In addition to an inventor's notebook, several additional kinds of evidence can be used to establish an earlier priority date.
The Disclosure Document Program (DDP) was a USPTO program that allowed an inventor to file a preliminary description of his/her invention. The program was discontinued by the USPTO as of February 1, 2007, in favor of filing a provisional application. The USPTO says:
A provisional application for patent provides more benefits and protections to inventors than a disclosure document and can be used for the same purposes as a disclosure document if necessary. ... A non-provisional application must be filed within twelve months of the filing date of a provisional patent in order for the inventor to claim the benefit of the provisional application. ...4
MPEP § 715 https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s715.html ↩
MPEP § 2138.05 https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s2138.html#d0e207753 ↩
MPEP § 2138.04 https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s2138.html#d0e207607 ↩
USPTO Website http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/disdo.html ↩