudPQd4K">List of dwarfism organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dwarf-tossing/hogWQF2q">Dwarf-tossing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Midgetville/Uk3FFxoz">Midgetville</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Leo_Singer/4SDRWfxV">Singer's Midgets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Midgets_vs._Mascots/8glx1I5r">Midgets vs. Mascots</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pygmy_peoples/CjYIgurv">Pygmy peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Munchkin/3YUQXzHk">Munchkin</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Oompa_Loompa/fcbK65N9">Oompa Loompa</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Leprechaun/Voamcqu4">Leprechaun</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dwarf_(folklore)/jUqa7xD1">Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Elf/7GB9V6qp">Elf</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Santa%2527s_elves/z2jTLyRj">Santa's elves</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li>Adelson, Betty M. (2005). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym5x3mq2p7EC&pg=PA295"><i>The Lives Of Dwarfs: Their Journey From Public Curiosity Toward Social Liberation</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780813535487. Retrieved 8 December 2012.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Harper, Douglas. "midget". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-04-03. <a href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/midget" target="_blank">https://www.etymonline.com/word/midget</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Miller, P. S. (1987). "Coming up short: Employment discrimination against little people". Harv. CR-CLL Rev. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Adelson 2005 - Adelson, Betty M. (2005). The Lives Of Dwarfs: Their Journey From Public Curiosity Toward Social Liberation. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813535487. Retrieved 8 December 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym5x3mq2p7EC&pg=PA295" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym5x3mq2p7EC&pg=PA295</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Gentry, Ruben; Wiggins, Ruby (15–16 November 2010). Individuals with Disabilities Are People, First--Intervene and They Will Learn. College of Education and Human Development Urban Education Conference. Jackson, Mississippi. <a href="http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED522451" target="_blank">http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED522451</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"midget". Webster's II New Collegiate Dictionary (2nd expanded ed.). Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1999. p. 693. ISBN 0395962145. 1. An extremely small person who is otherwise normally proportioned. <a href="0395962145" target="_blank">0395962145</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Shapiro, Arthur H. (2000-09-01). Everybody Belongs: Changing Negative Attitudes Toward Classmates With Disabilities. Psychology Press. pp. 284–. ISBN 9780815339601. Retrieved 8 December 2012. <a href="9780815339601" target="_blank">9780815339601</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Merriam-Webster Dictionary Entry for midget: sometimes offensive: a very small person; specifically: a person of unusually small size who is physically well-proportioned. <a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/midget" target="_blank">http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/midget</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Kennedy, Dan (2005-05-23). "What is Dwarfism?". American Documentary. Archived from the original on October 25, 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051025150533/http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2005/bigenough/special_dwarfism_ety.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20051025150533/http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2005/bigenough/special_dwarfism_ety.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"midget". The World Book Dictionary. World Book. 2003. p. 1315. ISBN 9780716602996. <a href="9780716602996" target="_blank">9780716602996</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Driver, Bruce; Wharton, Clare (2004-10-20). The Baffled Parent's Guide to Coaching Youth Hockey. McGraw Hill Professional. pp. 15–. ISBN 9780071430111. Retrieved 15 January 2013. <a href="9780071430111" target="_blank">9780071430111</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Merriam-Webster Dictionary Entry for midget: sometimes offensive: a very small person; specifically: a person of unusually small size who is physically well-proportioned. <a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/midget" target="_blank">http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/midget</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Ashby, LeRoy (12 May 2006). With Amusement for All: a history of American popular culture since 1830. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press. p. 597. ISBN 9780813123974. Retrieved 18 January 2018. commodore nutt. <a href="9780813123974" target="_blank">9780813123974</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Kennedy, Dan. "P.O.V. - Big Enough. What is Dwarfism?". Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on October 25, 2005. Retrieved 2008-11-18. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051025150533/http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2005/bigenough/special_dwarfism_ety.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20051025150533/http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2005/bigenough/special_dwarfism_ety.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Thomson, Rosemarie Garland (1996). Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body. NYU Press. pp. 191–. ISBN 9780814782224. Retrieved 8 December 2012. <a href="9780814782224" target="_blank">9780814782224</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Kennedy, Dan. "P.O.V. - Big Enough. What is Dwarfism?". Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on October 25, 2005. Retrieved 2008-11-18. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051025150533/http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2005/bigenough/special_dwarfism_ety.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20051025150533/http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2005/bigenough/special_dwarfism_ety.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Charles Sherwood Stratton (AKA General Tom Thumb) and His Circle, Jack & Beverly's Images of Special Subjects, December 2005. <a href="http://www.brightbytes.com/collection/tomthumb.html" target="_blank">http://www.brightbytes.com/collection/tomthumb.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Exhibit: "Sketch Of The Life, Personal Appearance, Character And Manners Of Charles S. Stratton, The Man In Miniature, Known As General Tom Thumb, And His Wife, Lavinia Warren Stratton; Including The History Of Their Courtship And Marriage, With Some Account Of Remarkable Dwarfs, Giants, & Other Human Phenomena, Of Ancient And Modern Times, And Songs Given At Their Public Levees" 1863 pamphlet, Press of Wynkoop & Hallenbeck, New York (Robert Bogdan Collection), The Disability History Museum. <a href="http://www.disabilitymuseum.org/dhm/lib/detail.html?id=693&page=all" target="_blank">http://www.disabilitymuseum.org/dhm/lib/detail.html?id=693&page=all</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Cullen, Frank (2004). Vaudeville Old & New: An Encyclopedia of Variety Performers in America. Psychology Press. pp. 507–. ISBN 9780415938532. Retrieved 8 December 2012. <a href="9780415938532" target="_blank">9780415938532</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Harmetz, Aljean (2013). The Making of the Wizard of Oz (75th Anniversary Updated ed.). Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-1613748329. <a href="978-1613748329" target="_blank">978-1613748329</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>GoogleBooks Image for The Making of the Wizard of Oz Page 193 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSFQAQAAQBAJ&dq=wizard+of+oz+singer%27s+midgets&pg=PA193" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nSFQAQAAQBAJ&dq=wizard+of+oz+singer%27s+midgets&pg=PA193</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Adelson 2005, p. 295. - Adelson, Betty M. (2005). The Lives Of Dwarfs: Their Journey From Public Curiosity Toward Social Liberation. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813535487. Retrieved 8 December 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym5x3mq2p7EC&pg=PA295" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym5x3mq2p7EC&pg=PA295</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Shapiro, Arthur H. (2000-09-01). Everybody Belongs: Changing Negative Attitudes Toward Classmates With Disabilities. Psychology Press. pp. 284–. ISBN 9780815339601. Retrieved 8 December 2012. <a href="9780815339601" target="_blank">9780815339601</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Kennedy, Dan. "P.O.V. - Big Enough. What is Dwarfism?". Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on October 25, 2005. Retrieved 2008-11-18. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051025150533/http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2005/bigenough/special_dwarfism_ety.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20051025150533/http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2005/bigenough/special_dwarfism_ety.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Adelson 2005, p. 6. - Adelson, Betty M. (2005). The Lives Of Dwarfs: Their Journey From Public Curiosity Toward Social Liberation. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813535487. Retrieved 8 December 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym5x3mq2p7EC&pg=PA295" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym5x3mq2p7EC&pg=PA295</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Ross, Susan Dente; Lester, Paul Martin (2011-04-19). Images That Injure: Pictorial Stereotypes in the Media. ABC-CLIO. pp. 285–. ISBN 9780313378928. Retrieved 14 December 2012. <a href="9780313378928" target="_blank">9780313378928</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Mark Evanier (2001-01-19). "Victor & Billy". News From Me. originally published in Comics Buyer's Guide <a href="http://www.newsfromme.com/pov/col325/" target="_blank">http://www.newsfromme.com/pov/col325/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>"Growing movement seeks to remove 'midget' from Alta. sports leagues". CTV News. 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2020-01-09. <a href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/growing-movement-seeks-to-remove-midget-from-alta-sports-leagues-1.4213383" target="_blank">https://www.ctvnews.ca/sports/growing-movement-seeks-to-remove-midget-from-alta-sports-leagues-1.4213383</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Barrow, Tyler (2019-11-19). "Hockey Canada makes name changes to age divisions". CTV News Calgary. Retrieved 2020-01-09. <a href="https://calgary.ctvnews.ca/hockey-canada-makes-name-changes-to-age-divisions-1.4693250" target="_blank">https://calgary.ctvnews.ca/hockey-canada-makes-name-changes-to-age-divisions-1.4693250</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"Midget Gems change name after academic's campaign". BBC News website. 2022-01-13. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-59981811" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-59981811</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"Tesco Mini Gems 200G". Tesco. Retrieved 11 October 2022. <a href="https://www.tesco.com/groceries/en-GB/products/271373598" target="_blank">https://www.tesco.com/groceries/en-GB/products/271373598</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>"Midget Gems: Bassetts agree to 'Mini Gems' rebrand following Liverpool academic's campaign". 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