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Gaborone Central
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<h2 id="constituency-profile">Constituency profile</h2> <p>The constituency was created in 1994 as part of an expansion that increased the number of Gaborone constituencies from two to four. It is the <a href="/facts/Swing_(politics)/EKz6hMy9">swingiest</a> seat in the country, having only re-elected an incumbent once. The constituency is not necessarily <a href="/facts/Marginal_seat/j2TvVI1s">marginal</a> i.e., it usually is won with large majorities. Despite electing MPs with large majorities, these majorities are frequently easily overturned from one election to the next. The constituency serves as a <a href="/facts/Bellwether/lpXsUsNp">bellwether</a> of national electoral trends, with the notable exceptions of 2004 and 2009, when <a href="/facts/Dumelang_Saleshando/aT9Dreg8">Dumelang Saleshando</a>, the future leader of the <a href="/facts/Botswana_Congress_Party/XIXehDCl">Botswana Congress Party</a> (BCP), ran a well-organized and "high-profile" campaign in 2004 and became the party’s sole <a href="/facts/Member_of_Parliament_(Botswana)/0VxjAw7Y">MP</a> in the <a href="/facts/9th_Parliament_of_Botswana/YSrGzyHJ">9th Parliament</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> He was re-elected in 2009 with the largest majority ever recorded in the constituency—35 percentage points. </p><p>However, at the <a href="/facts/2014_Botswana_general_election/AjYGGcwc">2014 general election</a>, Saleshando's large majority was overturned as he lost the seat to <a href="/facts/Phenyo_Butale/RCW9SsyP">Phenyo Butale</a> of the UDC who benefitted from a combination of sympathy votes following the death of the initial UDC candidate, the <a href="/facts/Botswana_Movement_for_Democracy/qQ1Dfn2x">Botswana Movement for Democracy</a> leader, <a href="/facts/Gomolemo_Motswaledi/BX6hD0W3">Gomolemo Motswaledi</a> in July, as well as voter dissatisfaction with Saleshando and the BCP for not joining the UDC to form a united opposition against the <a href="/facts/Botswana_Democratic_Party/lcDMtqe1">BDP</a>. </p><p>Since its creation, the BDP has won the constituency only twice (1999 and 2019), both times with less than 50% of the vote. The constituency is entirely urban and contains a diverse mix of communities. It is home to both the nation's wealthiest suburbs and the city's most impoverished neighbourhoods, as well as the <a href="/facts/University_of_Botswana/Wk5yl4Jw">University of Botswana</a> and a <a href="/facts/Botswana_Defence_Force/sFl2nMrH">Botswana Defence Force</a> encampment. The kaleidoscopic nature of the constituency means it's home to many <a href="/facts/Swing_vote/h8wXb4E2">swing voters</a> and explains its political volatility. </p><p>It encompasses the following locations:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <ol><li>Station Mall</li> <li>Main Mall</li> <li>Botswelelo</li> <li>Phologolo</li> <li>Madibeng</li> <li>Partial</li> <li>Tshimotharo</li> <li>Ginger</li> <li>Maruapula</li> <li>Broadhurst</li> <li>Extension 39</li> <li>Village</li> <li>Badiri</li> <li>Government Enclave</li></ol> <h2 id="members-of-parliament">Members of Parliament</h2> <p>Key: <a href="/facts/Botswana_National_Front/kVpXjJRt">BNF</a> <a href="/facts/Botswana_Democratic_Party/lcDMtqe1">BDP</a> <a href="/facts/Botswana_Congress_Party/XIXehDCl">BCP</a> <a href="/facts/Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change_(2014)/oDrs03rX">UDC</a> <a href="/facts/Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change/oDrs03rX">UDC</a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Election</th><th colspan="2">Winner</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/1994_Botswana_general_election/54vEDjHh">1994 election</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Michael_Dingake/s4uzempR">Michael Dingake</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/1999_Botswana_general_election/XD7Kg5Py">1999 election</a></td><td></td><td>Margaret Nasha</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/2004_Botswana_general_election/lWuw6lqY">2004 election</a></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Dumelang_Saleshando/aT9Dreg8">Dumelang Saleshando</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/2009_Botswana_general_election/7GJ0Mf9g">2009 election</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/2014_Botswana_general_election/AjYGGcwc">2014 election</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Phenyo_Butale/RCW9SsyP">Phenyo Butale</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/2019_Botswana_general_election/v8CjT6Dc">2019 election</a></td><td></td><td>Tumisang Healy</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/2024_Botswana_general_election/juIs8haj">2024 election</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Phenyo_Butale/RCW9SsyP">Phenyo Butale</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="election-results">Election results</h2> <h3>2024 election</h3> <a href="/facts/2024_Botswana_general_election/juIs8haj">General election 2024</a>: Gaborone Central<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th><th scope="col">±%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change/oDrs03rX">UDC</a></td><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Phenyo_Butale/RCW9SsyP">Phenyo Butale</a> </th><td>5,493 </td><td>47.30 </td><td>+16.89 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_Congress_Party/XIXehDCl">BCP</a></td><th scope="row">Mpho Pheko</th><td>3,112</td><td>26.80</td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_Democratic_Party/lcDMtqe1">BDP</a></td><th scope="row">Bontsi Monare</th><td>2,826</td><td>24.34</td><td>−23.82</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_Patriotic_Front/yRAIm8rl">BPF</a></td><th scope="row">Kemmonye Sekati</th><td>122</td><td>1.05</td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_Movement_for_Democracy/qQ1Dfn2x">BMD</a></td><th scope="row">Magdeline Nkumba</th><td>35</td><td>0.30</td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Independent_politician/Pzzvg0CC">Independent</a></td><th scope="row">Jafta Radibe</th><td>24</td><td>0.21</td><td>+0.05</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Margin of victory</th><td>2,381</td><td>20.50</td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Total valid votes</th><td>11,612</td><td>98.80</td><td>−0.76</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Rejected ballots</th><td>141</td><td>1.20</td><td>+0.76</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/facts/Voter_turnout/FWYnvL2n">Turnout</a></th><td>11,753</td><td>76.41</td><td>−2.88</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/facts/Voter_registration/3HtLevwR">Registered electors</a></th><td>15,381</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change/oDrs03rX">UDC</a> gain from <a href="/facts/Botswana_Democratic_Party/lcDMtqe1">BDP</a></td><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Swing_(politics)/EKz6hMy9">Swing</a></th><td>+21.85</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>2019 election</h3> <a href="/facts/2019_Botswana_general_election/v8CjT6Dc">General election 2019</a>: Gaborone Central<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th><th scope="col">±%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_Democratic_Party/lcDMtqe1">BDP</a></td><th scope="row">Tumisang Healy </th><td>4,886 </td><td>48.16 </td><td>+20.54 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change/oDrs03rX">UDC</a></td><th scope="row">Mpho Pheko</th><td>3,085</td><td>30.41</td><td>−9.41</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alliance_for_Progressives/vbs84dkE">AP</a></td><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Phenyo_Butale/RCW9SsyP">Phenyo Butale</a></th><td>2,106</td><td>20.76</td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Independent_politician/Pzzvg0CC">Independent</a></td><th scope="row">Letsweletse Moses</th><td>53</td><td>0.52</td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Independent_politician/Pzzvg0CC">Independent</a></td><th scope="row">Jafta Radibe</th><td>16</td><td>0.16</td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Margin of victory</th><td>1,801</td><td>17.75</td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Total valid votes</th><td>10,146</td><td>99.56</td><td>−0.03</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Rejected ballots</th><td>45</td><td>0.44</td><td>+0.03</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/facts/Voter_turnout/FWYnvL2n">Turnout</a></th><td>10,191</td><td>79.29</td><td>−3.31</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/facts/Voter_registration/3HtLevwR">Registered electors</a></th><td>12,853</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Botswana_Democratic_Party/lcDMtqe1">BDP</a> gain from <a href="/facts/Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change/oDrs03rX">UDC</a></td><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Swing_(politics)/EKz6hMy9">Swing</a></th><td>+14.98</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>2014 election</h3> <a href="/facts/2014_Botswana_general_election/AjYGGcwc">General election 2014</a>: Gaborone Central<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th><th scope="col">±%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change_(2014)/oDrs03rX">UDC</a></td><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Phenyo_Butale/RCW9SsyP">Phenyo Butale</a> </th><td>4,601 </td><td>39.82 </td><td><i>N/A</i> </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_Congress_Party/XIXehDCl">BCP</a></td><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Dumelang_Saleshando/aT9Dreg8">Dumelang Saleshando</a></th><td>3,727</td><td>32.26</td><td>−29.49</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_Democratic_Party/lcDMtqe1">BDP</a></td><th scope="row">Rupert Hambira</th><td>3,191</td><td>27.62</td><td>+0.68</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Independent_politician/Pzzvg0CC">Independent</a></td><th scope="row">Sidney Baitsile</th><td>35</td><td>0.30</td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Margin of victory</th><td>874</td><td>7.56</td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Total valid votes</th><td>11,554</td><td>99.53</td><td>+1.52</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Rejected ballots</th><td>55</td><td>0.47</td><td>−1.52</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/facts/Voter_turnout/FWYnvL2n">Turnout</a></th><td>11,609</td><td>82.60</td><td>+6.34</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/facts/Voter_registration/3HtLevwR">Registered electors</a></th><td>14,054</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change_(2014)/oDrs03rX">UDC</a> gain from <a href="/facts/Botswana_Congress_Party/XIXehDCl">BCP</a></td><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Swing_(politics)/EKz6hMy9">Swing</a></th><td>+34.66</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>2009 election</h3> <a href="/facts/2009_Botswana_general_election/7GJ0Mf9g">General election 2009</a>: Gaborone Central<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th><th scope="col">±%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_Congress_Party/XIXehDCl">BCP</a></td><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Dumelang_Saleshando/aT9Dreg8">Dumelang Saleshando</a> </th><td>6,102 </td><td>61.75 </td><td>+23.87 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_Democratic_Party/lcDMtqe1">BDP</a></td><th scope="row">Kgomotso Mogami</th><td>2,662</td><td>26.94</td><td>−9.79</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_National_Front/kVpXjJRt">BNF</a></td><th scope="row">Calvin Thutlwe</th><td>1,118</td><td>11.31</td><td>−12.96</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Margin of victory</th><td>3,440</td><td>34.81</td><td>+33.66</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Total valid votes</th><td>9,882</td><td>98.01</td><td>−1.65</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Rejected ballots</th><td>201</td><td>1.99</td><td>+1.65</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/facts/Voter_turnout/FWYnvL2n">Turnout</a></th><td>10,083</td><td>76.26</td><td>+0.05</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/facts/Voter_registration/3HtLevwR">Registered electors</a></th><td>13,222</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Botswana_Congress_Party/XIXehDCl">BCP</a> hold</td><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Swing_(politics)/EKz6hMy9">Swing</a></th><td>+16.83</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>2004 election</h3> <a href="/facts/2004_Botswana_general_election/lWuw6lqY">General election 2004</a>: Gaborone Central<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th><th scope="col">±%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_Congress_Party/XIXehDCl">BCP</a></td><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Dumelang_Saleshando/aT9Dreg8">Dumelang Saleshando</a> </th><td>2,992 </td><td>37.88 </td><td>+21.58 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_Democratic_Party/lcDMtqe1">BDP</a></td><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Margaret_Nasha/LBqq8MLJ">Margaret Nasha</a></th><td>2,901</td><td>36.73</td><td>−10.82</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_National_Front/kVpXjJRt">BNF</a></td><th scope="row">Kathleen Letshabo</th><td>1,917</td><td>24.27</td><td>−6.80</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/New_Democratic_Front_(Botswana)/7r0erYCk">NDF</a></td><th scope="row">Violet Mphuting</th><td>89</td><td>1.13</td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Margin of victory</th><td>91</td><td>1.15</td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Total valid votes</th><td>7,899</td><td>99.66</td><td>+0.47</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Rejected ballots</th><td>34</td><td>0.34</td><td>−0.47</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/facts/Voter_turnout/FWYnvL2n">Turnout</a></th><td>7,926</td><td>76.21</td><td>+1.80</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/facts/Voter_registration/3HtLevwR">Registered electors</a></th><td>10,400</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Botswana_Congress_Party/XIXehDCl">BCP</a> gain from <a href="/facts/Botswana_Democratic_Party/lcDMtqe1">BDP</a></td><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Swing_(politics)/EKz6hMy9">Swing</a></th><td>+16.20</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>1999 election</h3> <a href="/facts/1999_Botswana_general_election/XD7Kg5Py">General election 1999</a>: Gaborone Central<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th><th scope="col">±%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_Democratic_Party/lcDMtqe1">BDP</a></td><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Margaret_Nasha/LBqq8MLJ">Margaret Nasha</a> </th><td>2,868 </td><td>47.55 </td><td>+9.07 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_National_Front/kVpXjJRt">BNF</a></td><th scope="row">Mareledi Giddie</th><td>1,874</td><td>31.07</td><td>−29.37</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_Congress_Party/XIXehDCl">BCP</a></td><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Michael_Dingake/s4uzempR">Michael Dingake</a></th><td>983</td><td>16.30</td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_Alliance_Movement/NIukDgEz">BAM</a></td><th scope="row">Ephraim Setshwaelo</th><td>293</td><td>4.86</td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/MELS_Movement_of_Botswana/fGP2EIEQ">MELS</a></td><th scope="row">Themba Joina</th><td>13</td><td>0.22</td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Margin of victory</th><td>994</td><td>16.48</td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Total valid votes</th><td>6,031</td><td>99.19</td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Rejected ballots</th><td>49</td><td>0.81</td><td><i>N/A</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/facts/Voter_turnout/FWYnvL2n">Turnout</a></th><td>6,080</td><td>74.41</td><td>−3.60</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/facts/Voter_registration/3HtLevwR">Registered electors</a></th><td>8,171</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Botswana_Democratic_Party/lcDMtqe1">BDP</a> gain from <a href="/facts/Botswana_National_Front/kVpXjJRt">BNF</a></td><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Swing_(politics)/EKz6hMy9">Swing</a></th><td>+19.22</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>1994 election</h3> <a href="/facts/1994_Botswana_general_election/54vEDjHh">General election 1994</a>: Gaborone Central<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_National_Front/kVpXjJRt">BNF</a></td><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Michael_Dingake/s4uzempR">Michael Dingake</a> </th><td>3,490 </td><td>60.44 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Botswana_Democratic_Party/lcDMtqe1">BDP</a></td><th scope="row">G.U.S. Matlhabaphiri</th><td>2,222</td><td>38.48</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/United_Democratic_Front_(Botswana)/1KdYC5jX">UDF</a></td><th scope="row">Mareledi Giddie</th><td>62</td><td>1.07</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3">Margin of victory</th><td>1,268</td><td>21.96</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Voter_turnout/FWYnvL2n">Turnout</a></th><td>5,774</td><td>78.01%</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Voter_registration/3HtLevwR">Registered electors</a></th><td>7,402</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><th scope="row" colspan="5"><a href="/facts/Botswana_National_Front/kVpXjJRt">BNF</a> win (new seat)</th></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Good, Kenneth (2008). Diamonds, Dispossession and Democracy in Botswana. Boydell & Brewer. p. 30. doi:10.7722/j.ctt1bh2kzv. ISBN 978-1-84701-312-5. <a href="978-1-84701-312-5" target="_blank">978-1-84701-312-5</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Botswana: Saleshando Wins But BDP Protests". Mmegi. 1 November 2004. <a href="https://allafrica.com/stories/200411010992.html" target="_blank">https://allafrica.com/stories/200411010992.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>2022 DELIMITATION COMMISSION REPORT (PDF). 2022. p. 59. <a href="https://www.iec.gov.bw/images/2022_Delimitation_Final_Report.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.iec.gov.bw/images/2022_Delimitation_Final_Report.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Butale wins Gaborone Central". DailyNews. 31 October 2024. <a href="https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/82867" target="_blank">https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/82867</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Independent Electoral Commission - Botswana National Assembly, 2019 <a href="https://www.iec.gov.bw/images/Botswana_2019_General_Elections_REPORT(1).pdf" target="_blank">https://www.iec.gov.bw/images/Botswana_2019_General_Elections_REPORT(1).pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Independent Electoral Commission - Botswana National Assembly, 2014 <a href="https://www.iec.gov.bw/images/documents/2014%20General%20Elections%20Report.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.iec.gov.bw/images/documents/2014%20General%20Elections%20Report.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Independent Electoral Commission - Botswana National Assembly, 2009 <a href="https://www.iec.gov.bw/images/2009_report.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.iec.gov.bw/images/2009_report.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Independent Electoral Commission - Botswana National Assembly, 2004 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903011350/http://www.iec.gov.bw/elections/IEC%20Botswana_Report%20Book_3.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090903011350/http://www.iec.gov.bw/elections/IEC%20Botswana_Report%20Book_3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Independent Electoral Commission - Botswana National Assembly, 1999 <a href="https://www.iec.gov.bw/images/documents/1999_General_Elections_Report.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.iec.gov.bw/images/documents/1999_General_Elections_Report.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Results by constituency <a href="http://www.electionpassport.com/files/BW/BW.xlsx" target="_blank">http://www.electionpassport.com/files/BW/BW.xlsx</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>