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1822 in science
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<h2 id="biology">Biology</h2> <ul><li>"<i><a href="/facts/Rostock/u5Qld93n">Rostocker</a> <a href="/facts/Pfeilstorch/fGbCyNX2">Pfeilstorch</a></i>", a <a href="/facts/White_stork/gaY5fMv3">white stork</a>, is found in northern Germany with an arrow from central Africa through its neck, demonstrating the fact of <a href="/facts/Bird_migration/GvraPhgn">bird migration</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="geology">Geology</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Georges_Cuvier/4mmE7NzN">Georges Cuvier</a> establishes new standards and methods in <a href="/facts/Stratigraphy/o3J6Ij3R">stratigraphy</a> and <a href="/facts/Paleontology/60n5yldd">paleontology</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gideon_Mantell/Lburf7XF">Gideon Mantell</a> discovers the first <a href="/facts/Fossil/by7NzIA1">fossil</a> of the <a href="/facts/Iguanodon/f4WBtpbX">iguanodon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Phillips_(geologist)/LxmU84A6">John Phillips</a> and <a href="/facts/William_Conybeare_(geologist)/WYNWnGbe">William Conybeare</a> identify the <a href="/facts/Carboniferous/BRKlkYyd">Carboniferous</a> Period.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jean_Baptiste_Julien_d%27Omalius_d%27Halloy/L8RhCCtp">Jean Baptiste Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy</a> identifies the <a href="/facts/Cretaceous/nwKtFtKx">Cretaceous</a> Period. He also proposes the <a href="/facts/Jurassic/o5Cy4KzX">Jurassic</a> System.</li></ul> <h2 id="mathematics">Mathematics</h2> <ul><li>July 3 – <a href="/facts/Charles_Babbage/T3jklQcd">Charles Babbage</a> publishes a proposal for a "<a href="/facts/Difference_engine/9extR8lB">difference engine</a>", a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer for calculating <a href="/facts/Logarithm/QeXaV97q">logarithms</a> and <a href="/facts/Trigonometry/K4hfaC6F">trigonometric</a> functions. Construction of an operational version will proceed under British Government sponsorship 1823–32 but it will never be completed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Karl_Feuerbach/oeMuLf6N">Karl Feuerbach</a> describes the <a href="/facts/Nine-point_circle/0UfSxFX9">nine-point circle</a> of a <a href="/facts/Triangle/cRXUwsMn">triangle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/William_Farish_(chemist)/jRUkd8IE">William Farish</a> of the <a href="/facts/University_of_Cambridge/0la7aX9o">University of Cambridge</a> publishes a systematization of the rules for <a href="/facts/Isometric_projection/9pf2WSC0">isometric drawing</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="medicine">Medicine</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/United_States_Army/WACWBEK9">United States Army</a> <a href="/facts/Surgeon/Hm0R9t6n">surgeon</a> <a href="/facts/William_Beaumont/wrcjnbpn">William Beaumont</a> pioneers human <a href="/facts/Gastric/Q4PPDGT6">gastric</a> <a href="/facts/Endoscopy/L4V1fGPN">endoscopy</a> on <a href="/facts/Alexis_St._Martin/JGR2nhgK">Alexis St. Martin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>Scottish surgeon <a href="/facts/John_Henry_Wishart/XWv7gFDA">John Henry Wishart</a> gives the first description in England of <a href="/facts/Neurofibromatosis_type_II/R3kvLxEu">neurofibromatosis type II</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations/48pQugEa">Navier–Stokes equations</a> in <a href="/facts/Fluid_dynamics/y7uzSCfg">fluid dynamics</a> first formulated.</li></ul> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <ul><li>May 23 – HMS <i>Comet</i> launched at <a href="/facts/Deptford_Dockyard/MDHHRzWG">Deptford Dockyard</a> in the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>, the first <a href="/facts/Steamboat/6YpKwFfp">steamboat</a> commissioned by the <a href="/facts/Royal_Navy/Xdy8YCH7">Royal Navy</a>.</li> <li>June 10 – The <i><a href="/facts/Aaron_Manby/BzJKoj2r">Aaron Manby</a></i> crosses the <a href="/facts/English_Channel/UPjaSEXf">English Channel</a>, making her the first seagoing iron steamboat.</li> <li><a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">French</a> civil engineer <a href="/facts/Louis_Vicat/3A1fws96">Louis Vicat</a> completes construction of a concrete viaduct across the <a href="/facts/Dordogne_(river)/eQnnYtUV">Dordogne</a> at <a href="/facts/Souillac,_Lot/CaEsd3E3">Souillac, Lot</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="events">Events</h2> <ul><li>September 11 – <a href="/facts/Galileo_Galilei/98VT2z3v">Galileo</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Dialogue_Concerning_the_Two_Chief_World_Systems/fwvFooB3">Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</a></i> (<a href="/facts/1632/R7RRtCsG">1632</a>) is permitted by the <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Roman Catholic Church</a> to be published.</li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li>June 12 – <a href="/facts/Edward_Banks_(builder)/JXnkaf0p">Edward Banks</a> <a href="/facts/Knighted/q6oIppem">knighted</a>, the first such honour for work in <a href="/facts/Civil_engineering/avh5kEq2">civil engineering</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Copley_Medal/bBwd6QzN">Copley Medal</a>: <a href="/facts/William_Buckland/r72jWhR0">William Buckland</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <ul><li>January 2 – <a href="/facts/Rudolf_Clausius/RMgFgY7I">Rudolf Clausius</a>, German physicist (died <a href="/facts/1888_in_science/fyVznYuU">1888</a>)</li> <li>January 6 – <a href="/facts/Heinrich_Schliemann/xpTGN1TS">Heinrich Schliemann</a>, German <a href="/facts/Archaeologist/K3Q5P38R">archaeologist</a> (died <a href="/facts/1890_in_science/psoT8gKJ">1890</a>)</li> <li>January 12 – <a href="/facts/%C3%89tienne_Lenoir/bKkJWTeD">Étienne Lenoir</a>, Belgian mechanical engineer (died <a href="/facts/1900_in_science/tY9grWXa">1900</a>)</li> <li>February 16 – Sir <a href="/facts/Francis_Galton/9Hu0Ex1R">Francis Galton</a>, English explorer, biologist (died <a href="/facts/1911_in_science/gnx7WAwC">1911</a>)</li> <li>April 18 – <a href="/facts/August_Heinrich_Petermann/ssjb5kWt">August Heinrich Petermann</a>, German cartographer (died <a href="/facts/1878_in_science/MQME3dqx">1878</a>)</li> <li>June 10 – <a href="/facts/Lydia_White_Shattuck/RTYsyUwG">Lydia White Shattuck</a>, American botanist (died <a href="/facts/1889_in_science/9NJ8uH5g">1889</a>)</li> <li>July 22 – <a href="/facts/Gregor_Mendel/4UpILWAz">Gregor Mendel</a>, Silesian geneticist (died <a href="/facts/1884_in_science/fGwEUMb8">1884</a>)</li> <li>October 13 (O.S. October 1) – <a href="/facts/Lev_Tsenkovsky/bLc64HmH">Lev Tsenkovsky</a>, Polish-Ukrainian biologist (died <a href="/facts/1887_in_science/3TPmT9t4">1887</a>)</li> <li>December 27 – <a href="/facts/Louis_Pasteur/lboGfpy0">Louis Pasteur</a>, French biologist (died <a href="/facts/1895_in_science/j51E1l1p">1895</a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>January 21 – <a href="/facts/Marie-Aim%C3%A9e_Lullin/s5dKGN1R">Marie-Aimée Lullin</a>, Swiss entomologist (born <a href="/facts/1751/xFSW8XBb">1751</a>)</li> <li>February 23 – <a href="/facts/Johann_Matth%C3%A4us_Bechstein/PIoPUANf">Johann Matthäus Bechstein</a>, German <a href="/facts/Naturalist/pSlAvbTX">naturalist</a> (born <a href="/facts/1757_in_science/Cg8EY0w0">1757</a>)</li> <li>June 23 – <a href="/facts/Ren%C3%A9_Just_Ha%C3%BCy/yQuF9n2T">René Just Haüy</a>, French <a href="/facts/Mineralogist/MeIK9lx9">mineralogist</a> (born <a href="/facts/1743_in_science/pFWz1UQF">1743</a>)</li> <li>August 13 – <a href="/facts/Jean-Robert_Argand/LtPhnKhp">Jean-Robert Argand</a>, Swiss-born mathematician (born <a href="/facts/1768_in_science/HmU2rre0">1768</a>)</li> <li>August 25 – <a href="/facts/William_Herschel/SsruaBvq">William Herschel</a>, German-born British astronomer (born <a href="/facts/1738_in_science/yEJCu8WJ">1738</a>)</li> <li>November 6 – <a href="/facts/Claude_Louis_Berthollet/JeduoWk5">Claude Louis Berthollet</a>, French chemist (born <a href="/facts/1748_in_science/MF2KD27E">1748</a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Hyman, Anthony (1982). Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer. Oxford University Press. p. 51ff. ISBN 0-19-858170-X. <a href="0-19-858170-X" target="_blank">0-19-858170-X</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas You Really Need to Know. London: Quercus. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8. <a href="978-1-84724-008-8" target="_blank">978-1-84724-008-8</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Farish, William (1822). "On Isometrical Perspective" (PDF). Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 1: 1–19. Retrieved 2012-05-29. <a href="http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/N12657793.pdf" target="_blank">http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/N12657793.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Jones, Barclay G. (1986). Protecting historic architecture and museum collections from natural disasters. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. p. 243. ISBN 0-409-90035-4. <a href="0-409-90035-4" target="_blank">0-409-90035-4</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Moorhouse, Charles Edmund (1974). Visual messages: graphic communication for senior students. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Beaumont, William; Combe, Andrew (1838). Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice, and the Physiology of Digestion (reprint ed.). Edinburgh: MacLachlan & Stewart. ISBN 0-486-69213-2. Retrieved 2010-09-06. <a href="0-486-69213-2" target="_blank">0-486-69213-2</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Wishart, J. H. (1822-07-01). "Case of Tumours in the Skull, Dura Mater, and Brain". Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal. 18 (72): 393–397. ISSN 0963-4932. PMC 5828850. PMID 30332030. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5828850" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5828850</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Ramsden, R. T.; Birch, J. M.; Evans, D. G. R. (1999-12-01). "Paediatric presentation of type 2 neurofibromatosis". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 81 (6): 496–499. doi:10.1136/adc.81.6.496. ISSN 0003-9888. PMC 1718148. PMID 10569966. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1718148" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1718148</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Clermontel, Danièle; Clermontel, Jean-Claude (2009). Chronologie scientifique, technologique et économique de la France. Paris: Publibook. p. 241. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Port, M. H. (2004). "Banks, Sir Edward (1770–1835)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1294. Retrieved 2010-10-31. (subscription or UK public library membership required) <a href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1294" target="_blank">http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1294</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>