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High strain composite structure
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Metals commonly used in <a href="/facts/Spring_(device)/jknGXzTq">springs</a> (e.g. high strength steel, aluminum and <a href="/facts/Beryllium_copper/YVPmtURb">beryllium copper</a> alloys) have been utilized in deformable aerospace structures for several decades with considerable success.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> They continue to be used in the majority of high strain deployable structure applications and excel where the greatest compaction ratios and <a href="/facts/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity/akyCKvMy">electrical conductivity</a> are required. But metals suffer from having high densities, high coefficients of <a href="/facts/Thermal_expansion/BP2vjX0N">thermal expansion</a>, and lower strain capacities when compared to composite materials. In recent decades, the increasing need for high performance deployable structures, coupled with the emergence of a robust <a href="/facts/Composite_material/UBysQldh">composite materials</a> industry, has increased the demand and utility for High Strain Composites Structures. Today HSCs are used in a variety of niche aerospace applications, mostly in areas where extreme precision and low mass are required. </p><p>In early 2014 the <a href="/facts/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics/fVbwtwh8">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a> <a href="/facts/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics/fVbwtwh8">Spacecraft Structures Technical Committee</a> recognized that the level of active research and development in High Strain Composites warranted an independent focus group<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> to distinguish high strain composites as a technical area with uniquely identifiable challenges, technologies, mechanics, test methods, and applications. The High Strains Composite Technical Subcommittee was formed to provide a forum and framework to support HSC technical challenges and successes, and will promote continued advances in the field. </p> <h2 id="space-flight-heritage">Space-Flight Heritage</h2> <p>The use of high strain <a href="/facts/Deployable_structure/Y9Cuj4M2">deployable structures</a> dates back to the pioneering days of space exploration and has played a crucial role in enabling a robust spacefaring industry. </p><p>Milestones in Space-Based Deformable Structures </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Structure Common Name</th><th>Material</th><th>Development History</th><th>Flight History</th><th>References</th></tr><tr><td>Tape-Spring Hinge</td><td>Spring steel sheet</td><td></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Storable Tubular Extendible Mast (STEM)</td><td>Metal sheet</td><td>Developed by de Havilland Canada and Spar Aerospace Ltd.</td><td>1961-AH2 Transit Research and Attitude Control (TRAAC), launched 1961. Alouette 1, launched in 1962</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Wrap Rib Antenna, C-Shaped Ribs</td><td>Aluminum sheet</td><td>Developed by Lockheed Missiles & Space Company starting in 1962</td><td>ATS-6, launched in 1974.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Lenticular Tube</td><td>Stainless steel sheet</td><td>Developed by NASA Lewis Research Center in 1965</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Continuous Longeron Mast</td><td>S2 fiberglass rods</td><td>Developed by Astro Aerospace.</td><td>USAF S-3 Magnetometer Boom launched in 1974.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Lattice Lenticular Tube</td><td>Steel music wire</td><td>Developed by Astro Research Corporation in 1969.</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Wrap Rib Antenna, Lenticular Ribs</td><td>Glass fiber reinforced polymer laminate (Fiberite HMS/33)</td><td>Developed by Lockheed Missiles & Space Company in the 1970s; ground demonstration 1982.</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Spring Back Antenna Parabolic Reflector</td><td>Glass fiber reinforced polymer laminate</td><td></td><td>Mobile Sat-1, launched in 1996</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Foldable Flattenable Tubes</td><td>fiberglass and Kevlar laminate</td><td>Developed by TRW Astro Aerospace for MARSIS antennas, launched 2003</td><td>Mars Express MARSIS antennas, launched in 2003</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="consumer-goods">Consumer-Goods</h2> <h2 id="current-research-and-development">Current Research and Development</h2> <h2 id="material-classification">Material Classification</h2> <p>Rigid Polymer </p><p>Rigidizable Polymer </p><p>Elastomeric Polymer </p> <h2 id="technical-challenges">Technical Challenges</h2> <p>Creep </p><p>Thin Shell Buckling </p><p>Simulation Methods </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Composite_material/UBysQldh">Composite material</a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Fiber-reinforced_plastic/FeQEqIjX">Fiber-reinforced plastic</a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Bistability/Rvxss5V4">Bistability</a> </p> <p><a href="https://info.aiaa.org/tac/adsg/STRTC/default.aspx">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Structures Technical Committee</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208090351/https://info.aiaa.org/tac/adsg/STRTC/default.aspx">Archived</a> 2015-02-08 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="https://info.aiaa.org/tac/adsg/SCSTC/Wiki/Home.aspx">High Strain Composite Structures Subcommittee</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150207050414/https://info.aiaa.org/tac/adsg/SCSTC/Wiki/Home.aspx">Archived</a> 2015-02-07 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> </p> <h2 id="high-strain-composite-structures">High Strain Composite Structures</h2> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-07. Retrieved 2014-09-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150207041031/http://www.northropgrumman.com/BusinessVentures/AstroAerospace/Products/Documents/pageDocs/STEM_Hardware_Programs.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150207041031/http://www.northropgrumman.com/BusinessVentures/AstroAerospace/Products/Documents/pageDocs/STEM_Hardware_Programs.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Spacecraft Structures Technical Committee - Home". Archived from the original on 2015-02-07. Retrieved 2014-09-04. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150207050414/https://info.aiaa.org/tac/adsg/SCSTC/Wiki/Home.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150207050414/https://info.aiaa.org/tac/adsg/SCSTC/Wiki/Home.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Vyvyan, W. W., “Self-Actuating, Self-Locking Hinge,” 3386128, 1968. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Chiappetta, F. R., Frame, C. L., and Johnson, K. L., “Hinge element and deployable structures including hinge element,” US5239793 A, 1993. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Herzl, G. G., Walker, W. W., and Ferrera, J. D., Tubular Spacecraft Booms (Extendible, Reel Stored), NASA SP-8065, 1971. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>“George J. Klein 1904-1992” Available: http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/about/hallfame/u_i19_e.cfm Archived 2010-12-27 at the Wayback Machine. <a href="http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/about/hallfame/u_i19_e.cfm" target="_blank">http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/about/hallfame/u_i19_e.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Department, S., Artificial Earth Satellites Designed and Fabricated by The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 1978. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Miller, J. V., “Antenna with Wire Mesh Reflector.pdf,” 3,217,328, 1965. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Chadwick, G. G., and Woods, A. A., “Large Space Deployable Antenna Systems,” Large Space Systems Technology Seminar, NASA Conference Publication 2035, Hampton, VA: 1978, pp. 243–288. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Gertsma, L. W., Dunn, J. H., and Erwin E. Kempke, J., Evaluation of One Type of Foldable Tube, 1965. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Mauch, H. R., “Deployable Lattice Column,” 3,486,279, 1969. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Crawford, R. F., Investigation of a Coilable Lattive Column, 1969. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Woods, A. A., and Garcia, N. F., “Wrap-Rib Antenna Concept Development Overview,” Large Space Antenna Systems Technology, 1982, pp. 423–468. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Robinson, S. A., “Simplified Spacecraft Antenna Reflector for Stowage in Confined Envelopes,” 5,574,472, 1996. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Rao, S., Shafai, L., and Sharma, S. K., Handbook of Reflector Antennas and Feed Systems Volume III: Applications of Reflectors, Artech House, 2013. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Marks, G. W., Reilly, M. T., and Huff, R. L., “The Lightweight Deployable Antenna for the MARSIS Experiment on the Mars Express Spacecraft,” 36th Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium, Glenn Research Center, Glenn Research Center: 2002. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Adams, D. S., and Mobrem, M., “Lenticular Jointed Antenna Deployment Anomaly and Resolution Onboard the Mars Express Spacecraft,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, vol. 46, Mar. 2009, pp. 403–410. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>