Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Virgo Cluster
open-in-new
<h2 id="characteristics">Characteristics</h2> <p>The cluster is a fairly <a href="/facts/Heterogeneous/y84KQJxl">heterogeneous</a> mixture of <a href="/facts/Spiral_galaxy/hRT2dtxJ">spiral</a> and <a href="/facts/Elliptical_galaxy/1PUchrj1">elliptical</a> galaxies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> As of 2004, it is believed that the spiral galaxies of the cluster are distributed in an oblong <a href="/facts/Prolate_spheroid/GJyyLxQ7">prolate</a> <a href="/facts/Galaxy_filament/MFPWn8pS">filament</a>, approximately four times as long as it is wide, stretching along the line of sight from the <a href="/facts/Milky_Way/ulF6lccN">Milky Way</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The elliptical galaxies are more centrally concentrated than the spiral galaxies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>The cluster is an aggregate of at least three separate <a href="/facts/Subclump/BhIEgbx8">subclumps</a>: Virgo A, centered on <a href="/facts/Elliptical_galaxy_M87/x8Q1M5p4">M87</a>, a second centered on the galaxy <a href="/facts/Lenticular_Galaxy_M86/9eh7yfQk">M86</a>, and Virgo B, centered on <a href="/facts/Elliptical_Galaxy_M49/xtgYtjqo">M49</a>, with some authors including a Virgo C subcluster, centered on the galaxy <a href="/facts/Elliptical_Galaxy_M60/tTnAwdHS">M60</a> as well as a Low Velocity Cloud (LVC) subclump, centered on the large spiral galaxy <a href="/facts/NGC_4216/0dvGzjec">NGC 4216</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The giant <a href="/facts/Elliptical_galaxy/1PUchrj1">elliptical galaxy</a> M87 contains a <a href="/facts/Supermassive_black_hole/BcuTx8Q5">supermassive black hole</a>, whose <a href="/facts/Event_horizon/KXH2ptnI">event horizon</a> was observed by the <a href="/facts/Event_Horizon_Telescope/msJwLooR">Event Horizon Telescope</a> Collaboration in 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Virgo A is the dominant subclump; its mass of approximately 1014 <a href="/facts/Solar_mass/j6Auhku8">M☉</a> is approximately ten times larger than the other two subclumps.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> It contains a mixture of <a href="/facts/Elliptical_galaxy/1PUchrj1">elliptical</a>, <a href="/facts/Lenticular_galaxy/UuG7XJYf">lenticular</a>, and <a href="/facts/Spiral_galaxy/hRT2dtxJ">spiral galaxies</a> which are generally gas-poor,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <p>The three subgroups are in the process of merging to form a larger single cluster,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> and are surrounded by other smaller <a href="/facts/Galaxy_cloud/saKzQDap">galaxy clouds</a>, mostly composed of spiral galaxies, known as N Cloud, S Cloud, and Virgo E that are in the process of infalling to merge with them,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> plus other farther isolated galaxies and galaxy groups (like the galaxy cloud <a href="/facts/Coma_I/AfzulFbQ">Coma I</a>) that are also attracted by the gravity of Virgo to merge with it in the future.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> This strongly suggests the Virgo cluster is a dynamically young cluster that is still forming.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>Nearby aggregations known as M Cloud, W Cloud, and W' Cloud seem to be background systems independent of the main cluster.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>The large mass of the cluster is indicated by the high <a href="/facts/Peculiar_velocity/88AJhmIQ">peculiar velocities</a> of many of its galaxies, sometimes as high as 1,600 <a href="/facts/Kilometre/hdQp79QE">km</a>/<a href="/facts/Second/jtFxnJXx">s</a> with respect to the cluster's center. </p><p>The Virgo cluster lies within the <a href="/facts/Virgo_Supercluster/kUNskKbo">Virgo Supercluster</a>, and its gravitational effect slows down the nearby galaxies. The large mass of the cluster has the effect of slowing down the recession of the Local Group from the cluster by approximately ten percent. </p><p>Molecular gasses in Virgo Cluster has been swept away by a huge cosmic broom that is preventing nearby galaxies from birthing new stars. The actual cause of it has been a long standing mystery in <a href="/facts/Astrophysics/krFPRWLA">astrophysics</a>. According to scientists, it occurs because of the extreme environment of the Virgo Cluster.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="intracluster-medium">Intracluster medium</h2> <p>As with many other rich galaxy clusters, Virgo's <a href="/facts/Intracluster_medium/dNxoA5tf">intracluster medium</a> is filled with a hot, rarefied <a href="/facts/Plasma_(physics)/1d3btMVU">plasma</a> at temperatures of 30 million <a href="/facts/Kelvin/E3trzC4C">kelvins</a> that emits <a href="/facts/X-Rays/wseP79cN">X-Rays</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Within the intracluster medium (ICM) are found a large number of <a href="/facts/Intergalactic_star/4f00lmAK">intergalactic stars</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> (up to 10% of the stars in the cluster),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> including some <a href="/facts/Planetary_nebula/5Vy84cPq">planetary nebulae</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> It is theorized that these were expelled from their home galaxies by <a href="/facts/Interacting_galaxy/zKSVoN8f">interactions with other galaxies</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> The ICM also contains some <a href="/facts/Globular_cluster/FL0EERJU">globular clusters</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> possibly stripped off <a href="/facts/Dwarf_galaxy/TKS7W9tA">dwarf galaxies</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> and even at least one <a href="/facts/Star_formation/SMyfVDY6">star formation</a> <a href="/facts/H_II_region/oDXMyTE1">region</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="galaxies">Galaxies</h2> <p>Below is a table of bright or notable objects in the cluster and their subcluster. In some cases a galaxy may be considered to be in a different subcluster by other researchers (sources:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a>) </p> Column 1: The name of the galaxy. Column 2: The right ascension for epoch 2000. Column 3: The declination for epoch 2000. Column 4: The blue apparent magnitude of the galaxy. Column 5: The galaxy type: E=Elliptical, S0=Lenticular, Sa,Sb,Sc,Sd=Spiral, SBa,SBb,SBc,SBd=Barred spiral, Sm,SBm,Irr=Irregular. Column 6: The angular diameter of the galaxy (arcminutes). Column 7: The diameter of the galaxy (thousands of light years). Column 8: The recessional velocity (km/s) of the galaxy relative to the <a href="/facts/Cosmic_microwave_background/ThB2HkLS">cosmic microwave background</a>. Column 9: Subcluster where the galaxy is located. Cluster members<table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Designation</th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Equatorial_coordinate_system/dn5W4Eoo">Coordinates</a> (<a href="/facts/Epoch_(astronomy)/RDdj6SmA">Epoch</a> 2000)</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Apparent_magnitude/7pCTF1Me">Apparentmagnitude</a>(blue)</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Galaxy_morphological_classification/AGbMJ9Dp">Type</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Angular_size/p2xv4vcQ">Angular size</a></th><th rowspan="2">Diameter(<a href="/facts/Light-year/IGc5NdQb">kly</a>)</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Recessional_velocity/6kbj9Pz8">RV</a>(km/s)</th><th rowspan="2">Subcluster</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Right_Ascension/z4CEsTFu">RA</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Declination/5X4S4k9u">Dec</a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Messier_98/UrFahpeD">Messier 98</a></td><td>12 13.8</td><td>14 54</td><td>10.9</td><td>SBb</td><td>9.8′</td><td>150</td><td>184</td><td><i>Virgo A</i> or <i>N Cloud</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/NGC_4216/0dvGzjec">NGC 4216</a></td><td>12 15.9</td><td>13 09</td><td>10.9</td><td>SBb</td><td>7.9′</td><td>120</td><td>459</td><td><i>Virgo A</i>, <i>N Cloud</i>, or <i>LVC</i>.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Messier_99/tnXDt3YD">Messier 99</a></td><td>12 18.8</td><td>14 25</td><td>10.4</td><td>Sc</td><td>5.4′</td><td>80</td><td>2735</td><td><i>Virgo A</i> or <i>N Cloud</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/NGC_4262/D2ame5rF">NGC 4262</a></td><td>12 19.5</td><td>14 53</td><td>12.4</td><td>S0</td><td>1.9′</td><td>30</td><td>1683</td><td><i>Virgo A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/NGC_4388/63mqUKjP">NGC 4388</a></td><td>12 25.5</td><td>12 39</td><td>11.8</td><td>SAb</td><td>6.2′</td><td>85</td><td>2845</td><td><i>Virgo A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Messier_61/Y0wJaqKo">Messier 61</a></td><td>12 21.9</td><td>04 28</td><td>10.2</td><td>SBbc</td><td>6.2′</td><td>100</td><td>1911</td><td><i>S Cloud</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Messier_100/u8Aq4B6x">Messier 100</a></td><td>12 22.9</td><td>15 49</td><td>10.1</td><td>SBbc</td><td>7.6′</td><td>115</td><td>1899</td><td><i>Virgo A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Messier_84/hUfcEDDH">Messier 84</a></td><td>12 25.1</td><td>12 53</td><td>10.1</td><td>E1</td><td>6.0′</td><td>90</td><td>1239</td><td><i>Virgo A</i><a href="/facts/Markarian%2527s_Chain/xqRor1mF">Markarian's Chain</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Messier_85/vPJS4T4w">Messier 85</a></td><td>12 25.4</td><td>18 11</td><td>10.0</td><td>S0</td><td>7.1′</td><td>105</td><td>1056</td><td><i>Virgo A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Messier_86/9eh7yfQk">Messier 86</a></td><td>12 26.2</td><td>12 57</td><td>9.9</td><td>E3</td><td>10.2′</td><td>155</td><td>37</td><td><i>Virgo A</i> or own subgroup.<a href="/facts/Markarian%2527s_Chain/xqRor1mF">Markarian's Chain</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Eyes_Galaxies/W92WLjvV">NGC 4435</a></td><td>12 27.7</td><td>13 05</td><td>11.7</td><td>S0</td><td>3.0′</td><td>45</td><td>1111</td><td><i>Virgo A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Eyes_Galaxies/W92WLjvV">NGC 4438</a></td><td>12 27.8</td><td>13 01</td><td>11.0</td><td>Sa</td><td>8.7′</td><td>130</td><td>404</td><td><i>Virgo A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/NGC_4450/S1nxHkrU">NGC 4450</a></td><td>12 28.5</td><td>17 05</td><td>10.9</td><td>Sab</td><td>5.1′</td><td>80</td><td>2273</td><td><i>Virgo A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Messier_49/xtgYtjqo">Messier 49</a></td><td>12 29.8</td><td>08 00</td><td>9.3</td><td>E2</td><td>9.8′</td><td>150</td><td>1204</td><td><i>Virgo B</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Messier_87/x8Q1M5p4">Messier 87</a></td><td>12 30.8</td><td>12 23</td><td>9.6</td><td>E0–1</td><td>9.8′</td><td>980</td><td>1204</td><td><i>Virgo A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Messier_88/oFnYzTDo">Messier 88</a></td><td>12 32.0</td><td>14 25</td><td>10.3</td><td>Sb</td><td>6.8′</td><td>100</td><td>2599</td><td><i>Virgo A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/NGC_4526/Bwa0lkog">NGC 4526</a></td><td>12 32.0</td><td>07 42</td><td>10.6</td><td>S0</td><td>7.1′</td><td>105</td><td>931</td><td><i>Virgo B</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/NGC_4527/V3lsjmVA">NGC 4527</a></td><td>12 34.1</td><td>02 39</td><td>12.4</td><td>Sb</td><td>4.6′</td><td>69</td><td>1730</td><td><i>S Cloud</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/NGC_4536/KxMgwHW7">NGC 4536</a></td><td>12 34.4</td><td>02 11</td><td>11.1</td><td>SBbc</td><td>7.2′</td><td>115</td><td>2140</td><td><i>S Cloud</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Messier_91/8CdEkYgE">Messier 91</a></td><td>12 35.4</td><td>14 30</td><td>11.0</td><td>SBb</td><td>5.2′</td><td>80</td><td>803</td><td><i>Virgo A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/NGC_4546/FnslCtwm">NGC 4546</a></td><td>12 35.5</td><td>−03 48</td><td>11.3</td><td>S0</td><td>2.3'</td><td>30</td><td>1054</td><td><i>S Cloud</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/NGC_4550/GpdpKten">NGC 4550</a></td><td>12 35.5</td><td>12 13</td><td>12.5</td><td>S0</td><td>3.2′</td><td>50</td><td>704</td><td><i>Virgo A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Messier_89/AGr9rBjL">Messier 89</a></td><td>12 35.7</td><td>12 33</td><td>10.7</td><td>E0</td><td>5.0′</td><td>75</td><td>628</td><td><i>Virgo A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/NGC_4567_and_NGC_4568/x2N18P5J">NGC 4567</a></td><td>12 36.5</td><td>11 15</td><td>12.1</td><td>Sbc</td><td>2.8′</td><td>40</td><td>2588</td><td><i>Virgo A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/NGC_4567_and_NGC_4568/x2N18P5J">NGC 4568</a></td><td>12 36.6</td><td>11 14</td><td>11.7</td><td>Sbc</td><td>4.4′</td><td>65</td><td>2578</td><td><i>Virgo A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Messier_90/3y7qv8UH">Messier 90</a></td><td>12 36.8</td><td>13 10</td><td>10.2</td><td>SBab</td><td>10.5′</td><td>160</td><td>87</td><td><i>Virgo A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/NGC_4571/E7azI2tM">NGC 4571</a></td><td>12 36.9</td><td>14 13</td><td>11.9</td><td>Sc</td><td>3.7′</td><td>55</td><td>659</td><td><i>Virgo A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Messier_58/6CfRvYMD">Messier 58</a></td><td>12 37.7</td><td>11 49</td><td>10.6</td><td>SBb</td><td>5.6′</td><td>85</td><td>1839</td><td><i>Virgo A</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Messier_59/9t3soykq">Messier 59</a></td><td>12 42.9</td><td>11 39</td><td>10.8</td><td>E5</td><td>5.0′</td><td>75</td><td>751</td><td><i>Virgo A</i> or <i>Virgo E</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Messier_60/tTnAwdHS">Messier 60</a></td><td>12 43.7</td><td>11 33</td><td>9.8</td><td>E2</td><td>7.2′</td><td>110</td><td>1452</td><td><i>Virgo A</i>, <i>Virgo E</i>, or <i>Virgo C</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/NGC_4651/3JaKrRJ4">NGC 4651</a></td><td>12 43.7</td><td>16 24</td><td>11.4</td><td>Sc</td><td>4.0′</td><td>60</td><td>1113</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/NGC_4654/hFJhaSHk">NGC 4654</a></td><td>12 43.9</td><td>13 08</td><td>11.1</td><td>SBc</td><td>5.0′</td><td>75</td><td>1349</td><td><i>Virgo A</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Fainter galaxies within the cluster are usually known by their numbers in the Virgo Cluster Catalog, particularly members of the numerous dwarf galaxy population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Virgo_III_Groups/fTdqNElb">Virgo III Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Coma_Cluster/k5Fw8qUH">Coma Cluster</a> – another large, nearby cluster of galaxies</li> <li><a href="/facts/Eridanus_Cluster/8k1BdprE">Eridanus Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fornax_Cluster/K2aydKYe">Fornax Cluster</a> – a smaller nearby cluster of galaxies</li> <li><a href="/facts/Norma_Cluster/x1S1fIsd">Norma Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_galaxy_clusters/h8eoQl1c">List of galaxy clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Virgocentric_flow/UlAyt0Sg">Virgocentric flow</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galgrps/vir.html">The Virgo Cluster at An Atlas of the Universe</a>, map (and table) of the 160 largest galaxies</li> <li><a href="http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Binggeli/Bin4.html">California Institute of Technology site</a> on Virgo cluster.</li> <li><a href="http://messier.seds.org/more/virgo.html">The Virgo Cluster of Galaxies</a>, SEDS Messier pages</li> <li><a href="http://www.darkatmospheres.com/astro/gallery/galaxies/enlarge.php?fileBase=galaxies_6">Partial Virgo cluster centered on M87 (Dark Atmospheres)</a></li> <li>Binggeli, B.; Sandage, A.; Tammann, G. A. (1985). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F113874">"Studies of the Virgo cluster. II. A catalog of 2096 galaxies in the Virgo cluster area"</a>. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. 90: 1681. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985AJ.....90.1681B">1985AJ.....90.1681B</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F113874">10.1086/113874</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Mei, Simona; Blakeslee, John P.; Côté, Patrick; Tonry, John L.; West, Michael J.; Ferrarese, Laura; Jordán, Andrés; Peng, Eric W.; Anthony, André; Merritt, Davi (2007). "The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. XIII. SBF Distance Catalog and the Three-dimensional Structure of the Virgo Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 655 (1): 144–162. arXiv:astro-ph/0702510. Bibcode:2007ApJ...655..144M. doi:10.1086/509598. S2CID 16483538. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Virgo Cluster". Cosmos. Swinburne University of Technology. <a href="http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/V/Virgo+Cluster" target="_blank">http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/V/Virgo+Cluster</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Fouqué, P.; Solanes, J. M.; Sanchis, T.; Balkowski, C. (2001). "Structure, mass and distance of the Virgo cluster from a Tolman-Bondi model". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 375 (3): 770–780. arXiv:astro-ph/0106261. Bibcode:2001A&A...375..770F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010833. S2CID 10468717. <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" target="_blank">/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Following the entry for M91 in the Connoissance des Temps for 1784, Messier added the following note: The constellation of Virgo, & especially the northern Wing is one of the constellations which encloses the most Nebulae: this Catalog contains thirteen which have been determined: viz. Nos. 49, 58, 59, 60, 61, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, & 91. All these nebulae appear to be without stars: one can see them only in a very good sky, & near their meridian passage. Most of these nebulae have been pointed to me by Mr. Méchain.[5] <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Virgo Cluster | Messier Objects". www.messier-objects.com. 9 August 2017. Retrieved 2018-06-24. <a href="http://www.messier-objects.com/virgo-cluster/" target="_blank">http://www.messier-objects.com/virgo-cluster/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Côté, Patrick; Blakeslee, John P.; Ferrarese, Laura; Jordán, Andrés; Mei, Simona; Merritt, David; Milosavljević, Miloš; Peng, Eric W.; Tonry, John L.; et al. (July 2004). "The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey". The Astrophysical Journal. 153 (1): 223–242. arXiv:astro-ph/0404138. Bibcode:2004ApJS..153..223C. doi:10.1086/421490. S2CID 18021414. <a href="/wiki/David_Merritt" target="_blank">/wiki/David_Merritt</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>M. Fukugita; S. Okamura; N. Yasuda (1993). "Spatial distribution of spiral galaxies in the Virgo Cluster from the Tully-Fisher relation". Astrophysical Journal. 412: L13 – L16. Bibcode:1993ApJ...412L..13F. doi:10.1086/186928. <a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_Journal" target="_blank">/wiki/Astrophysical_Journal</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Virgo Cluster". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2018-06-24. <a href="https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/ESSAYS/Binggeli/binggeli.html" target="_blank">https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/ESSAYS/Binggeli/binggeli.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Boselli, A.; Voyer, E.; Boissier, S.; Cucciati, O.; Consolandi, G.; Cortese, L.; Fumagalli, M.; Gavazzi, G.; Heinis, S.; Roehlly, Y.; Toloba, E. (2014). "The GALEX Ultraviolet Virgo Cluster Survey (GUViCS). IV. The role of the cluster environment on galaxy evolution". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 570: A69. arXiv:1407.4986. Bibcode:2014A&A...570A..69B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424419. S2CID 119244700. A69. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration; Akiyama, Kazunori; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter; Asada, Keiichi; Azulay, Rebecca; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin; Ball, David; Balokovic, Mislav; Barrett, John; Bintley, Dan (2019-04-01). "First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 875 (1): L1. arXiv:1906.11238. Bibcode:2019ApJ...875L...1E. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fab0ec7" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fab0ec7</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Publications | Event Horizon Telescope". eventhorizontelescope.org. Retrieved 2020-09-10. <a href="https://eventhorizontelescope.org/publications" target="_blank">https://eventhorizontelescope.org/publications</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>The Virgo Super Cluster: home of M87 (with frames) <a href="http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Binggeli/frames.html" target="_blank">http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Binggeli/frames.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Chamaraux, P.; Balkowski, C.; Gerard, E. (1980). "The H I deficiency of the Virgo cluster spirals". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 83 (1–2): 38–51. Bibcode:1980A&A....83...38C. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>The Virgo Super Cluster: home of M87 (with frames) <a href="http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Binggeli/frames.html" target="_blank">http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Binggeli/frames.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Gavazzi, G.; Boselli, A.; Scodeggio, M.; Pierini, D.; Belsole, E. (1999). "The 3D structure of the Virgo cluster from H-band Fundamental Plane and Tully-Fisher distance determinations". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 304 (3): 595–610. arXiv:astro-ph/9812275. Bibcode:1999MNRAS.304..595G. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02350.x. S2CID 41700753. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.1999.02350.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.1999.02350.x</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Tully, R. B.; Shaya, E. J. (1984). "Infall of galaxies into the Virgo cluster and some cosmological constraints". Astrophysical Journal. 281: 31–55. Bibcode:1984ApJ...281...31T. doi:10.1086/162073. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F162073" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1086%2F162073</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Gavazzi, G.; Boselli, A.; Scodeggio, M.; Pierini, D.; Belsole, E. (1999). "The 3D structure of the Virgo cluster from H-band Fundamental Plane and Tully-Fisher distance determinations". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 304 (3): 595–610. arXiv:astro-ph/9812275. Bibcode:1999MNRAS.304..595G. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02350.x. S2CID 41700753. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.1999.02350.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.1999.02350.x</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Boselli, A.; Voyer, E.; Boissier, S.; Cucciati, O.; Consolandi, G.; Cortese, L.; Fumagalli, M.; Gavazzi, G.; Heinis, S.; Roehlly, Y.; Toloba, E. (2014). "The GALEX Ultraviolet Virgo Cluster Survey (GUViCS). IV. The role of the cluster environment on galaxy evolution". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 570: A69. arXiv:1407.4986. Bibcode:2014A&A...570A..69B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424419. S2CID 119244700. A69. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Gavazzi, G.; Boselli, A.; Scodeggio, M.; Pierini, D.; Belsole, E. (1999). "The 3D structure of the Virgo cluster from H-band Fundamental Plane and Tully-Fisher distance determinations". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 304 (3): 595–610. arXiv:astro-ph/9812275. Bibcode:1999MNRAS.304..595G. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02350.x. S2CID 41700753. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.1999.02350.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.1999.02350.x</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Brown, Toby; Wilson, Christine D.; Zabel, Nikki; Davis, Timothy A.; Boselli, Alessandro; Chung, Aeree; Ellison, Sara L.; Lagos, Claudia D. P.; Stevens, Adam R. H.; Cortese, Luca; Bahé, Yannick M. (2021-12-01). "VERTICO: The Virgo Environment Traced In CO Survey". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 257 (2): 21. arXiv:2111.00937. Bibcode:2021ApJS..257...21B. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac28f5. ISSN 0067-0049. S2CID 240354399. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4365%2Fac28f5" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4365%2Fac28f5</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Lea, S. M.; Mushotzky, R.; Holt, S. S. (1982). "Einstein Observatory solid state spectrometer observations of M87 and the Virgo cluster". Astrophysical Journal. 262 (1): 24–32. Bibcode:1982ApJ...262...24L. doi:10.1086/160392. hdl:2060/19820026438. S2CID 120960432. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Ferguson, H. (1997). "Intergalactic Stars in the Virgo Cluster". HST Proposal: 7411. Bibcode:1997hst..prop.7411F. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Ferguson, Henry C.; Tanvir, Nial R.; von Hippel, Ted (January 1998). "Detection of intergalactic red-giant-branch stars in the Virgo cluster". Nature. 391 (6666): 461–463. arXiv:astro-ph/9801228. Bibcode:1998Natur.391..461F. doi:10.1038/35087. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4390832. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Ferguson, Henry C.; Tanvir, Nial R.; von Hippel, Ted (1998). "Detection of intergalactic red-giant-branch stars in the Virgo cluster". Nature. 391 (6666): 461–463. arXiv:astro-ph/9801228. Bibcode:1998Natur.391..461F. doi:10.1038/35087. S2CID 4390832. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Feldmeier, J.; Ciardullo, R.; Jacoby, G. (1998). "Intracluster Planetary Nebulae in the Virgo Cluster. I. Initial Results". Astrophysical Journal. 503 (1): 109–117. arXiv:astro-ph/9803062. Bibcode:1998ApJ...503..109F. doi:10.1086/305981. S2CID 9761241. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Ferguson, Henry C.; Tanvir, Nial R.; von Hippel, Ted (1998). "Detection of intergalactic red-giant-branch stars in the Virgo cluster". Nature. 391 (6666): 461–463. arXiv:astro-ph/9801228. Bibcode:1998Natur.391..461F. doi:10.1038/35087. S2CID 4390832. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Takamiya, Marianne; West, Michael; Côté, Patrick; Jordán, Andrés; Peng, Eric; Ferrarese, Laura (2009). "IGCs in the Virgo Cluster". Globular Clusters – Guides to Galaxies. Eso Astrophysics Symposia. pp. 361–365. Bibcode:2009gcgg.book..361T. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-76961-3_83. ISBN 978-3-540-76960-6. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) <a href="978-3-540-76960-6" target="_blank">978-3-540-76960-6</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Durrell, Patrick R.; Accetta, K.; Feldmeier, J. J.; Mihos, J. C.; Ciardullo, R.; Peng, E. W.; Members of the NGVS team (2010). "Searching for Intracluster Globular Clusters in the Virgo Cluster". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 42: 567. Bibcode:2010AAS...21547814D. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Lee, Myung Gyoon; Park, Hong Soo; Hwang, Ho Seong (2010). "Detection of a Large-Scale Structure of Intracluster Globular Clusters in the Virgo Cluster". Science. 328 (5976): 334–. arXiv:1003.2499. Bibcode:2010Sci...328..334L. doi:10.1126/science.1186496. PMID 20223950. S2CID 20743125. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Lee, Myung Gyoon; Park, Hong Soo; Hwang, Ho Seong (2010). "Detection of a Large-Scale Structure of Intracluster Globular Clusters in the Virgo Cluster". Science. 328 (5976): 334–. arXiv:1003.2499. Bibcode:2010Sci...328..334L. doi:10.1126/science.1186496. PMID 20223950. S2CID 20743125. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Gerhard, Ortwin; Arnaboldi, Magda; Freeman, Kenneth C.; Okamura, Sadanori (2002). "Isolated Star Formation: A Compact H II Region in the Virgo Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 580 (2): L121 – L124. arXiv:astro-ph/0211341. Bibcode:2002ApJ...580L.121G. doi:10.1086/345657. S2CID 8686119. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Boselli, A.; Voyer, E.; Boissier, S.; Cucciati, O.; Consolandi, G.; Cortese, L.; Fumagalli, M.; Gavazzi, G.; Heinis, S.; Roehlly, Y.; Toloba, E. (2014). "The GALEX Ultraviolet Virgo Cluster Survey (GUViCS). IV. The role of the cluster environment on galaxy evolution". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 570: A69. arXiv:1407.4986. Bibcode:2014A&A...570A..69B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424419. S2CID 119244700. A69. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Gavazzi, G.; Boselli, A.; Scodeggio, M.; Pierini, D.; Belsole, E. (1999). "The 3D structure of the Virgo cluster from H-band Fundamental Plane and Tully-Fisher distance determinations". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 304 (3): 595–610. arXiv:astro-ph/9812275. Bibcode:1999MNRAS.304..595G. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02350.x. S2CID 41700753. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.1999.02350.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.1999.02350.x</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>"Galaxy On Line Database Milano Network". GOLDMine. Retrieved 2012-08-06. <a href="http://goldmine.mib.infn.it/" target="_blank">http://goldmine.mib.infn.it/</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>"The Virgo Cluster". Retrieved 2013-04-06. <a href="http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galgrps/vir.html" target="_blank">http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galgrps/vir.html</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Binggeli, Bruno; Sandage, Allan; Tammann, Gustav (1985). "Studies of the Virgo Cluster. II – A Catalog of 2096 Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster Area". Astronomical Journal. 90. American Astronomical Society: 1681–1759. Bibcode:1985AJ.....90.1681B. doi:10.1086/113874. <a href="/wiki/Allan_Sandage" target="_blank">/wiki/Allan_Sandage</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>