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Pollard script
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<h2 id="characters">Characters</h2> <p>The script was originally developed for A-Hmao, and adopted early for <a href="/facts/Lipo_language/mSvetN0s">Lipo</a>. In 1949 Pollard adapted it for a group of Miao in <a href="/facts/Sichuan/e65P53aD">Szechuan</a>, creating a distinct alphabet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> There is also a <a href="/facts/Nasu_language/4HjyFkHp">Nasu</a> alphabet using Pollard script. </p> <h3>Consonants</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>𖼀</th><th>𖼁</th><th>𖼂</th><th>𖼃</th><th>𖼄</th></tr><tr><td>PA</td><td>BA</td><td>YI PA</td><td>PLA</td><td>MA</td></tr><tr><th>𖼅</th><th>𖼆</th><th>𖼇</th><th>𖼈</th><th>𖼉</th></tr><tr><td>MHA</td><td>ARCHAIC MA</td><td>FA</td><td>VA</td><td>VFA</td></tr><tr><th>𖼊</th><th>𖼋</th><th>𖼌</th><th>𖼍</th><th>𖼎</th></tr><tr><td>TA</td><td>DA</td><td>YI TTA</td><td>YI TA</td><td>TTA</td></tr><tr><th>𖼏</th><th>𖼐</th><th>𖼑</th><th>𖼒</th><th>𖼓</th></tr><tr><td>DDA</td><td>NA</td><td>NHA</td><td>YI NNA</td><td>ARCHAIC NA</td></tr><tr><th>𖼔</th><th>𖼕</th><th>𖼖</th><th>𖼗</th><th>𖼘</th></tr><tr><td>NNA</td><td>NNHA</td><td>LA</td><td>LYA</td><td>LHA</td></tr><tr><th>𖼙</th><th>𖼚</th><th>𖼛</th><th>𖼜</th><th>𖼝</th></tr><tr><td>LHYA</td><td>TLHA</td><td>DLHA</td><td>TLHYA</td><td>DLHYA</td></tr><tr><th>𖼞</th><th>𖼟</th><th>𖼠</th><th>𖼡</th><th>𖼢</th></tr><tr><td>KA</td><td>GA</td><td>YI KA</td><td>QA</td><td>QGA</td></tr><tr><th>𖼣</th><th>𖼤</th><th>𖼥</th><th>𖼦</th><th>𖼧</th></tr><tr><td>NGA</td><td>NGHA</td><td>ARCHAIC NGA</td><td>HA</td><td>XA</td></tr><tr><th>𖼨</th><th>𖼩</th><th>𖼪</th><th>𖼫</th><th>𖼬</th></tr><tr><td>GHA</td><td>GHHA</td><td>TSSA</td><td>DZZA</td><td>NYA</td></tr><tr><th>𖼭</th><th>𖼮</th><th>𖼯</th><th>𖼰</th><th>𖼱</th></tr><tr><td>NYHA</td><td>TSHA</td><td>DZHA</td><td>YI TSHA</td><td>YI DZHA</td></tr><tr><th>𖼲</th><th>𖼳</th><th>𖼴</th><th>𖼵</th><th>𖼶</th></tr><tr><td>REFORMED TSHA</td><td>SHA</td><td>SSA</td><td>ZHA</td><td>ZSHA</td></tr><tr><th>𖼷</th><th>𖼸</th><th>𖼹</th><th>𖼺</th><th>𖼻</th></tr><tr><td>TSA</td><td>DZA</td><td>YI TSA</td><td>SA</td><td>ZA</td></tr><tr><th>𖼼</th><th>𖼽</th><th>𖼾</th><th>𖼿</th><th>𖽀</th></tr><tr><td>ZSA</td><td>ZZA</td><td>ZZSA</td><td>ZZA</td><td>ZZYA</td></tr><tr><th>𖽁</th><th>𖽂</th><th>𖽃</th><th>𖽄</th><th>𖽅</th></tr><tr><td>ZZSYA</td><td>WA</td><td>AH</td><td>HHA</td><td>BRI</td></tr><tr><th>𖽆</th><th>𖽇</th><th>𖽈</th><th>𖽉</th><th>𖽊</th></tr><tr><td>SYI</td><td>DZYI</td><td>TE</td><td>TSE</td><td>RTE</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Vowels and finals</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>𖽔</th><th>𖽕</th><th>𖽖</th><th>𖽗</th></tr><tr><td>A</td><td>AA</td><td>AHH</td><td>AN</td></tr><tr><th>𖽘</th><th>𖽙</th><th>𖽚</th><th>𖽛</th></tr><tr><td>ANG</td><td>O</td><td>OO</td><td>WO</td></tr><tr><th>𖽜</th><th>𖽝</th><th>𖽞</th><th>𖽟</th></tr><tr><td>W</td><td>E</td><td>EN</td><td>ENG</td></tr><tr><th>𖽠</th><th>𖽡</th><th>𖽢</th><th>𖽣</th></tr><tr><td>OEY</td><td>I</td><td>IA</td><td>IAN</td></tr><tr><th>𖽤</th><th>𖽥</th><th>𖽦</th><th>𖽧</th></tr><tr><td>IANG</td><td>IO</td><td>IE</td><td>II</td></tr><tr><th>𖽨</th><th>𖽩</th><th>𖽪</th><th>𖽫</th></tr><tr><td>IU</td><td>ING</td><td>U</td><td>UA</td></tr><tr><th>𖽬</th><th>𖽭</th><th>𖽮</th><th>𖽯</th></tr><tr><td>UAN</td><td>UANG</td><td>UU</td><td>UEI</td></tr><tr><th>𖽰</th><th>𖽱</th><th>𖽲</th><th>𖽳</th></tr><tr><td>UNG</td><td>Y</td><td>YI</td><td>AE</td></tr><tr><th>𖽴</th><th>𖽵</th><th>𖽶</th><th>𖽷</th></tr><tr><td>AEE</td><td>ERR</td><td>ROUNDED ERR</td><td>ER</td></tr><tr><th>𖽸</th><th>𖽹</th><th>𖽺</th><th>𖽻</th></tr><tr><td>ROUNDED ER</td><td>AI</td><td>EI</td><td>AU</td></tr><tr><th>𖽼</th><th>𖽽</th><th>𖽾</th><th>𖽿</th></tr><tr><td>OU</td><td>N</td><td>NG</td><td>UOG</td></tr><tr><th>𖾀</th><th>𖾁</th><th>𖾂</th><th>𖾃</th></tr><tr><td>YUI</td><td>OG</td><td>OER</td><td>VW</td></tr><tr><th>𖾄</th><th>𖾅</th><th>𖾆</th><th>𖾇</th></tr><tr><td>IG</td><td>EA</td><td>IONG</td><td>UI</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Positioning tone marks</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>𖾏</th><th>𖾐</th><th>𖾑</th><th>𖾒</th></tr><tr><td>RIGHT</td><td>TOP RIGHT</td><td>ABOVE</td><td>BELOW</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Baseline tone marks</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>𖾓</th><th>𖾔</th><th>𖾕</th><th>𖾖</th><th>𖾗</th><th>𖾘</th><th>𖾙</th></tr><tr><td>TONE-2</td><td>TONE-3</td><td>TONE-4</td><td>TONE-5</td><td>TONE-6</td><td>TONE-7</td><td>TONE-8</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Archaic baseline tone marks</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>𖾚</th><th>𖾛</th><th>𖾜</th><th>𖾝</th><th>𖾞</th><th>𖾟</th></tr><tr><td>REFORMED TONE-1</td><td>REFORMED TONE-2</td><td>REFORMED TONE-4</td><td>REFORMED TONE-5</td><td>REFORMED TONE-6</td><td>REFORMED TONE-8</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="unicode">Unicode</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Miao_(Unicode_block)/zlt6Vyll">Miao (Unicode block)</a></p> <p>The Pollard script was first proposed for inclusion in <a href="/facts/Unicode/DDu3MfPV">Unicode</a> by John Jenkins in 1997.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> It took many years to reach a final proposal in 2010.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>It was added to the Unicode Standard in January, 2012 with the release of version 6.1. </p><p>The Unicode block for Pollard script, called Miao, is U+16F00–U+16F9F: </p> <table><tbody><tr><td colspan="17"><a href="/facts/Miao_(Unicode_block)/zlt6Vyll">Miao</a>[1][2]<a href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U16F00.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>A</td><td>B</td><td>C</td><td>D</td><td>E</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><td>U+16F0x</td><td>𖼀</td><td>𖼁</td><td>𖼂</td><td>𖼃</td><td>𖼄</td><td>𖼅</td><td>𖼆</td><td>𖼇</td><td>𖼈</td><td>𖼉</td><td>𖼊</td><td>𖼋</td><td>𖼌</td><td>𖼍</td><td>𖼎</td><td>𖼏</td></tr><tr><td>U+16F1x</td><td>𖼐</td><td>𖼑</td><td>𖼒</td><td>𖼓</td><td>𖼔</td><td>𖼕</td><td>𖼖</td><td>𖼗</td><td>𖼘</td><td>𖼙</td><td>𖼚</td><td>𖼛</td><td>𖼜</td><td>𖼝</td><td>𖼞</td><td>𖼟</td></tr><tr><td>U+16F2x</td><td>𖼠</td><td>𖼡</td><td>𖼢</td><td>𖼣</td><td>𖼤</td><td>𖼥</td><td>𖼦</td><td>𖼧</td><td>𖼨</td><td>𖼩</td><td>𖼪</td><td>𖼫</td><td>𖼬</td><td>𖼭</td><td>𖼮</td><td>𖼯</td></tr><tr><td>U+16F3x</td><td>𖼰</td><td>𖼱</td><td>𖼲</td><td>𖼳</td><td>𖼴</td><td>𖼵</td><td>𖼶</td><td>𖼷</td><td>𖼸</td><td>𖼹</td><td>𖼺</td><td>𖼻</td><td>𖼼</td><td>𖼽</td><td>𖼾</td><td>𖼿</td></tr><tr><td>U+16F4x</td><td>𖽀</td><td>𖽁</td><td>𖽂</td><td>𖽃</td><td>𖽄</td><td>𖽅</td><td>𖽆</td><td>𖽇</td><td>𖽈</td><td>𖽉</td><td>𖽊</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 𖽏</td></tr><tr><td>U+16F5x</td><td>𖽐</td><td> 𖽑</td><td> 𖽒</td><td> 𖽓</td><td> 𖽔</td><td> 𖽕</td><td> 𖽖</td><td> 𖽗</td><td> 𖽘</td><td> 𖽙</td><td> 𖽚</td><td> 𖽛</td><td> 𖽜</td><td> 𖽝</td><td> 𖽞</td><td> 𖽟</td></tr><tr><td>U+16F6x</td><td> 𖽠</td><td> 𖽡</td><td> 𖽢</td><td> 𖽣</td><td> 𖽤</td><td> 𖽥</td><td> 𖽦</td><td> 𖽧</td><td> 𖽨</td><td> 𖽩</td><td> 𖽪</td><td> 𖽫</td><td> 𖽬</td><td> 𖽭</td><td> 𖽮</td><td> 𖽯</td></tr><tr><td>U+16F7x</td><td> 𖽰</td><td> 𖽱</td><td> 𖽲</td><td> 𖽳</td><td> 𖽴</td><td> 𖽵</td><td> 𖽶</td><td> 𖽷</td><td> 𖽸</td><td> 𖽹</td><td> 𖽺</td><td> 𖽻</td><td> 𖽼</td><td> 𖽽</td><td> 𖽾</td><td> 𖽿</td></tr><tr><td>U+16F8x</td><td> 𖾀</td><td> 𖾁</td><td> 𖾂</td><td> 𖾃</td><td> 𖾄</td><td> 𖾅</td><td> 𖾆</td><td> 𖾇</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 𖾏 </td></tr><tr><td>U+16F9x</td><td> 𖾐 </td><td> 𖾑 </td><td> 𖾒 </td><td>𖾓</td><td>𖾔</td><td>𖾕</td><td>𖾖</td><td>𖾗</td><td>𖾘</td><td>𖾙</td><td>𖾚</td><td>𖾛</td><td>𖾜</td><td>𖾝</td><td>𖾞</td><td>𖾟</td></tr><tr><td colspan="17">Notes1.^ As of Unicode version 16.02.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="published-sources">Published sources</h2> <ul><li>Enwall, Joakim (1994). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iI0pAQAAIAAJ"><i>A Myth Become Reality: History and Development of the Miao Written Language, two volumes</i></a>. Stockholm East Asian Monographs, 5 & 6. Stockholm: Institute of Oriental Languages, Stockholm University. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9789171534231.</li> <li>Pollard, Samuel (December 1909). "Gathering up the Fragments". <i>The United Methodist Magazine</i>. 2: 531–35.</li> <li>Wen You (1938). "Lun Pollard Script" 論 Pollard Script [Essay on the Pollard Script]. <i>Xinan Bianjiang</i> 西南邊疆 [<i>Southwest frontier region</i>]. 1: 43–53.</li> <li>Wen You (1951). "Guizhou Leishan xin chu Miaowen canshi chukao" 貴州雷山新出苗文殘石初考 [Preliminary investigation of the Miao writing fragments recently discovered in Leishan, Guizhou]. <i>Huaxi wenwu</i> 華西文物 [<i>Huaxi University cultural relics</i>]. Reprinted in Wen You (1985). <i>Wen You lunji</i> 聞宥論集 [<i>Collection of articles by Wen You</i>]. Beijing: Zhongyang minzu xueyuan keyanchu 中央民族學院科研處 [Scientific research office of the Central Institute for Nationalities]. pp. 62–70.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/pollardmiao.htm">"Description of the Pollard script"</a>. Omniglot. Retrieved 2012-01-03.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Edwin_Dingle/bjLwxdw1">Dingle, Edwin</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13420/13420-h/13420-h.htm">"Across China on Foot"</a>. <i>Project Gutenberg</i>. Retrieved November 10, 2023. Dingle describes how Sam Pollard used positioning of vowel marks relative to consonants to indicate <a href="/facts/Tone_(linguistics)/eprhXrWJ">tones</a>.</li> <li><a href="http://phjamr.github.io/miao.html">"Miao Unicode, Open source font for users of the Miao script"</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23198-additions-to-miao-block.pdf">Preliminary proposal for additions for Hei Yi to Miao block</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Pollard, Samuel (1919), Story of the Miao, London: Henry Hooks, p. 174 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Enwall 1994 <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Tapp, N. (2011). "The Impact of Missionary Christianity Upon Marginalized Ethnic Minorities: The Case of the Hmong". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 20: 70–95. doi:10.1017/S0022463400019858. hdl:1885/22258.. Republished in Storch, Tanya, ed. (2006). Religions and Missionaries around the Pacific, 1500–1900. The Pacific World: Lands, Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500–1900. Vol. 17. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 289–314. ISBN 9780754606673. Retrieved 20 July 2013. <a href="9780754606673" target="_blank">9780754606673</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Duffy, John M. (2007). Writing from these roots: literacy in a Hmong-American community. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3095-3. <a href="978-0-8248-3095-3" target="_blank">978-0-8248-3095-3</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Jenkins, John H. (21 May 1997). "L2/97-104: Proposal to add Pollard to Unicode/ISO-IEC 10646" (PDF). Retrieved 6 August 2014. <a href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1997/97104-Pollard.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/L2/L1997/97104-Pollard.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"N3789: Final proposal for encoding the Miao script in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF). 26 March 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2014. <a href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3789.pdf" target="_blank">http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3789.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>