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Crocodylomorpha
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<h2 id="evolutionary-history">Evolutionary history</h2> <p>The earliest lineages of Crocodylomorpha are placed into the paraphyletic "<a href="/facts/Sphenosuchia/xVc0CvY2">Sphenosuchia</a>", which are characterized by slender bodies with elongate legs. The oldest known crocodylomorph is <i><a href="/facts/Trialestes/9wmGITqu">Trialestes</a></i>, known from the Late Triassic (Carnian-Norian) of Argentina, around 231–225 million years ago,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> the last groups of "sphenosuchians" persisted until the end of the Jurassic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> During the Jurassic, crocodylomorphs diversified, including the emergence of herbivorous and omnivorous forms,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> as well as the aquatically adapted <a href="/facts/Neosuchia/swTfMNdQ">Neosuchia</a> and <a href="/facts/Thalattosuchia/G4CsVybF">Thalattosuchia</a>, with Thalattosuchia and several groups of neosuchians becoming adapted to a marine lifestyle over the Jurassic and Cretaceous<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> During the Cretaceous, the <a href="/facts/Notosuchia/0ekwEf0y">Notosuchia</a> were a diverse group across the Southern Hemisphere occupying many diverse ecologies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Modern <a href="/facts/Crocodilia/G4LbxJs6">crocodilians</a>, a subgroup of Neosuchia, emerged during the Late Cretaceous.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Crocodylomorph diversity was severely reduced by the <a href="/facts/End-Cretaceous_extinction_event/HNyDuEcx">end-Cretaceous extinction event</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The last group of terrestrially adapted crocodylomorphs was the <a href="/facts/Sebecidae/zkMh0PAM">Sebecidae</a>, a group of large predatory notosuchians which persisted in South America until the middle <a href="/facts/Miocene/cBRRzq4g">Miocene</a> around 12 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="taxonomy-and-phylogeny">Taxonomy and phylogeny</h2> <p>Historically, all known living and extinct crocodiles were indiscriminately lumped into the <a href="/facts/Order_(biology)/GKLJvIpt">order</a> Crocodilia. However, beginning in the late 1980s, many scientists began restricting the order Crocodilia to the living species and close extinct relatives such as <i><a href="/facts/Mekosuchus/hk6SF6HU">Mekosuchus</a></i>. The various other groups that had previously been known as Crocodilia were moved to Crocodylomorpha and the slightly more restrictive <a href="/facts/Crocodyliformes/mxtj6sFF">Crocodyliformes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Crocodylomorpha has been given the rank of <a href="/facts/Superorder/GKLJvIpt">superorder</a> in some 20th and 21st century studies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>The old Crocodilia was subdivided into the suborders: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Eusuchia/2D5MTkCG">Eusuchia</a>: true crocodiles (which includes crown-group <a href="/facts/Crocodylia/G4LbxJs6">Crocodylia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mesosuchia/CY6JSsxp">Mesosuchia</a>: 'middle' crocodiles</li> <li><a href="/facts/Thalattosuchia/G4CsVybF">Thalattosuchia</a>: sea crocodiles</li> <li><a href="/facts/Protosuchia/rDhtdeCc">Protosuchia</a>: first crocodiles</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sphenosuchia/xVc0CvY2">Sphenosuchia</a>: wedge crocodiles</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sebecosuchia/D1hMzKrX">Sebecosuchia</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Sebecus/oCeQSDII">Sebecus</a></i> crocodiles</li></ul> <p>Mesosuchia is a <a href="/facts/Paraphyletic/tmTWjACz">paraphyletic</a> group as it does not include eusuchians (which nest within Mesosuchia). <a href="/facts/Mesoeucrocodylia/8qaMl3ev">Mesoeucrocodylia</a> was the name given to the clade that contains mesosuchians and eusuchians (Whetstone and Whybrow, 1983). </p><p>The previous definitions of Crocodilia and Eusuchia did not accurately convey evolutionary relationships within the group. The only order-level taxon that is currently considered valid is Crocodilia in its present definition. Prehistoric crocodiles are represented by many taxa, but since few major groups of the ancient forms are distinguishable, a conclusion on how to define new order-level clades is not yet possible. (Benson & Clark, 1988). Crocodylomorpha in the modern sense, as defined by <a href="/facts/Paul_Sereno/fl7hhbAw">Paul Sereno</a> in 2005, is phylogenetically defined as the most inclusive clade containing <i><a href="/facts/Crocodylus_niloticus/glKuXrQY">Crocodylus niloticus</a></i> (the Nile crocodile), but not <i><a href="/facts/Rauisuchus_tiradentes/gXJvsE2y">Rauisuchus tiradentes</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Poposaurus_gracilis/AHYbYDA6">Poposaurus gracilis</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Gracilisuchus_stipanicicorum/EqoXn9oq">Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Prestosuchus_chiniquensis/Q4RN3m0p">Prestosuchus chiniquensis</a></i>, or <i><a href="/facts/Aetosaurus_ferratus/04aM9U5X">Aetosaurus ferratus</a></i>. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h3>Phylogeny</h3><p> Below is a <a href="/facts/Cladogram/fWFYhUFo">cladogram</a> of most known crocodylomorphs from Stephan F. Speikeman in 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> The modern consensus is that "sphenosuchians" form a paraphyletic assemblage leading towards the more derived <a href="/facts/Crocodyliformes/mxtj6sFF">Crocodyliformes</a>. The basal crocodylomorph Saltoposuchidae was defined by Speikman, 2023 as the most inclusive clade containing <i><a href="/facts/Saltoposuchus/53cje7PJ">Saltoposuchus connectens</a></i>, but not <i><a href="/facts/Sphenosuchus/0qogFpem">Sphenosuchus acutus</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Carnufex/pqGnxDTU">Carnufex carolinensis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/facts/Trialestes/9wmGITqu">Trialestes romeri</a></i>. The clade Solidocrania was established by Alexander A. Ruebenstahl and colleagues in 2022 to unite crocodyliforms with their closest "sphenosuchian" relatives who both share similarly reinforced skulls. This clade was defined as the least inclusive clade including <i><a href="/facts/Junggarsuchus/rFqHaCYI">Junggarsuchus sloani</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Almadasuchus/JTK3GBIv">Almadasuchus figarii</a></i>, and <i><a href="/facts/Macelognathus/78WMnGeM">Macelognathus vagans</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>Crocodylomorpha</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Erpetosuchus/xYAc1zly">Erpetosuchus</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Redondavenator/NlfTzzme">Redondavenator</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Carnufex/pqGnxDTU">Carnufex</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>CM 73372</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Trialestes/9wmGITqu">Trialestes</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Pseudohesperosuchus/gzbulK98">Pseudohesperosuchus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td>Saltoposuchidae</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/facts/Saltoposuchus/53cje7PJ">Saltoposuchus</a></i> </td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Litargosuchus/HVEqTG9l">Litargosuchus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/facts/Terrestrisuchus/CxzsNq9A">Terrestrisuchus</a></i> </td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Hesperosuchus/U2lc1lPg">Hesperosuchus</a></i> </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Kayentasuchus/yUsmT9Xk">Kayentasuchus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Dromicosuchus/A2MCATw8">Dromicosuchus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Sphenosuchus/0qogFpem">Sphenosuchus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/facts/Dibothrosuchus/R9hbc8Cq">Dibothrosuchus</a></i> </td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td>Solidocrania</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Junggarsuchus/rFqHaCYI">Junggarsuchus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td>Hallopodidae</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Almadasuchus/JTK3GBIv">Almadasuchus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Macelognathus/78WMnGeM">Macelognathus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/facts/Hallopus/9xRzQIuP">Hallopus</a></i> </td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Crocodyliformes/mxtj6sFF">Crocodyliformes</a> </td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="biology">Biology</h2> <p>The Crocodylomorpha comprise a variety of forms, shapes, and sizes, which occupied a range of habitats. As with most <a href="/facts/Amniote/TeLtDTrJ">amniotes</a>, Crocodylomorphs were and are <a href="/facts/Oviparous/oSgSIVHY">oviparous</a>, laying eggs in a nest or mound, known from strata as old as the Late Jurassic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Adult size varies widely, from about 55 cm long in <i><a href="/facts/Knoetschkesuchus/0l8XkRL5">Knoetschkesuchus</a></i> to much larger dimensions, as in <i><a href="/facts/Sarcosuchus/Ay3Y9rdl">Sarcosuchus</a></i>. Most crocodylomorphs were <a href="/facts/Carnivore/q6h6aSqe">carnivores</a>, but many lineages evolved to be obligate <a href="/facts/Piscivore/7zDxvByo">piscivores</a>, such as the extant gharials. </p><p>In some forms, like <i>Hesperosuchus</i> and <i>Terrestrisuchus</i>, <a href="/facts/Fifth_metatarsal_bone/nXIQvITx">metatarsal V</a> still had one or two <a href="/facts/Phalanx_bone/ekWXmFh7">phalanges</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> but in Crocodyliformes all metatarsal V phalanges have been lost.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="sources">Sources</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Michael_J._Benton/Kb1yDBny">Benton, M. J.</a> (2004), <i><a href="/facts/Vertebrate_Palaeontology_(Benton)/LqNjFEUp">Vertebrate Palaeontology</a></i>, 3rd ed. <a href="/facts/Blackwell%27s/NJmuzVUa">Blackwell Science Ltd</a></li> <li>Hay, O. P. 1930 (1929–1930). Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. <i>Carnegie Institution Publications</i>, Washington, 1, 990 pp.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629120846/http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Crocodylomorpha/Index.html">Crocodylomorpha</a> - webpages by Ross Elgin on the <a href="/facts/University_of_Bristol/naU7Gvlc">University of Bristol</a> server <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629120841/http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Crocodylomorpha/Groups.html">Major subgroups</a> classification (used here)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226224455/http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/Unit290/290.100.html#Crocodylomorpha">Crocodylomorpha</a> from <a href="/facts/Palaeos/BDA8FEfv">Palaeos</a> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226224455/http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/Unit290/290.100.html#Crocodylomorpha">Technical definition</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Ruebenstahl, Alexander A.; Klein, Michael D.; Yi, Hongyu; Xu, Xing; Clark, James M. (14 June 2022). "Anatomy and relationships of the early diverging Crocodylomorphs Junggarsuchus sloani and Dibothrosuchus elaphros". The Anatomical Record. 305 (10): 2463–2556. doi:10.1002/ar.24949. ISSN 1932-8486. PMC 9541040. PMID 35699105. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9541040" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9541040</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Irmis, Randall B.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (January 2013). "Early Crocodylomorpha". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 379 (1): 275–302. Bibcode:2013GSLSP.379..275I. doi:10.1144/SP379.24. ISSN 0305-8719. <a href="https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP379.24" target="_blank">https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP379.24</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Ruebenstahl, Alexander A.; Klein, Michael D.; Yi, Hongyu; Xu, Xing; Clark, James M. (14 June 2022). "Anatomy and relationships of the early diverging Crocodylomorphs Junggarsuchus sloani and Dibothrosuchus elaphros". The Anatomical Record. 305 (10): 2463–2556. doi:10.1002/ar.24949. ISSN 1932-8486. PMC 9541040. PMID 35699105. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9541040" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9541040</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Melstrom, Keegan M.; Irmis, Randall B. (July 2019). "Repeated Evolution of Herbivorous Crocodyliforms during the Age of Dinosaurs". Current Biology. 29 (14): 2389–2395.e3. Bibcode:2019CBio...29E2389M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.076. PMID 31257139. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.05.076" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.05.076</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Wilberg, Eric W.; Turner, Alan H.; Brochu, Christopher A. (24 January 2019). "Evolutionary structure and timing of major habitat shifts in Crocodylomorpha". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 514. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9..514W. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36795-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6346023. PMID 30679529. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6346023" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6346023</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Stubbs, Thomas L.; Pierce, Stephanie E.; Elsler, Armin; Anderson, Philip S. L.; Rayfield, Emily J.; Benton, Michael J. (31 March 2021). "Ecological opportunity and the rise and fall of crocodylomorph evolutionary innovation". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1947). doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.0069. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 8059953. PMID 33757349. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8059953" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8059953</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Wilberg, Eric W.; Turner, Alan H.; Brochu, Christopher A. (24 January 2019). "Evolutionary structure and timing of major habitat shifts in Crocodylomorpha". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 514. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9..514W. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36795-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6346023. PMID 30679529. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6346023" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6346023</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Stubbs, Thomas L.; Pierce, Stephanie E.; Elsler, Armin; Anderson, Philip S. L.; Rayfield, Emily J.; Benton, Michael J. (31 March 2021). "Ecological opportunity and the rise and fall of crocodylomorph evolutionary innovation". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1947). doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.0069. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 8059953. PMID 33757349. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8059953" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8059953</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Martin, Jeremy E.; Pochat-Cottilloux, Yohan; Laurent, Yves; Perrier, Vincent; Robert, Emmanuel; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (28 October 2022). "Anatomy and phylogeny of an exceptionally large sebecid (Crocodylomorpha) from the middle Eocene of southern France". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 42 (4). Bibcode:2022JVPal..42E3828M. doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2193828. ISSN 0272-4634. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2023.2193828" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2023.2193828</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Wilberg, Eric W.; Turner, Alan H.; Brochu, Christopher A. (24 January 2019). "Evolutionary structure and timing of major habitat shifts in Crocodylomorpha". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 514. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9..514W. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36795-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6346023. PMID 30679529. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6346023" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6346023</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Martin, J.E.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "Crown Clades in Vertebrate Nomenclature: Correcting the Definition of Crocodylia". Systematic Biology. 57 (1): 173–181. doi:10.1080/10635150801910469. 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