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<h2 id="modifications-and-adjustments-to-affect-handling">Modifications and adjustments to affect handling</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Car_handling/uypATlPu">Car handling</a></p> <p>The following trends will apply in most cases, but there can be exceptions to some of these. Generally changes should be made one at a time, in small steps. Adjusting to gain in one characteristic will often will often be at the expense of another characteristic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Component</th><th>Reduce <a href="/facts/Understeer_and_oversteer/mNtlzqAJ">understeer</a></th><th>Reduce <a href="/facts/Understeer_and_oversteer/mNtlzqAJ">oversteer</a></th></tr><tr><td>Weight distribution</td><td><a href="/facts/Center_of_gravity/n4Lr9GAz">centre of gravity</a> towards rear</td><td>centre of gravity towards front</td></tr><tr><td>Front <a href="/facts/Shock_absorber/2FGD4PNh">shock absorber</a></td><td>softer</td><td>stiffer</td></tr><tr><td>Rear shock absorber</td><td>stiffer</td><td>softer</td></tr><tr><td>Front <a href="/facts/Sway_bar/aMTs2upI">sway bar</a></td><td>softer</td><td>stiffer</td></tr><tr><td>Rear sway bar</td><td>stiffer</td><td>softer</td></tr><tr><td>Front <a href="/facts/Tire/TUgHKMQb">tyre</a> selection1</td><td>larger <a href="/facts/Contact_patch/8yvVaHAJ">contact area</a>²</td><td>smaller contact area</td></tr><tr><td>Rear tyre selection</td><td>smaller contact area</td><td>larger contact area²</td></tr><tr><td>Front wheel rim width or diameter (will change the tire <i>shape</i> but not area)</td><td>larger²</td><td>smaller</td></tr><tr><td>Rear wheel rim width or diameter (will change tire <i>shape</i>, but not area)</td><td>smaller</td><td>larger²</td></tr><tr><td>Front tyre pressure*</td><td>lower pressure</td><td>higher pressure</td></tr><tr><td>Rear tyre pressure*</td><td>higher pressure</td><td>lower pressure</td></tr><tr><td>Front wheel <a href="/facts/Camber_angle/HLD7fCvm">camber</a></td><td>increase negative camber</td><td>reduce negative camber</td></tr><tr><td>Rear wheel camber</td><td>reduce negative camber</td><td>increase negative camber</td></tr><tr><td>Rear <a href="/facts/Spoiler_(automotive)/NkpcMLbB">spoiler</a></td><td>smaller</td><td>larger</td></tr><tr><td>Front height (because these usually affect camber and <a href="/facts/Roll_moment/2JfQ7EEW">roll</a> resistance, see also <a href="/facts/Body_roll/eV6rvfm5">body roll</a>; not to be confused with <a href="/facts/Rolling_resistance/nrvwxcHy">rolling friction</a>)</td><td>lower front end</td><td>raise front end</td></tr><tr><td>Rear height</td><td>raise rear end</td><td>lower rear end</td></tr><tr><td>Front <a href="/facts/Toe_(automotive)/dGVspwAh">toe</a> in</td><td>decrease</td><td>increase</td></tr><tr><td>Rear toe in</td><td>decrease</td><td>increase</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">1) tyre contact area can be increased by using wider tyres, or tyres with fewer grooves in the tread pattern. Of course fewer grooves has the opposite effect in wet weather or other poor road conditions.<p>2) These also improve <a href="/facts/Roadholding/ExbQ9Qdf">roadholding</a>, under most conditions.</p><p>* Actually every tyre has its "optimum" pressure at which it makes the most grip. Above this grip slowly drops and below this it drops quickly. Just keep this in mind so that if you find dropping pressure improves that end of the car or adding pressure lowers it. </p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition, lowering the centre of gravity will always help the handling (as well as reduce the chance of roll-over). This can be done to some extent by using plastic windows (or none) and light roof, hood (bonnet) and boot (trunk) lid materials, by reducing the ground clearance, etc. Increasing the track with "reversed" wheels will have a similar effect, but remember that the wider the car the less spare room it has on the road and the farther you may have to swerve to miss an obstacle. Stiffer springs and/or shocks, both front and rear, will generally improve handling, at the expense of comfort on small bumps. Performance suspension kits are available. Light alloy (mostly aluminium or magnesium) wheels improve handling and ride as well as appearance. </p><p>The car's roll centre is the other fundamental piece of the equation. Care must be taken to avoid lowering the centre of gravity past the car's roll centre. The distance between the car's centre of gravity and its roll centre is known as the roll couple, or the length that the car rolls around. Ideally, if the roll centre and the centre of gravity occupy the same space, the car should exhibit zero body roll. </p><p>Moment of inertia can be reduced by reducing weight, usually results from using lighter bumpers and wings (fenders), or none at all. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Car_handling/uypATlPu">Car handling</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Car_tuning/l3br03sn">Car tuning</a>, the hobby of modifying a car</li> <li><a href="/facts/Coil_bind/jwBVnHDg">Coil bind</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Oversteer/mNtlzqAJ">Oversteer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Understeer/mNtlzqAJ">Understeer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vehicle_dynamics/qu2g6Eek">Vehicle dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Inerter_(mechanical_networks)/360SLU5e">Inerter (mechanical networks)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026235423/http://ca.geocities.com/cbarnett/SetupMatrix.html">Setup Matrix (for virtual racing)</a></li> <li><a href="http://autopedia.com/stuttgart-west/StuttPhysics.html">Physics of Racing Series</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.racelinecentral.com/RacingSetupGuide.html">The "ULTIMATE" Racing Car Chassis Setup Guide and Tutorial</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.gpladdicts.speedgeezers.com/pjsetupguide/pjsetupguide.html">Building a setup for Grand Prix Legends</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Slik liker Andreas å sette opp rallybilen sin <a href="https://www.redbull.com/no-no/slik-liker-andreas-%C3%A5-sette-opp-rallybilen-sin" target="_blank">https://www.redbull.com/no-no/slik-liker-andreas-%C3%A5-sette-opp-rallybilen-sin</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>