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Object Pascal
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Apple Pascal</h3> <p>Pascal became a major language in the programming world in the 1970s, with high-quality implementations on most <a href="/facts/Minicomputer/g8hvpQxe">minicomputer</a> platforms and <a href="/facts/Microcomputer/ETW22UTv">microcomputers</a>. Among the latter was the <a href="/facts/UCSD_Pascal/xxmwFYV5">UCSD Pascal</a> system, which compiled to an intermediate <i>p-System</i> code format that could then run on multiple platforms. Apple licensed UCSD and used it as the basis for their <a href="/facts/Apple_Pascal/VBmG7wJg">Apple Pascal</a> system for the <a href="/facts/Apple_II/se82CNvK">Apple II</a> and <a href="/facts/Apple_III/JcGuVETr">Apple III</a>. </p><p>Pascal became one of the major languages in the company in this period. With the start of the <a href="/facts/Apple_Lisa/PJpJhNRK">Apple Lisa</a> project, Pascal was selected as the main programming language of the platform, although this time as a <i>compiler</i> in contrast to the p-System <i>interpreter</i>. </p> <h3>Clascal and Apple's early Object Pascal</h3> <p>Object Pascal is an extension of the Pascal language that was developed at <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple Computer</a> by a team led by <a href="/facts/Larry_Tesler/0N6fCKhH">Larry Tesler</a> in consultation with <a href="/facts/Niklaus_Wirth/krsLUB11">Niklaus Wirth</a>, the inventor of Pascal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> It is descended from an earlier object-oriented version of Pascal named <a href="/facts/Clascal/2b1zamuY">Clascal</a>, which was available on the <a href="/facts/Apple_Lisa/PJpJhNRK">Lisa</a> computer. </p><p>Object Pascal was needed to support <a href="/facts/MacApp/pIg6HLPI">MacApp</a>, an expandable Macintosh application framework that would now be termed a <a href="/facts/Class_library/xRzL3P7q">class library</a>. Object Pascal extensions, and MacApp, were developed by Barry Haynes, Ken Doyle, and Larry Rosenstein, and were tested by Dan Allen. Larry Tesler oversaw the project, which began very early in 1985 and became a product in 1986. </p><p>An Object Pascal extension was also implemented in the Think Pascal <a href="/facts/Integrated_development_environment/jbEINSQf">integrated development environment</a> (IDE). The IDE includes the compiler and an editor with <a href="/facts/Syntax_highlighting/cLCr5a6w">syntax highlighting</a> and checking, a powerful <a href="/facts/Debugger/mCe6UsWj">debugger</a>, and a class library.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Many developers preferred Think Pascal over Apple's implementation of Object Pascal because Think Pascal offered a much faster compile–<a href="/facts/Linker_(computing)/pn1hztYe">link</a>–debug cycle, and tight integration of its tools. The last official release of Think Pascal was 4.01, in 1992. <a href="/facts/NortonLifeLock/uWvBqako">Symantec</a> later released an unofficial version 4.5d4 at no charge. </p><p>Apple dropped support for Object Pascal when they moved from <a href="/facts/Motorola_68000_series/jxd7VPlW">Motorola 68000 series</a> chips to IBM's <a href="/facts/PowerPC/DqmM9y50">PowerPC</a> architecture in 1994. MacApp 3.0, had already been rewritten in <a href="/facts/C%2B%2B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> and ported to this platform. </p><p><a href="/facts/Metrowerks/ozd1ez9s">Metrowerks</a> offered with <a href="/facts/CodeWarrior/XVgqt9Xl">CodeWarrior</a> an Object Pascal compiler for Macintosh that targeted both <a href="/facts/Motorola_68000_series/jxd7VPlW">68k</a> and <a href="/facts/PowerPC/DqmM9y50">PowerPC</a>, both in their IDE and as MPW tools. Macintosh developers using Object Pascal had a path to port to the <a href="/facts/PowerPC/DqmM9y50">PowerPC</a>, even architecture after both Apple and Symantec dropped support. <a href="/facts/MacApp/pIg6HLPI">MacApp</a> 2.0, written in Object Pascal, was ported to the PowerPC using <a href="/facts/CodeWarrior/XVgqt9Xl">CodeWarrior</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="borland-inprise-codegear-and-embarcadero-years">Borland, Inprise, CodeGear, and Embarcadero years</h2> <p>In 1986, <a href="/facts/Borland/crI5pTzW">Borland</a> introduced similar extensions, also named Object Pascal, to the <a href="/facts/Turbo_Pascal/2aWFEk9z">Turbo Pascal</a> product for the Macintosh, and in 1989 for Turbo Pascal 5.5 for DOS. When Borland refocused from <a href="/facts/DOS/sWwDXNmX">DOS</a> to <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Windows/bwhAhuSL">Windows</a> in 1994, they created a successor to Turbo Pascal, named <a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/sUFUXQ8r">Delphi</a>, and introduced a new set of extensions to create what is now known as the Delphi language. </p><p>The development of Delphi started in 1993 and Delphi 1.0 was officially released in the United States on 14 February 1995. While code using the Turbo Pascal object model could still be compiled, Delphi featured a new syntax using the keyword class in preference to object, the Create constructor and a virtual Destroy destructor (and negating having to call the New and Dispose procedures), properties, method pointers, and some other things. These were inspired by the <a href="/facts/International_Organization_for_Standardization/IacYR7Yg">ISO</a> working <a href="/facts/Draft_document/3caHQscF">draft</a> for object-oriented extensions, but many of the differences from Turbo Pascal's dialect (such as the draft's requirement that all methods be <a href="/facts/Virtual_function/cnxckyHy">virtual</a>) were ignored. </p><p>The Delphi language has continued to evolve over the years to support constructs such as <a href="/facts/Dynamic_array/EtocbTWK">dynamic arrays</a>, <a href="/facts/Generic_programming/kqtqJk7p">generics</a> and <a href="/facts/Anonymous_function/2vdyE4zL">anonymous methods</a>. The old object syntax introduced by Apple ("Old-Style Object Types") is still supported.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="versions">Versions</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Borland/crI5pTzW">Borland</a> used the name <i>Object Pascal</i> for the programming language in the first versions, but later renamed it to <i>Delphi</i>. <a href="/facts/Compiler/WNfCDFJe">Compilers</a> that claim to be compatible with Object Pascal are often trying to be compatible with Delphi <a href="/facts/Source_code/o9J6Jv23">source code</a>. Because Delphi is a <a href="/facts/Trademark/B23H8IS0">trademark</a>, compatible compilers continue using the name <i>Object Pascal</i>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Embarcadero_Technologies/Cw6SpURL">Embarcadero Technologies</a>, which purchased Delphi in 2008,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> sells the <a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/sUFUXQ8r">Delphi</a> <a href="/facts/Integrated_development_environment/jbEINSQf">integrated development environment</a> (IDE) that compiles the Delphi dialect of Object Pascal to <a href="/facts/Windows/bwhAhuSL">Windows</a> and <a href="/facts/MacOS/Y93vVpTm">macOS</a>, <a href="/facts/IOS/mK5cggH5">iOS</a>, <a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Android</a> and Web.</li> <li><a href="/facts/.NET_Framework/J6QDAUhP">.NET</a> support existed from Delphi 8 through Delphi 2005, 2006, and 2007, which now has been replaced by another language, <i>Oxygene</i> (see below), which is not fully backward-compatible.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Oxygene_(programming_language)/Q1yHwpR1">Oxygene</a> language developed by <a href="/facts/RemObjects_Software/eybTCcGn">RemObjects Software</a> targets the <a href="/facts/Common_Language_Infrastructure/mu44u01J">Common Language Infrastructure</a>, the <a href="/facts/Java_(software_platform)/fpn6x8WL">Java</a> Runtime Environment and <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple</a>'s <a href="/facts/Cocoa_(API)/p10p5aFI">Cocoa</a> frameworks for <a href="/facts/IOS/mK5cggH5">iOS</a> and <a href="/facts/MacOS/Y93vVpTm">macOS</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Open_source/7X9rCdz4">open source</a> <a href="/facts/Free_Pascal/kmGChqAg">Free Pascal</a> project allows the language to be compiled for a wide range of <a href="/facts/Operating_system/8XTuvMh2">operating systems</a>, including <a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a> (<a href="/facts/32-bit/TDMVce8s">32-bit</a>, <a href="/facts/64-bit/AgvkQHkM">64-bit</a>), <a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/facts/Classic_Mac_OS/I5fQq44K">Classic Mac OS</a>, <a href="/facts/MacOS/Y93vVpTm">macOS</a>, <a href="/facts/Solaris_(operating_system)/KPfT98EJ">Solaris</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_API/RRw4RtTu">Windows API</a> (32, 64, <a href="/facts/Windows_CE/bMUhjgqQ">CE</a>), the <a href="/facts/ARM_architecture_family/SALsYA79">ARM</a> <a href="/facts/Instruction_set_architecture/8p8vwUeE">instruction set architecture</a> (ISA), and several other hardware architectures. The first version of Free Pascal for the <a href="/facts/IPhone/h5WeKRl9">iPhone</a> <a href="/facts/Software_development_kit/2Hkk6Hbs">software development kit</a> (SDK) 2.<i>x</i> was announced on January 17, 2009.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Smart_Pascal/tfuPI7t5">Smart Pascal</a> language<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> targets <a href="/facts/ECMAScript/M7nDHsB5">ECMAScript</a>–<a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a> and is used in Smart Mobile Studio, written by Jon Lennart Aasenden and published by Optimale Systemer (2012). The language greatly simplifies <a href="/facts/HTML5/HBAxEAr6">HTML5</a> development through object-oriented, and <a href="/facts/Rapid_application_development/LX6JuaE4">rapid application development</a> (RAD) methods. Smart Pascal integrates tightly with established technologies such as <a href="/facts/Node.js/FKzhV4Qa">node.js</a>, Embarcadero DataSnap, and Remobjects SDK to produce high-performance <a href="/facts/Client%E2%80%93server_model/FSnf27C5">client–server model</a> web applications. The language allows easy creation of visual components and reusable libraries. The Smart Pascal dialect stems from the DWScript language, extended to better integrate with the JavaScript environment and libraries, such as asm sections which are plain JavaScript but have access to Pascal symbols, or <i>external</i> classes which map directly to prototypal JavaScript classes. Smart Pascal introduces true inheritance, classes, partial classes, interfaces, a <a href="/facts/Virtual_method_table/rFISodUl">virtual method table</a> and many other advanced constructs which are not a part of JavaScript by default.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Morfik/RYPjvVBk">Morfik</a> Pascal language, developed by Morfik, targets <a href="/facts/Ajax_(programming)/cS0P0whT">Ajax</a>-enabled Web applications. The compiler is built into the company's AppsBuilder IDE and allows Object Pascal code to be used in implementing code to execute in a browser or server. It uses the <a href="/facts/Free_Pascal/kmGChqAg">Free Pascal</a> compiler to generate native binaries from Object Pascal.</li> <li>The open source <a href="/facts/GNU_Pascal/lwr1HC0g">GNU Pascal</a> compiler is available as a front-end to the <a href="/facts/GNU_Compiler_Collection/t07jh01k">GNU Compiler Collection</a>, which implements the <a href="/facts/International_Organization_for_Standardization/IacYR7Yg">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) 7185 Pascal standard, and most of the ISO 10206 Extended Pascal standard.</li> <li>Turbo51 is a free compiler to program <a href="/facts/Intel_8051/2bqJXGlv">Intel 8051</a> chips.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>WDSibyl is an open source Delphi-like IDE and compiler available for <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Windows/bwhAhuSL">Microsoft Windows</a> and <a href="/facts/OS/2/uVBl6ItP">OS/2</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> and is a commercial <a href="/facts/Turbo_Pascal/2aWFEk9z">Turbo Pascal</a> compatible environment released by a company named Speedsoft that was later developed into a Delphi-like RAD environment named Sybil, and then open sourced under the GPL when that company closed down. Wolfgang Draxler (WD) now maintains the software.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> The compiler used seems to be located in a DLL and is not open-source.</li></ul> <h2 id="compilers">Compilers</h2> <p>Object Pascal <a href="/facts/Compiler/WNfCDFJe">compilers</a> are available for a wide range of <a href="/facts/Operating_system/8XTuvMh2">operating systems</a> and architectures. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/sUFUXQ8r">Delphi</a> is probably the best known compiler. It is the successor of the highly successful Borland Pascal and <a href="/facts/Turbo_Pascal/2aWFEk9z">Turbo Pascal</a> product line. It targets <a href="/facts/Windows_9x/f1zwlghw">Windows 9x</a> (Delphi 2007 and older), the <a href="/facts/Windows_NT/EtccWvxQ">Windows NT</a> family, <a href="/facts/.NET_Framework/J6QDAUhP">.NET Framework</a> (Delphi 8, 2005, 2007), <a href="/facts/MacOS/Y93vVpTm">macOS</a> (Delphi XE2 and later), <a href="/facts/IOS/mK5cggH5">iOS</a> (Delphi XE2 and later, generating native binaries in XE4 and later), <a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Android</a> (Delphi XE5 and later, generating native binaries in XE5 and later). Support for .NET finally became a separate product known as Oxygene (see below).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Free_Pascal/kmGChqAg">Free Pascal</a> Compiler (FPC) is an open-source Object Pascal compiler that supports many Pascal dialects, including <a href="/facts/Turbo_Pascal/2aWFEk9z">Turbo Pascal</a> 7, Delphi, and others. Currently, FPC can generate code for <a href="/facts/IA-32/7yTv1aHH">IA-32</a>, <a href="/facts/X86-64/cyWvUFlP">x86-64</a>, <a href="/facts/PowerPC/DqmM9y50">PowerPC</a>, <a href="/facts/SPARC/m7KhEtET">SPARC</a>, and <a href="/facts/ARM_architecture/SALsYA79">ARM</a> processors, and for several operating systems, including <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Windows/bwhAhuSL">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a>, <a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/facts/Classic_Mac_OS/I5fQq44K">Classic Mac OS</a>, and <a href="/facts/MacOS/Y93vVpTm">macOS</a> (with an <a href="/facts/Xcode/glURdIVT">Xcode</a> integration kit). Several separate projects exist to facilitate rapid application development with FPC, the most prominent one being <a href="/facts/Lazarus_(IDE)/6Il32HeV">Lazarus (IDE)</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/GNU_Pascal/lwr1HC0g">GNU Pascal</a> (a separately distributed part of the <a href="/facts/GNU_Compiler_Collection/t07jh01k">GNU Compiler Collection</a>), while not formally aimed at the Delphi dialect of Pascal, does contain a Turbo Pascal compatibility mode, and is very slowly incorporating a few Delphi language features. It is unsuitable for recompiling large bodies of Delphi code directly, but is notable as having prolific support for operating systems and hardware architectures.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Oxygene_(programming_language)/Q1yHwpR1">Oxygene</a> (formerly <i>Chrome</i>) is an Object Pascal compiler from <a href="/facts/RemObjects_Software/eybTCcGn">RemObjects Software</a> that integrates into <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Visual_Studio/omNe6Lej">Microsoft Visual Studio</a>. It is also available as free <a href="/facts/Command-line_interface/R9JpGmXQ">command-line interface</a> compiler that runs native on <a href="/facts/Common_Language_Infrastructure/mu44u01J">CLI</a>. It is three compilers in one, each targeting a different platform: Echoes for <a href="/facts/.NET_Framework/J6QDAUhP">.NET Framework</a>, <a href="/facts/Mono_(software)/PlyeJxRS">Mono</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_Runtime/82L9965U">WinRT</a> and <a href="/facts/Windows_Phone_8/8Ed3tWwl">Windows Phone 8</a>, Cooper for <a href="/facts/JDK/qL5cDos6">JDK</a> and <a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Android</a>, and Nougat for <a href="/facts/IOS/mK5cggH5">iOS</a> and <a href="/facts/MacOS/Y93vVpTm">macOS</a>.</li></ul> <h3>Legacy products</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Borland_Kylix/4XDv3lIQ">Borland Kylix</a> was a <a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a> variant of Delphi which only targets Intel 32-bit Linux using the <a href="/facts/Qt_(software)/gVhwlQnJ">Qt</a> library. It does not work out of the box with most modern Linux distributions.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Virtual_Pascal/3lqGoHCM">Virtual Pascal</a> was a free 32-bit Turbo Pascal and Delphi compatible compiler for mainly <a href="/facts/OS/2/uVBl6ItP">OS/2</a> and Microsoft Windows. Later, it also received a DOS+ Extender and an experimental Linux cross-compiler. The compiler's development stopped at about the level of Delphi 2. In 2007, its official website ceased to operate, and further development ceased.</li></ul> <h2 id="interpreters">Interpreters</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Pascal_Script/6Ef9D1z3">Pascal Script</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.remobjects.com/ps">Pascal Script</a> (formerly <i>InnerFuse</i>) and <a href="https://code.google.com/p/dwscript/">DWScript</a> (Delphi Web Script) are open-source Object Pascal <a href="/facts/Interpreter_(computing)/JB85fbyb">interpreters</a> and scripting engines written in Delphi. They support subsets of Object Pascal. DWScript can also compile Object Pascal code into JavaScript code (Smart Pascal), and supports <a href="/facts/Just-in-time_compilation/rEYDsd8l">just-in-time compilation</a> (JIT). Modern Pascal provides 3 different interpreters: a <a href="/facts/Command-line_interface/R9JpGmXQ">command-line interface</a> (CLI), Apache Module (Celerity), and CodeRunner (node.js like solution able to handle different scripts per port), besides the ability to compile and protect a script's <a href="/facts/Source_code/o9J6Jv23">source code</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="sample-hello-world-programs">Sample "Hello World" programs</h2> <p>Here are several "Hello World" programs in different Object Pascal versions. </p> <h3>Apple version</h3> program ObjectPascalExample; type THelloWorld = object procedure Put; end; var HelloWorld: THelloWorld; procedure THelloWorld.Put; begin ShowMessage('Hello, World!'); end; begin New(HelloWorld); HelloWorld.Put; Dispose(HelloWorld); end. <h3>Turbo Pascal version</h3> <p>Still supported in Delphi and Free Pascal. FPC also packages its own substitutes for the libraries/units. Delphi does not. The Free Pascal 1.0 series and the FPC textmode IDE are the largest open codebases in this dialect. Free Pascal 2.0 was rewritten in a more Delphi-like dialect, and the textmode IDE and related frameworks (Free Vision) are the only parts in the TP version of Object Pascal. </p> <h4>Stack based allocation</h4> program ObjectPascalExample; type THelloWorld = object procedure Put; end; procedure THelloWorld.Put; begin WriteLn('Hello, World!'); end; var HelloWorld: THelloWorld; { allocated on the stack and can be used without explicit allocation. } begin HelloWorld.Put; end. <h4>Heap based allocation</h4> program ObjectPascalExample; type PHelloWorld = ^THelloWorld; THelloWorld = object procedure Put; end; procedure THelloWorld.Put; begin WriteLn('Hello, World!'); end; var HelloWorld: PHelloWorld; { this is a typed pointer to a THelloWorld } begin New(HelloWorld); HelloWorld^.Put; Dispose(HelloWorld); end. <p>Another example: </p> program ObjectPascalExample; type PHelloWorld = ^THelloWorld; THelloWorld = object procedure Put; end; procedure THelloWorld.Put; begin WriteLn('Hello, World!'); end; var HelloWorld: PHelloWorld; { this is a typed pointer to a THelloWorld } HelloWorld2: ^THelloWorld; { this is exactly the same with different syntax } HelloWorld3: ^THelloWorld; HelloWorld4: PHelloWorld; begin { This works in a similar way as the code above, note the allocation and de-allocation, though, many people get confused. In the past there was a wrong example with wrong comments here... } New(HelloWorld); { one instance } HelloWorld4 := HelloWorld; { this is valid - a pointer copy } HelloWorld2 := HelloWorld; { this is valid - a pointer copy } New(HelloWorld3); { a second instance } HelloWorld4 := HelloWorld3; { this is valid - a pointer copy } HelloWorld2 := HelloWorld3; { this is valid - a pointer copy } Dispose(HelloWorld); { it allocates only two instances } Dispose(HelloWorld3); { so it must release only two instances } end. <p>This works based on pointer copy, unless there is a specific allocation for a deeper copy. </p> <h3>Delphi and Free Pascal version</h3> program ObjectPascalExample; type THelloWorld = class procedure Put; end; procedure THelloWorld.Put; begin Writeln('Hello, World!'); end; var HelloWorld: THelloWorld; { this is an implicit pointer } begin HelloWorld := THelloWorld.Create; { constructor returns a pointer to an object of type THelloWorld } HelloWorld.Put; HelloWorld.Free; { this line deallocates the THelloWorld object pointed to by HelloWorld } end. <p>Note that the object construct is still available in Delphi and Free Pascal. </p> <h3>Oxygene version</h3> namespace ObjectPascalExample; interface type ConsoleApp = class class method Main; end; THelloWorld = class method Put; end; implementation method THelloWorld.Put; begin Console.WriteLine('Hello, World!'); end; class method ConsoleApp.Main; begin var HelloWorld := new THelloWorld; HelloWorld.Put; end; end. <h3>DWScript (Smart Pascal) version</h3> type THelloWorld = class procedure Put; begin PrintLn('Hello, World!'); end end; var HelloWorld := THelloWorld.Create; HelloWorld.Put; <p>The method implementation can also be made in a distinct location as in other Object Pascal dialects. </p> <h2 id="development">Development</h2> <p>Many features have been introduced continuously to Object Pascal with extensions to Delphi and extensions to FreePascal. In reaction to criticism, Free Pascal has adopted generics with the same syntax as Delphi, provided Delphi compatibility mode is selected, and both Delphi (partial) and Free Pascal (more extensive) support <a href="/facts/Operator_overloading/hRyHs4Qf">operator overloading</a>. Delphi has also introduced many other features since version 7,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> including generics. Whereas FreePascal tries to be compatible to Delphi in Delphi compatibility mode, it also usually introduced many new features to the language that are not always available in Delphi. </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.02/02.12/ObjectPascal/">Introduction to Object Pascal</a>, MacTech Vol 2 Issue 12 1985.</li> <li><a href="http://www.freepascal.org/docs-html/ref/ref.html">Object Pascal reference guide for Free Pascal.</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091223073028/http://www.freepascal.org/docs-html/ref/ref.html">Archived</a> 2009-12-23 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> "The aim is to list which Pascal constructs are supported, and to show where the Free Pascal implementation differs from the Turbo Pascal or Delphi implementations." <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060713205007/http://www.freepascal.org/docs/ref.pdf">Free Pascal: Reference guide</a>, Reference guide for Free Pascal, version 2.0.0</li></ul></li> <li><a href="http://www.roblocher.com/whitepapers/opascal.html">Major Differences Between the Syntax of C++ and Object Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.think-pascal.org/">Think Pascal 4.5</a> Unofficial page about Symantec's final version of Think Pascal.</li></ul> <h3>Delphi</h3> <ul><li><a href="http://docs.embarcadero.com/products/rad_studio/cbuilder6/EN/CB6_ObjPascalLangGuide_EN.pdf">Object Pascal Language Guide</a> Covering Borland Delphi 6-7</li> <li><a href="http://www.delphibasics.info">Delphi Basics</a>, Resource of Delphi project source codes.</li> <li><a href="http://delphi-help.ru/">Delphi-Help - первая помощь программисту на Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161001175512/http://delphiprogramming.org/">Delphi Programming</a>, Resource of Delphi Programming & Delphi Programming Forums.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Tesler, Larry (1985). "Object Pascal Report". Structured Language World. 9 (3): 10–7. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Tesler, Larry (February 4, 1985). "Object Pascal for the Macintosh" (PDF). Retrieved March 13, 2025. <a href="https://bitsavers.org/pdf/apple/mac/developer/MacApp/Object_Pascal_For_The_Macintosh_19850214.pdf" target="_blank">https://bitsavers.org/pdf/apple/mac/developer/MacApp/Object_Pascal_For_The_Macintosh_19850214.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Seiter, Charles (November 1990). "Think Pascal 3". Macworld. Vol. 7, no. 11. p. 236. <a href="https://archive.org/details/mac_MacWorld_9011_November_1990/page/n251/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/mac_MacWorld_9011_November_1990/page/n251/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Arnold, Brian; McCarthy, Guy (November 1995). "MacApp Pascal Rides again". MacTech. Vol. 11, no. 11. pp. 30–31. <a href="https://archive.org/details/eu_MacTech-1995-11/page/n31/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/eu_MacTech-1995-11/page/n31/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Arnold, Brian (February 1996). "MacApp 2 for PowerPC in Object Pascal". MacTech. Vol. 12, no. 2. pp. 25–32. <a href="https://archive.org/details/eu_MacTech-1996-02_OCR/page/n26/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/eu_MacTech-1996-02_OCR/page/n26/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Lischner, Ray (2000). Delphi in a nutshell: a desktop quick reference (1st ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly and Associates. 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Retrieved 19 June 2013. <a href="https://leanpub.com/asmartbook" target="_blank">https://leanpub.com/asmartbook</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Funa, Igor (2021). "Turbo51: Turbo Pascal Compiler for 8051 microcontrollers". Archived from the original on 2018-09-25. <a href="http://turbo51.com/" target="_blank">http://turbo51.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Draxler, Wolfgang. "WDSibyl: Visual Development Environment". Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. <a href="https://www.wdsibyl.org/" target="_blank">https://www.wdsibyl.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"EDM/2: WDSibyl". 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