Fume hood

<h2 id="history">History</h2>

The need for ventilation has been apparent from early days of chemical research and education. Some early approaches to the problem were adaptations of the conventional <a href="/facts/Chimney/8aQXjVzj">chimney</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> A hearth constructed by <a href="/facts/Thomas_Jefferson/8yxtcjKK">Thomas Jefferson</a> in 1822–1826 at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Virginia/SPNDITbg">University of Virginia</a> was equipped with a <a href="/facts/Sand_bath/fN79VIhA">sand bath</a> and special flues to vent toxic gases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> The draft of a chimney was also used by <a href="/facts/Thomas_Edison/IeDbdyP4">Thomas Edison</a> to provide ventilation in his work around the year 1900.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>
In 1904 the newly built <a href="/facts/Faculty_of_Chemistry,_Gda%C5%84sk_University_of_Technology/aFdYBAeI">Chemical Faculty</a> at the <a href="/facts/Gda%C5%84sk_University_of_Technology/aFdYBAeI">Technical University in Gdańsk</a> was equipped with fume hoods made of wood and glass in auditoria, several lecture rooms, student laboratories and rooms for scientists. Sliding up and down front panel with glass protected from fumes and explosions. Each fume hood was illuminated, equipped with gas installation for heating and running water with a drain. Harmful and corrosive gaseous byproducts of reactions were actively removed using the natural draft of a fireplace chimney. This early design is still functioning after over 110 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>
The first known modern "fume cupboard" design with rising sashes was introduced at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Leeds/XxFJF9Qh">University of Leeds</a> in 1923.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> 13 years later, Labconco, now a prominent fume hood manufacturer, developed the first fume hood for commercial sale, reminiscent of modern designs with a front-facing sash window. Soon after, in 1943 during World War II, John Weber, Jr. developed a fume hood concept with a dedicated exhaust fan, vertically rising sash window, and constant face velocity in response to concerns about exposure to toxic and radioactive substances. This design would become standard among atomic laboratories at the time,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> and many aspects of his concept are incorporated in modern fume hood designs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
The first mass-produced fume hoods were variously manufactured from stone and glass,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> most likely <a href="/facts/Soapstone/g0bAFg66">soapstone</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> or <a href="/facts/Transite/NGY5JHUb">transite</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>: 153  though stainless steel was being used by at least the 1960s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> Labconco introduced the concept of a fume hood lined with fiberglass to improve durability and chemical resistance,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> though from the 1990s onward, epoxy <a href="/facts/Powder_coating/Ud71AUTH">powder-coated steel</a>, <a href="/facts/Polytetrafluoroethylene/jesBNXKq">teflon</a> and <a href="/facts/Polypropylene/HM9PvoCz">polypropylene</a> coatings<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>: 169  were being recommended by literature for use in fume hood and exhaust construction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h2 id="description">Description</h2>

A fume hood is typically a large piece of equipment enclosing six sides of a work area (including a movable sash window or door), the bottom of which is most commonly located at a standing work height (at least 28 to 34 inches (71 to 86 cm) above the floor).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>: 20  Fume hoods are most often found in laboratories that require the use of materials that may produce harmful <a href="/facts/Particulates/RleGr5E6">particulates</a>, gaseous by-products, or <a href="/facts/Aerosol/X1jXFLp2">aerosols</a> of hazardous materials such as those found in <a href="/facts/Biocontainment/L8lCJSgk">biocontainment</a> laboratories.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>
Two main types of fume hood exist: <a href="/facts/Duct_(industrial_exhaust)/whaolpY5">Ducted</a> and recirculating (ductless). The principle is the same for both types: air is drawn in from the front (open) side of the cabinet, and either expelled outside the building or made safe through <a href="/facts/Filtration/x4no9XQy">filtration</a> and fed back into the room.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> This method of airflow control is intended to:

<ul><li>protect the user from hazardous substances<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>: 6 </li>
<li>protect the product or experiment<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>: 6 </li>
<li>protect the environment (when the exhaust air is filtered or otherwise prevented from escaping the work area)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>: 311–337 </li>
<li>provide ventilation of the space<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>: 229 </li></ul>
Secondary functions of these devices may include <a href="/facts/Explosion_protection/TcL0cd5I">explosion protection</a>, <a href="/facts/Spill_containment/6IVdcPIF">spill containment</a>, and other functions necessary to the work being done within the device; these functions may be achieved through enclosure design, duct design, and optimal placement of the fume hood in a room.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>: 5.3 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>: 232–268 
Fume hoods are generally set back against the walls and are often fitted with infills above, to cover up the exhaust ductwork. Because of their recessed shape they are generally poorly illuminated by general room lighting, so many have internal lights with vapor-proof covers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>: 502  The front of the device includes a <a href="/facts/Sash_window/bvY8HJYC">sash window</a>, usually in glass or otherwise transparent <a href="/facts/Glazing_(window)/xTLHcBxx">glazing</a>, which is able to slide vertically or horizontally.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> Specialty enclosures for teaching may allow for additional visibility by constructing the sides and back of the unit from <a href="/facts/Tempered_glass/I2Q7fX7n">tempered glass</a>, intended so that several individuals can look into a fume hood at once, though they often have poorer ventilation capabilities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>: 9  Some demonstration models built for educational purposes are movable, can be transported between locations or are built on a movable island, and may be ductless;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> they are often built with less demanding restrictions on chemical resistance,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> but offer other advantages, such as lower energy costs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>
Fume hoods are generally available in 5 different widths; 1000 mm, 1200 mm, 1500 mm, 1800 mm and 2000 mm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> The depth varies between 700 mm and 900 mm, and the height between 1900 mm and 2700 mm. Regions that use primarily non-metric measurements often follow construction standards that round these dimensions to the closest value in <a href="/facts/Inches/CocFfm8p">inches</a> or <a href="/facts/Foot_(unit)/XKamEGjV">feet</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>: 503  These designs can accommodate from one to three operators. All modern designs are required to be fitted with <a href="/facts/Air_flow_meter/1odgzo3H">air flow meters</a> to ensure that the hood is working properly while in use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>: 233

For exceptionally <a href="/facts/Dangerous_goods/mfe6Yv43">hazardous materials</a>, an enclosed <a href="/facts/Glovebox/NnR37n6E">glovebox</a> or class III <a href="/facts/Biosafety_cabinet/KXQwhPrJ">biosafety cabinet</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> may be used, which completely isolates the operator from all direct physical contact with the work material and tools.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>

<h3>Build materials</h3>
The frame and build materials used for a fume hood are selected based on anticipated chemical and environmental exposures over the life of the equipment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> Several common materials used for the exterior construction of a modern fume hood include:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Carbon_steel/QGYURvFA">Mild steel</a>, powder coated: The traditional method of building fume cupboards is from a zinc coated mild steel. The cost is often low, but has corrosion issues over time and a high carbon footprint to manufacture. Powder coatings may be made from <a href="/facts/Epoxy/PvlLBgdQ">epoxy</a> or other plastics, such as <a href="/facts/Polyvinyl_chloride/9VkegJvr">polyvinyl chloride</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>: 336 </li>
<li><a href="/facts/Stainless_steel/IDdo8bEx">Stainless steel</a>: Typically used in radioactive applications, in <a href="/facts/Cleanroom/qa97Ff9p">cleanrooms</a>, or in <a href="/facts/ATEX_directive/YRKw5kNj">ATEX</a> environments,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> as the material is easy to decontaminate. Stainless steel is less common than other materials due to its chemical vulnerability and cost.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>: 153 </li>
<li><a href="/facts/Polypropylene/HM9PvoCz">Polypropylene</a>: A build material with greater chemical resistance than some contemporary materials. Also used in cleanrooms. Lower cost<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> than mild steel or stainless steel, but less heat resistant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a></li></ul>
Manufacturers variously construct sash windows out of <a href="/facts/Safety_glass/ppl4vdvY">safety glass</a>, <a href="/facts/Tempered_glass/I2Q7fX7n">tempered glass</a>, high impact <a href="/facts/Polyvinyl_chloride/9VkegJvr">polyvinyl chloride</a>, or <a href="/facts/Plexiglass/CnCRBo5F">plexiglass</a>. The most common configuration of a sash window is a type that slides vertically and is <a href="/facts/Counterweight/2z1L43Ww">counterbalanced</a> for ease of movement when using heavy glass. Setups that handle <a href="/facts/Hydrofluoric_acid/wdXqu4bE">hydrofluoric acid</a> may use a window made of <a href="/facts/Polycarbonate/QU8sH1c6">polycarbonate</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>: 154 

<h3>Liner materials</h3>
The interior of a fume hood is often subject to damaging chemicals and elevated temperatures, and as such it is often lined with materials resistant to the chemicals and environment it is expected to be subject to. In most cases, only the working surface at the bottom of the enclosed space is made from a liner material, which is most frequently built from <a href="/facts/Epoxy_resin/PvlLBgdQ">epoxy resin</a> or stainless steel,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> but a fume hood may be lined with any of the following materials:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Phenolic_resin/poc4M0JX">Phenolic resin</a>;</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Fiber-reinforced_plastic/FeQEqIjX">Fiber-reinforced plastic</a>;</li>
<li>Polypropylene;</li>
<li>Square-corner <a href="/facts/Stainless_steel/IDdo8bEx">stainless steel</a> for durability and heat resistance;</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Molding_(decorative)/h4IVpnsg">Coved-corner</a> stainless steel is easier to <a href="/facts/Decontamination/WcMsfTdb">decontaminate</a>, for <a href="/facts/Radioactivity/Ya6FVjt4">radiochemical</a> and <a href="/facts/Biohazard/14ajJM9M">biohazard</a> applications; and</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Cement_board/TmcEwUBB">Cement board</a> for rough usage.</li></ul>
<h3>Control and monitoring panels</h3>
Most fume hoods are fitted with a <a href="/facts/Mains_electricity/rjE90Hg0">mains</a>-powered control panel and/or <a href="/facts/Air_flow_meter/1odgzo3H">air flow-monitoring device</a>. Typically, they will allow for the manual or automatic adjustment of internal <a href="/facts/Baffle_(heat_transfer)/gecRSjDn">baffles</a>, but are required by <a href="/facts/American_National_Standards_Institute/p3d1TQCb">ANSI</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> and <a href="/facts/European_Standard/53q0NbI3">EN</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a>: 233 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> standards to provide visual and audible warnings in the following situations:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a>: 7 

<ul><li>Air flow is too high or low</li>
<li>Too large an opening at the front of the unit (a "high sash" alarm is caused by the sliding glass at the front of the unit being raised higher than is considered safe, due to the resulting air velocity drop)</li></ul>
Some control panels additionally allow for switching mechanisms inside the hood from a central point, such as turning the exhaust fan or an internal light on or off.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>

<h2 id="ducted-fume-hoods">Ducted fume hoods</h2>

Most fume hoods for industrial purposes are ducted. A large variety of ducted fume hoods exist. In most designs, conditioned (i.e. heated or cooled) air is drawn from the lab space into the fume hood and then dispersed via ducts into the outside atmosphere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>
To reduce lab ventilation energy costs, variable air volume (VAV) systems are employed, which reduce the volume of the air exhausted as the fume hood sash is closed. This product is often enhanced by an automatic sash closing device, which will close the fume hood sash when the user leaves the fume hood face.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a>: 238  The result is that the hoods are operating at the minimum exhaust volume whenever no one is working in front of them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a>
Since the typical fume hood in US climates uses 3.5 times as much energy as a home,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> the reduction or minimization of exhaust volume is strategic in reducing facility energy costs as well as minimizing the impact on the facility infrastructure and the environment. Particular attention must be paid to the exhaust discharge location, to reduce risks to public safety, and to avoid drawing exhaust air back into the building air supply system; exhaust requirements of fume hood systems may be regulated to prevent public and worker exposures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a>

<h3>Auxiliary air</h3>
Fume hoods with an auxiliary air supply, which draw air from outside the building rather than drawing conditioned air from the room they are placed in, have been controversial and are often not recommended.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a>: 158  They have been considered as an option to save energy in some situations, as they do not draw out conditioned air from a room.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> In addition to providing a non-conditioned environment inside the hood as compared to outside the hood, which may cause discomfort or irritation to workers,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a>: 148  chemical hoods with an auxiliary air supply have been demonstrated to expose workers to materials within the hood at a significantly higher rate than conventional non-air supply hoods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a>

<h3>Constant air volume (CAV)</h3>
Constant air volume (CAV) fume hoods maintain a consistent volume of air within the hood, regardless of the position of the sash window. This results in changes in air velocity depending on the position of the sash;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> the sash is adjusted to an appropriate working height to achieve adequate face velocity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> In a survey of 247 lab professionals conducted in 2010, Lab Manager Magazine found that approximately 43% of fume hoods are CAV fume hoods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a>

<h4>Non-bypass CAV</h4>
The most basic design of a CAV fume hood only has one opening through which air can pass—the sash opening.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> Closing the sash on a non-bypass CAV hood will increase face velocity (inflow velocity or "pull"),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> which is a function of the total volume divided by the area of the sash opening. Thus, the hood's performance (from a safety perspective) depends primarily on sash position, with safety increasing as the hood is drawn closed. This design is referred to as a "conventional" hood. Many conventional hoods specify a maximum height that the sash window can be open in order to maintain safe airflow levels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a>
A major drawback of conventional CAV hoods is that when the sash is closed, velocities can increase to the point where they disturb instrumentation, cool <a href="/facts/Hot_plate/wYKs8p86">hot plates</a>, slow reactions, and/or create turbulence that can force contaminants into the room.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a>

<h4>Bypass CAV</h4>

Bypass CAV hoods were developed to overcome the high velocity issues that affect conventional fume hoods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> These hood allows air to be pulled through a "bypass" opening from above as the sash closes. The bypass is located so that as the user closes the sash, the bypass opening gets larger; when the sash is fully closed, air flows only through the <a href="/facts/Airfoil/2d3l6hKd">airfoil</a> underneath the bottom of the sash window.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a>: 12  The air going through the hood maintains a constant volume no matter where the sash is positioned and without changing fan speeds. As a result, the energy consumed by CAV fume hoods (or rather, the energy consumed by the building HVAC system and the energy consumed by the hood's exhaust fan) remains constant, or near constant, regardless of sash position.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a>

<h5>Low-flow/high-performance bypass CAV</h5>
High-performance or low-flow bypass CAV hoods are a modern type of bypass CAV hoods and typically display improved containment, safety, and <a href="/facts/Energy_conservation/Sk7d6Dg2">energy conservation</a> features. These hoods include features such as sash stops on the window, automatic baffle control via sash position and airflow sensors, fans to create a barrier of air between the user and the enclosure, and improved aerodynamics to maintain laminar flow.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> The design of these hoods is intended to allow the unit to meet <a href="/facts/ASHRAE/qKcVzqUJ">ASHRAE</a> standards while maintaining a lower face velocity and thus consuming less energy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a>: 320 

<h3>Variable air volume (VAV)</h3>

VAV hoods, the newest generations of laboratory fume hoods, vary the volume of room air exhausted while maintaining the face velocity at a set level. Different VAV hoods change the exhaust volume using different methods, such as a damper or valve in the exhaust duct that opens and closes based on sash position, or a blower that changes speed to meet air-volume demands. Most VAV hoods integrate a modified bypass system to a conventional fume hood system to achieve a variable exhaust volume in proportion to the opening of the hood's face,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a>: 15  though a non-bypass design is also used to further decrease the overall volume of air required for operation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a>
VAV hoods can provide considerable energy savings by reducing the total volume of conditioned air exhausted from the laboratory. However, these savings are contingent on user behavior: the less the hoods are open (both in terms of height and in terms of time), the greater the energy savings. A laboratory that uses a VAV fume hood with a sash that is kept open only during working hours of the day would save a significant amount on energy costs compared to a laboratory using CAV hoods that are fully open 100% of the time, regardless of sash height.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a>
In a survey of 247 lab professionals conducted in 2010, Lab Manager Magazine found that approximately 12% of fume hoods are VAV fume hoods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a>

<h3>Canopy fume hoods</h3>
Canopy fume hoods, also called exhaust canopies, are similar to the <a href="/facts/Kitchen_hood/RURYPYjt">range hoods</a> found over stoves in commercial and some residential kitchens. They have only a canopy, no enclosure, and no sash, and are designed for venting non-toxic materials such as smoke, steam, heat, and odors that are naturally carried upward through <a href="/facts/Convection/E8vsCPhu">convection</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a>: 145  Chemical-resistant filtered canopy hoods are manufactured by select vendors,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> but are not ideal for worker safety, as the fumes they draw in from equipment underneath pass through a worker's breathing zone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a>: 145  They are employed in some situations to provide exhaust for large equipment that would be inconvenient to store or manipulate inside a fume hood enclosure,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> or generally in a lab bench area where processes that require additional ventilation are performed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a>: 42–43  In a survey of 247 lab professionals conducted in 2010, Lab Manager Magazine found that approximately 13% of fume hoods are ducted canopy fume hoods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a>
Canopy fume hoods require the installation of additional ductwork compared to other ducted fume hoods, and often draw a great deal more temperature-controlled air from the surrounding environment than enclosed fume hoods,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a>: 25  but are comparatively low maintenance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a>

<h2 id="ductless-fume-hoods">Ductless fume hoods</h2>
Ductless fume hoods, also known as recirculating<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a>: 502  or self-contained hoods,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a>: 160  are units that do not extract air out of the building or work environment. Rather, air is sucked through the front opening of the hood and through a filter, before passing through the fan mounted on the top (soffit) of the hood or beneath the worktop and being fed back into the workplace.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a>: 502  With a ductless fume hood it is essential that the filter medium be able to remove the particular hazardous or noxious material being used. As different filters are required for different materials, recirculating fume hoods should only be used when the specific hazards are known and suited to the type of filter used,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a>: 26  and such filters have to be replaced regularly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> The materials used inside the hood must also have warning properties to indicate a failure of the filter to capture particulates or vapors, such as odor or taste.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a>: 26 The production of recirculating fume hoods was only made possible after the invention of the <a href="/facts/HEPA/RTWmW8aE">HEPA</a> filter in the 1940s,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> and while the units were initially considered inadequate at providing worker protection from vapors, their design and performance have been improved from the 1980s onward.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a>
Air filtration of ductless fume hoods is typically broken into two segments:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a>

<ul><li>Pre-filtration: This is the first stage of filtration, and consists of a physical barrier, typically open cell foam, which prevents large particles from passing through. Filters of this type are generally inexpensive, and last for approximately six months depending on usage.</li>
<li>Main filtration: After pre-filtration, the fumes are sucked through a layer of <a href="/facts/Activated_charcoal/YAbaXCcb">activated charcoal</a> which absorbs the majority of chemicals that pass through it. <a href="/facts/Ammonia/MtLtJFtz">Ammonia</a> and <a href="/facts/Carbon_monoxide/CKuLtEMJ">carbon monoxide</a> will, however, pass through most carbon filters; these filters are more often designed to adsorb <a href="/facts/Volatile_organic_compound/BFMlKwgt">volatile organic compounds</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> Additional specific filtration techniques can be added to combat chemicals that would otherwise be pumped back into the room.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a>: 416–420 </li></ul>
The advantages of using a ductless fume hood include their ease of implementation compared to ducted hoods, and the fact that conditioned air is not removed from the building. These factor alone provide measurable savings in energy usage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> The safety and effectiveness of ductless hoods, however, is markedly lower than ducted hoods in all but the most constrained conditions. Ductless fume hoods are not appropriate for research applications where the activity, and the materials used or generated, may change or be unknown. As a result of this and other drawbacks, some research organizations, including the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a> Columbia University,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> Princeton University,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> the University of New Hampshire,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a> and the University of Colorado, Boulder<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> either discourage or prohibit the use of ductless fume hoods. Additionally, while typically not classified as such, the manner in which <a href="/facts/Biosafety_cabinet/KXQwhPrJ">biosafety cabinets</a> are operated when not connected to a duct system is functionally the same as a ductless fume hood,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a>: 417  though the applications of biosafety cabinets, combined with the relative difficulty in connecting them to a building exhaust system compared to a fume hood, result in different safety considerations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a>
In a survey of 247 lab professionals conducted in 2010, Lab Manager Magazine found that approximately 22% of fume hoods are ductless fume hoods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a>

<h2 id="specialty-designs">Specialty designs</h2>
<h3>Downflow</h3>
Downflow fume hoods, also called downflow workstations, are fume hoods designed to protect the user and the environment from hazardous vapors generated on the work surface. A downward air flow is generated and hazardous vapors are collected through slits in the work surface. Downflow fume hoods are encountered more frequently in applications involving <a href="/facts/Powder/PGd3HwHE">powders</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a> and are comparable to <a href="/facts/Laminar_flow_cabinet/2YU24caj">laminar flow cabinets</a>. The laminar flow within these devices is easily disrupted, more so than traditional fume hoods, which can result in exposure to hazards within the hood.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a>

<h3>Water-wash</h3>
Fume hood units designed for procedures involving <a href="/facts/Perchloric_acid/gjhK386J">perchloric acid</a> feature a water-wash system in the ductwork and are often built from <a href="/facts/Marine_grade_stainless/auKKBA58">marine grade stainless</a> steel or rigid <a href="/facts/Polyvinyl_chloride/9VkegJvr">polyvinyl chloride</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a>: 36  Because dense perchloric acid fumes settle and form highly reactive <a href="/facts/Perchlorate/WCC53zS2">perchlorate</a> crystals, the internal baffles of the fume cupboard and ductwork must be cleaned internally with a series of sprayers,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> and all corners may be altered to be coved or rounded to further reduce the potential for buildup of crystals. A drain is integrated into the design for removal of wastewater solution.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> This design was first developed by the <a href="/facts/United_States_Bureau_of_Mines/N2kMqX6S">United States Bureau of Mines</a> in 1964,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a> and is sometimes referred to as an "acid digestion hood".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a>

<h3>Radioisotope</h3>
Fume hoods designed to handle <a href="/facts/Radioactive_materials/Ya6FVjt4">radioactive materials</a> are made with a coved stainless steel liner and coved integral stainless steel countertop<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a>: 40  that may be lined with lead to protect from <a href="/facts/Gamma_ray/5Drf913J">gamma rays</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a>: 230  Work with radioisotopes, regardless of hood design, is advised to be done over <a href="/facts/Sorbent/C56A0ASK">sorbent</a> pads to prevent releases through spills.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a> Regulations may require that any exhausted material is filtered through a regularly-replaced <a href="/facts/HEPA/RTWmW8aE">HEPA</a> or <a href="/facts/Activated_carbon/YAbaXCcb">activated carbon</a> filter to avoid environmental release of radioisotopes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a> 

<h3>Scrubber</h3>
Some fume hoods are equipped with <a href="/facts/Scrubber/0zSeEfrr">scrubber</a> systems designed to <a href="/facts/Absorption_(chemistry)/XGeB64bC">absorb</a> particularly hazardous chemical fumes before they are exhausted, whether for environmental or user safety concerns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a>: 230  The scrubber system is stocked with acid or base neutralizing salts to effectively remove the targeted chemical used in any planned procedures; this factor requires a higher level of maintenance than standard fume hoods,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a>: 47  and also produces hazardous <a href="/facts/Wastewater/g6Bn8xvT">wastewater</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a>

<h3>Floor-mounted</h3>
Also termed "walk-in" fume hoods, floor-mounted fume hoods have a working area that extends from the floor to the bottom of a connected exhaust duct for the use of tall equipment. Despite the name of "walk-in", entering a floor-mounted fume hood in operation while it contains hazardous materials poses a significant risk to the user;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a> they are only intended to be entered for the initial setup of equipment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a>: 40  Floor-mounted hoods are often equipped with multiple sashes, as a single long sash would be abnormally long if positioned for vertical movement, and have swinging doors that allow access to the lower portion of the hood.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a>: 158–160 

<h2 id="energy-consumption">Energy consumption</h2>
Because fume hoods constantly remove large volumes of conditioned (heated or cooled) air from lab spaces, they are responsible for the consumption of large amounts of energy. Fume hoods are a major factor in making laboratories four to five times more energy intensive than typical commercial buildings,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a> and these energy requirements are exacerbated in hot and humid climates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a> Energy costs for a typical hood can range from $4,600/year in <a href="/facts/Los_Angeles/pyXpYEX9">Los Angeles</a> to $9,300/year in <a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singapore</a> based on differences in cooling needs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a> The bulk of the energy that fume hoods are responsible for is the energy needed to heat and/or cool air delivered to the lab space. Additional electricity is consumed by fans in the HVAC system and fans in the fume hood exhaust system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a>
A number of universities run or have run programs to encourage lab users to reduce fume hood energy consumption by keeping VAV sashes closed as much as possible. For example, <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard University</a>'s Chemistry & Chemical Biology Department ran a "Shut the Sash" campaign, which resulted in a sustained ~30% reduction in fume hood exhaust rates. This translated into cost savings of approximately $180,000 per year, and a reduction in annual greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to 300 metric tons of carbon dioxide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a> Several other institutions report on programs to reduce energy consumption by fume hoods, including:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology/Xk49vNA8">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/North_Carolina_State_University/FnMUAASu">North Carolina State University</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/University_of_British_Columbia/8QCl5YGd">University of British Columbia</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/University_of_California,_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">University of California, Berkeley</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/University_of_California,_Davis/LTCyhaP5">University of California, Davis</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/University_of_California,_Irvine/gS3nEt3V">University of California, Irvine</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles/KwPz7AK1">University of California, Los Angeles</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/University_of_California,_Riverside/QVdCJj5c">University of California, Riverside</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/University_of_California,_San_Diego/srMClpNv">University of California, San Diego</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara/G7UvBWlK">University of California, Santa Barbara</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/University_of_Central_Florida/Gbx281mg">University of Central Florida</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/University_of_Colorado_Boulder/SzsmJFb7">University of Colorado Boulder</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/University_of_Chicago/z6zRMUmV">University of Chicago</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a></li></ul>
<h3>Hibernation</h3>
In 2020, <a href="/facts/Cornell_University/FGyXuXeI">Cornell University</a> sought to reduce energy consumption during times of reduced occupancy (caused by a response to the <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic/0xTsh7Ut">COVID-19 pandemic</a>) by shutting off airflow to many HVAC systems, including those connected to fume hoods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a> The process of shutting off, or "hibernating", these fume hoods turned out to be difficult to implement unilaterally across equipment of different models and ages, and only produced significant cost savings when applied over a period of more than 3 months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a> Process improvements allowed for the development of equipment and programs that can better implement periods of fume hood "hibernation", which have been implemented across several research institutions as of 2024, including the <a href="/facts/University_of_Alabama/AzXHD8IG">University of Alabama</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a> <a href="/facts/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln/J43EEWSI">University of Nebraska–Lincoln</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a> and <a href="/facts/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology/Xk49vNA8">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a>

<h3>Use of sensors</h3>
Person detection technology, such as <a href="/facts/Motion_detector/DqDHAPT6">motion detectors</a> and <a href="/facts/Occupancy_sensor/PnHS3vlU">occupancy sensors</a>, can sense the presence of a hood operator within a zone in front of a hood. Sensor signals allow ventilation controls to switch between normal and standby or "setback" modes that consume less energy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a>: 9.H.3  Coupled with other space occupancy sensor systems,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a> these technologies can adjust ventilation and lighting use to effectively minimize wasted energy in laboratories.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a> However, there are safety concerns with reducing airflow in fume hoods through sensor signals if the sash is left open; some programs combine the principles of "Shut the Sash" campaigns with variable flow ventilation by using technology to actively remind users to close the sash of a fume hood that is not in use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a> Comprehensive controls on a laboratory may necessitate the use of a mechanical sash controller module that will automatically close the sash and shut off ventilation in concert with motion sensors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a>: 238  However, even without the use of sensors and mechanical sashes, providing reminders to fume hood users to shut the sash is more effective than doing nothing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a>

<h2 id="construction-and-installation">Construction and installation</h2>

Fume hoods are typically constructed with a <a href="/facts/Superstructure/s94pXpHw">superstructure</a> encasing the various supporting members and inner lining of the hood. This superstructure is often built out of sheet metal, which has apertures punched into it to allow for access to plumbing and electrical receptacles or devices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a>
Ducted fume hoods have additional specifications necessitated by their design compared to ductless models. Seams in metal exhaust ductwork must be <a href="/facts/Welding/6EJ62mYV">welded</a>, excluding the outer end where a fan or blower is positioned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a>: 67  Depending on design choices and HVAC capabilities, the blower may be installed within or above the hood, or it may be positioned at the exhaust point, usually the roof of the building.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a>: 652 
Fume hoods are installed with the intent to minimize exposure to materials used within the enclosure; as such, they are most often placed against walls and away from doors in order to prevent exposure by <a href="/facts/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)/V0hTLblX">eddies</a> in air caused by a door opening or closing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a> One <a href="/facts/EN_standard/53q0NbI3">EN standard</a> requires that the face of a fume hood be installed such that it is at least 1 metre (3.3 ft) from any space where there is frequent movement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a>
Regional standards may require the implementation of further precautions and design considerations beyond the general requirements to build a functional fume hood.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a> These design standards may advise for considerations previously reserved for specialty hoods that improve <a href="/facts/Aerodynamics/Cn6Lnl3H">aerodynamics</a> and ease of cleaning, such as coved corners, beveled openings, and integrated acid-resistant <a href="/facts/Sink/MQTNL1bh">sinks</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a>

<h3>Maintenance</h3>

Fume hoods require regular maintenance to ensure consistent functionality; this is in addition to the standard precautions and measures taken during regular operations and ideally involves daily, periodic, and annual inspections:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a>

<ul><li>Daily fume hood inspections entail visual inspections of the fume hood for improper storage of material and other visible blockages. Airflow is often monitored for these daily inspections by taping a piece of <a href="/facts/Tissue_paper/hskDJeVJ">tissue paper</a> to the open face of the hood such that it will be drawn inward; if the tissue is not pulled inward, the hood exhaust is not functioning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a></li>
<li>Periodic fume hood function inspections require the measurement of capture or face velocity<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a> with an <a href="/facts/Anemometer/t5Y9Hk2o">anemometer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a>: 359  Specialized instruments for measuring wind speed in a fume hood or in <a href="/facts/Ductwork/34ThHzCt">ductwork</a> are often referred to by trade names that indicate the mechanism of measurement, such as "velometer" and "vaneometer".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a>: 61–72  Most fume hoods are commonly recommended to maintain an average face velocity of 80–120 feet (24–37 m) per minute for safe operation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a>: 306  The minimum number of readings used to determine average face velocity varies according to ASHRAE standards, the most recent of which was produced in 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a> Fume hoods and other local exhaust devices may be <a href="/facts/Smoke_testing_(mechanical)/gaamtYTU">smoke tested</a> to determine if the contaminants they are designed to remove are being adequately captured and exhausted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a>: 81 Periodic fume hood inspections may also include checks on proper behavior of workers using the device to ensure that they are not exposed to hazardous materials through the actions of the user generating turbulence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a> Hoods that are not working properly, whether this is identified through an alarm on an airflow monitor or through periodic function tests, are unsafe to use, and in some situations warrant <a href="/facts/Padlock/P7J2NvNK">padlocking</a> the sash closed to prevent users from accessing the device to continue work.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a></li>
<li>Annual maintenance involves mechanical repairs (i.e. lubrication, belt adjustment, filter servicing<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a>), maintenance as recommended by the device manufacturer, or upgrades to bring the device into compliance with standards,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a> local <a href="/facts/Building_code/CXCHd3IC">building codes</a>, or to meet the specific needs of users.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a> Organizations such as the <a href="/facts/National_Institutes_of_Health/G3Eytfcc">National Institutes of Health</a> may include wording that requires the retrofitting of already installed fume hoods in updates to their regulatory guidelines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a> Mechanical changes to ventilation systems or any one fume hood may also affect different devices connected to the system, which can warrant inspection and validation of connected devices after seemingly unrelated work.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a>: 32.7.2 </li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Biosafety_cabinet/KXQwhPrJ">Biosafety cabinet</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Laminar_flow_cabinet/2YU24caj">Laminar flow cabinet</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Spray_booth/upKNJy21">Spray booth</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Vented_balance_safety_enclosure/gb9SYXqm">Vented balance safety enclosure</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.research.northwestern.edu/ors/forms/chemical-fume-hood-handbook.pdf">Northwestern University Office for Research Safety – The Chemical Fume Hood Handbook</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901204325/http://www.research.northwestern.edu/ors/forms/chemical-fume-hood-handbook.pdf">Archived</a> September 1, 2016, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.labmanager.com/category/product/fume-hoods">The Fume Hood Resource Center by Lab Manager Magazine</a></li></ul>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fume hood.

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">George Wilson (1703). "A Compleat Course of Chymistry". Printed for Wm Turner at Lincolns-Inn Back Gate; and R. Baffet, at the Mitre in Fleetstreet. p. 158. Sublimate of Corosive Arsnick: Let all your Operations be perform'd in a Chimney, that the Pernicious Fumes may be freely ascend without Prejudice to the Operator; and when you grind the Arsnick, Muffle your Mouth and Nostrils <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zKVhAAAAcAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=zKVhAAAAcAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Gillian Mohney (October 18, 2015). "Thomas Jefferson's Hidden Chemistry Lab Discovered". ABC News. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/Health/thomas-jeffersons-hidden-chemistry-lab-found-univ-virginia/story?id=34521301" target="_blank">https://abcnews.go.com/Health/thomas-jeffersons-hidden-chemistry-lab-found-univ-virginia/story?id=34521301</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">John Buie (December 9, 2011). "Evolution of Fume Hoods". Lab Manager. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035240/http://www.labmanager.com/lab-product/2011/12/evolution-of-fume-hoods?fw1pk=2#.Uqp6AI72iZZ" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035240/http://www.labmanager.com/lab-product/2011/12/evolution-of-fume-hoods?fw1pk=2#.Uqp6AI72iZZ</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Marzena Klimowicz-Sikorska (September 30, 2010). "Wehikuł czasu na Politechnice Gdańskiej / Time machine at the Gdańsk University of Technology" (in Polish). Trojmiasto.pl. Archived from the original on October 8, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="http://www.trojmiasto.pl/wiadomosci/Wehikul-czasu-na-Politechnice-Gdanskiej-n42148.html" target="_blank">http://www.trojmiasto.pl/wiadomosci/Wehikul-czasu-na-Politechnice-Gdanskiej-n42148.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">John Buie (December 9, 2011). "Evolution of Fume Hoods". Lab Manager. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035240/http://www.labmanager.com/lab-product/2011/12/evolution-of-fume-hoods?fw1pk=2#.Uqp6AI72iZZ" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035240/http://www.labmanager.com/lab-product/2011/12/evolution-of-fume-hoods?fw1pk=2#.Uqp6AI72iZZ</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">John Buie (December 9, 2011). "Evolution of Fume Hoods". Lab Manager. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035240/http://www.labmanager.com/lab-product/2011/12/evolution-of-fume-hoods?fw1pk=2#.Uqp6AI72iZZ" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035240/http://www.labmanager.com/lab-product/2011/12/evolution-of-fume-hoods?fw1pk=2#.Uqp6AI72iZZ</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory (2011), "Laboratory Facilities", Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards: Updated Version, National Academies Press (US), 9.C.2. Laboratory Chemical Hoods, archived from the original on March 12, 2023, retrieved March 27, 2024 <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" target="_blank">/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">The American Architect Specification Manual. Vol. 9. Architectural and Building Press. 1927. p. 297. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zRB5A9j1BK4C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=zRB5A9j1BK4C</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">National Institutes of Health (U S. ) Office of Architecture and Engineering (1968). Health Research Laboratory Design. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 25. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6OASQbzHr1oC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=6OASQbzHr1oC</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Furr, A. Keith (March 29, 1995). CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety: Fourth Edition. CRC-Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2518-2. <a href="978-0-8493-2518-2" target="_blank">978-0-8493-2518-2</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Laboratory and Industrial Ventilation. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1972. p. 401. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nm1UAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nm1UAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">John Buie (December 9, 2011). "Evolution of Fume Hoods". Lab Manager. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035240/http://www.labmanager.com/lab-product/2011/12/evolution-of-fume-hoods?fw1pk=2#.Uqp6AI72iZZ" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035240/http://www.labmanager.com/lab-product/2011/12/evolution-of-fume-hoods?fw1pk=2#.Uqp6AI72iZZ</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Furr, A. Keith (March 29, 1995). CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety: Fourth Edition. CRC-Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2518-2. <a href="978-0-8493-2518-2" target="_blank">978-0-8493-2518-2</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Cooper, E. Crawley (May 5, 1994). Laboratory Design Handbook. CRC Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-8493-8996-2. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024. <a href="978-0-8493-8996-2" target="_blank">978-0-8493-8996-2</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Labconco (2003). "How To Select The Right Laboratory Hood System" (PDF). University of Nebraska–Lincoln Office of Research & Economic Development. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved January 27, 2024. <a href="https://research.unl.edu/docs/VentilationSelectFumeHood_2-07.pdf" target="_blank">https://research.unl.edu/docs/VentilationSelectFumeHood_2-07.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Labconco (2003). "How To Select The Right Laboratory Hood System" (PDF). University of Nebraska–Lincoln Office of Research & Economic Development. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved January 27, 2024. <a href="https://research.unl.edu/docs/VentilationSelectFumeHood_2-07.pdf" target="_blank">https://research.unl.edu/docs/VentilationSelectFumeHood_2-07.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Labconco (2003). "How To Select The Right Laboratory Hood System" (PDF). University of Nebraska–Lincoln Office of Research & Economic Development. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved January 27, 2024. <a href="https://research.unl.edu/docs/VentilationSelectFumeHood_2-07.pdf" target="_blank">https://research.unl.edu/docs/VentilationSelectFumeHood_2-07.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Peat, Kay (August 16, 2022). "For Your Lab: Ducted or Ductless Fume Hoods?". Triumvirate. Archived from the original on January 25, 2024. Retrieved January 25, 2024. <a href="https://www.triumvirate.com/blog/for-your-lab-ducted-or-ductless-fume-hoods" target="_blank">https://www.triumvirate.com/blog/for-your-lab-ducted-or-ductless-fume-hoods</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Labconco (2003). "How To Select The Right Laboratory Hood System" (PDF). University of Nebraska–Lincoln Office of Research & Economic Development. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved January 27, 2024. <a href="https://research.unl.edu/docs/VentilationSelectFumeHood_2-07.pdf" target="_blank">https://research.unl.edu/docs/VentilationSelectFumeHood_2-07.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Labconco (2003). "How To Select The Right Laboratory Hood System" (PDF). University of Nebraska–Lincoln Office of Research & Economic Development. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved January 27, 2024. <a href="https://research.unl.edu/docs/VentilationSelectFumeHood_2-07.pdf" target="_blank">https://research.unl.edu/docs/VentilationSelectFumeHood_2-07.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Burgess, William A.; Ellenbecker, Michael J.; Treitman, Robert D. (May 28, 2004). Ventilation for Control of the Work Environment (2nd ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/0471667056. ISBN 9780471667056. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="9780471667056" target="_blank">9780471667056</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Burgess, William A.; Ellenbecker, Michael J.; Treitman, Robert D. (May 28, 2004). Ventilation for Control of the Work Environment (2nd ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/0471667056. ISBN 9780471667056. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="9780471667056" target="_blank">9780471667056</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">University of Toronto Environmental Health and Safety (November 2018). "Design Standard – Fume Hoods & Fume Hood Exhausts" (PDF). University of Toronto. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved January 27, 2024. <a href="https://ehs.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Fume-Hoods-03-Design-Standard_November-2018.pdf" target="_blank">https://ehs.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Fume-Hoods-03-Design-Standard_November-2018.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Burgess, William A.; Ellenbecker, Michael J.; Treitman, Robert D. (May 28, 2004). Ventilation for Control of the Work Environment (2nd ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/0471667056. ISBN 9780471667056. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="9780471667056" target="_blank">9780471667056</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"3.11 Fume Hood Power and Electrical". Stanford University Environmental Health and Safety. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2024. <a href="https://ehs.stanford.edu/manual/laboratory-standard-design-guidelines/fume-hood-power-and-electrical" target="_blank">https://ehs.stanford.edu/manual/laboratory-standard-design-guidelines/fume-hood-power-and-electrical</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Binggeli, Corky; Greichen, Patricia (2011). Interior Graphic Standards (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9780470471579. Archived from the original on September 1, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="9780470471579" target="_blank">9780470471579</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">University of Toronto Environmental Health and Safety (November 2018). "Design Standard – Fume Hoods & Fume Hood Exhausts" (PDF). University of Toronto. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved January 27, 2024. <a href="https://ehs.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Fume-Hoods-03-Design-Standard_November-2018.pdf" target="_blank">https://ehs.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Fume-Hoods-03-Design-Standard_November-2018.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Motz, LaMoine L.; Biehle, James T.; West, Sandra S. (2007). NSTA Guide to Planning School Science Facilities. NSTA Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-933531-08-3. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024. <a href="978-1-933531-08-3" target="_blank">978-1-933531-08-3</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Labconco (2003). "How To Select The Right Laboratory Hood System" (PDF). University of Nebraska–Lincoln Office of Research & Economic Development. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved January 27, 2024. <a href="https://research.unl.edu/docs/VentilationSelectFumeHood_2-07.pdf" target="_blank">https://research.unl.edu/docs/VentilationSelectFumeHood_2-07.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"CLEAR VIEW FUME HOODS". SP Bel-Art. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.belart.com/clear-view-fume-hoods.html" target="_blank">https://www.belart.com/clear-view-fume-hoods.html</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"Fume Hoods Overview" (PDF). New England Labs. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved January 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.newenglandlab.com/userfiles/files/resources/Catalog%20Sections/Mott%209_1/9_1-P-FUME-HOODS-NEL.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.newenglandlab.com/userfiles/files/resources/Catalog%20Sections/Mott%209_1/9_1-P-FUME-HOODS-NEL.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Motz, LaMoine L.; Biehle, James T.; West, Sandra S. (2007). NSTA Guide to Planning School Science Facilities. NSTA Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-933531-08-3. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024. <a href="978-1-933531-08-3" target="_blank">978-1-933531-08-3</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Pickard, Quentin (2002). "Laboratories". The Architects' Handbook. Oxford, England: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 228. ISBN 1-4051-3505-0. <a href="1-4051-3505-0" target="_blank">1-4051-3505-0</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Binggeli, Corky; Greichen, Patricia (2011). Interior Graphic Standards (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9780470471579. Archived from the original on September 1, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="9780470471579" target="_blank">9780470471579</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Dittrich, Egbert (2015). Dittrich, Egbert (ed.). The Sustainable Laboratory Handbook Layout of Technical Building Trades. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9783527337095. ISBN 978-3-527-33567-1. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024. <a href="978-3-527-33567-1" target="_blank">978-3-527-33567-1</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Stuart, David G.; Eagleson, David C.; Quint, Charles W. (April 9, 2014), Fleming, Diane O.; Hunt, Debra L. (eds.), "Primary Barriers: Biological Safety Cabinets, Fume Hoods, and Glove Boxes", Biological Safety, Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, pp. 303–323, doi:10.1128/9781555815899.ch16, ISBN 978-1-68367-177-0, archived from the original on June 26, 2024, retrieved June 3, 2024 <a href="978-1-68367-177-0" target="_blank">978-1-68367-177-0</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Labconco (2003). "How To Select The Right Laboratory Hood System" (PDF). University of Nebraska–Lincoln Office of Research & Economic Development. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved January 27, 2024. <a href="https://research.unl.edu/docs/VentilationSelectFumeHood_2-07.pdf" target="_blank">https://research.unl.edu/docs/VentilationSelectFumeHood_2-07.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Committee on Design, Construction, and Renovation of Laboratory Facilities (May 15, 2000). "Laboratory Configuration". Laboratory Design, Construction, and Renovation. National Academies Press. p. 92. ISBN 9780309066334. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="9780309066334" target="_blank">9780309066334</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Committee on Design, Construction, and Renovation of Laboratory Facilities (May 15, 2000). "Laboratory Configuration". Laboratory Design, Construction, and Renovation. National Academies Press. p. 92. ISBN 9780309066334. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="9780309066334" target="_blank">9780309066334</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Bennett, Bill; Cole, Graham, eds. (2003). Pharmaceutical Production: An Engineering Guide. IChemE. ISBN 9780852954409. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="9780852954409" target="_blank">9780852954409</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Labconco (2003). "How To Select The Right Laboratory Hood System" (PDF). University of Nebraska–Lincoln Office of Research & Economic Development. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved January 27, 2024. <a href="https://research.unl.edu/docs/VentilationSelectFumeHood_2-07.pdf" target="_blank">https://research.unl.edu/docs/VentilationSelectFumeHood_2-07.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Furr, A. Keith (March 29, 1995). CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety: Fourth Edition. CRC-Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2518-2. <a href="978-0-8493-2518-2" target="_blank">978-0-8493-2518-2</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Furr, A. Keith (March 29, 1995). CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety: Fourth Edition. CRC-Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2518-2. <a href="978-0-8493-2518-2" target="_blank">978-0-8493-2518-2</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory (2011), "Laboratory Facilities", Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards: Updated Version, National Academies Press (US), 9.C.2. Laboratory Chemical Hoods, archived from the original on March 12, 2023, retrieved March 27, 2024 <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" target="_blank">/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Furr, A. Keith (March 29, 1995). CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety: Fourth Edition. CRC-Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2518-2. <a href="978-0-8493-2518-2" target="_blank">978-0-8493-2518-2</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Committee on Design, Construction, and Renovation of Laboratory Facilities (May 15, 2000). "Laboratory Configuration". Laboratory Design, Construction, and Renovation. National Academies Press. p. 92. ISBN 9780309066334. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="9780309066334" target="_blank">9780309066334</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Labconco (2003). "How To Select The Right Laboratory Hood System" (PDF). University of Nebraska–Lincoln Office of Research & Economic Development. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved January 27, 2024. <a href="https://research.unl.edu/docs/VentilationSelectFumeHood_2-07.pdf" target="_blank">https://research.unl.edu/docs/VentilationSelectFumeHood_2-07.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Fulmer, Kasey (March 15, 2017). "4 things you need to know about airflow monitors on chemical fume hoods". Labconco. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.labconco.com/articles/4-things-you-need-to-know-about-airflow-monitors" target="_blank">https://www.labconco.com/articles/4-things-you-need-to-know-about-airflow-monitors</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">ANSI/ASSP Z9.5-2022. American National Standards Institute. May 2022. <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Dittrich, Egbert (2015). Dittrich, Egbert (ed.). The Sustainable Laboratory Handbook Layout of Technical Building Trades. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9783527337095. ISBN 978-3-527-33567-1. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024. <a href="978-3-527-33567-1" target="_blank">978-3-527-33567-1</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">BS EN 14175. British Standards Institute. January 2014. ISBN 9780580843150. <a href="9780580843150" target="_blank">9780580843150</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">"Laboratory Guidelines and Standards Application Note LC-125 Rev C (US)". TSI Inc. January 6, 2023. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2024. <a href="https://tsi.com/getmedia/ed63b48a-7f5a-4981-911e-7f33694809bc/LC-125_Lab-Guidelines-and-Standards_RevC_US" target="_blank">https://tsi.com/getmedia/ed63b48a-7f5a-4981-911e-7f33694809bc/LC-125_Lab-Guidelines-and-Standards_RevC_US</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">"3.11 Fume Hood Power and Electrical". Stanford University Environmental Health and Safety. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2024. <a href="https://ehs.stanford.edu/manual/laboratory-standard-design-guidelines/fume-hood-power-and-electrical" target="_blank">https://ehs.stanford.edu/manual/laboratory-standard-design-guidelines/fume-hood-power-and-electrical</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory (2011), "Laboratory Facilities", Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards: Updated Version, National Academies Press (US), 9.C.2. Laboratory Chemical Hoods, archived from the original on March 12, 2023, retrieved March 27, 2024 <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" target="_blank">/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Dittrich, Egbert (2015). Dittrich, Egbert (ed.). The Sustainable Laboratory Handbook Layout of Technical Building Trades. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9783527337095. ISBN 978-3-527-33567-1. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024. <a href="978-3-527-33567-1" target="_blank">978-3-527-33567-1</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">"Fume Hood Sash Stickers Increases Laboratory Safety and Efficiency at Minimal Cost: Success at two University of California Campuses" (PDF). US Department of Energy. March 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. <a href="http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/sash_stickers_cs.pdf" target="_blank">http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/sash_stickers_cs.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Mills, Evan; Dale Sartor (April 2006). "Energy Use and Savings Potential for Laboratory Fume Hoods" (PDF). LBNL 55400. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032406/http://evanmills.lbl.gov/pubs/pdf/fh_energy_full_report.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032406/http://evanmills.lbl.gov/pubs/pdf/fh_energy_full_report.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">"California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Section 5154.1. Ventilation Requirements for Laboratory-Type Hood Operations". dir.ca.gov. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2024. <a href="https://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/5154_1.html" target="_blank">https://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/5154_1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Furr, A. Keith (March 29, 1995). CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety: Fourth Edition. CRC-Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2518-2. <a href="978-0-8493-2518-2" target="_blank">978-0-8493-2518-2</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Fulmer, Kasey (February 9, 2016). "Pulling the Plug on Auxiliary Air Fume Hoods". Labconco. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="https://www.labconco.com/articles/pulling-the-plug-on-auxilliary-fume-hoods" target="_blank">https://www.labconco.com/articles/pulling-the-plug-on-auxilliary-fume-hoods</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Furr, A. Keith (April 12, 2000). CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety (5th ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 9781420038460. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="9781420038460" target="_blank">9781420038460</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Fulmer, Kasey (February 9, 2016). "Pulling the Plug on Auxiliary Air Fume Hoods". Labconco. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="https://www.labconco.com/articles/pulling-the-plug-on-auxilliary-fume-hoods" target="_blank">https://www.labconco.com/articles/pulling-the-plug-on-auxilliary-fume-hoods</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">"How a Fume Hood Works". Princeton University Environmental Health and Safety. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2024. <a href="https://ehs.princeton.edu/laboratory-research/laboratory-safety/laboratory-equipment-and-engineering/fume-hoods/how-fume-hood-works" target="_blank">https://ehs.princeton.edu/laboratory-research/laboratory-safety/laboratory-equipment-and-engineering/fume-hoods/how-fume-hood-works</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Face velocity is the "velocity of air at the face of an air diffuser or air terminal unit."[35] <a href="/wiki/Velocity" target="_blank">/wiki/Velocity</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory (2011), "Laboratory Facilities", Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards: Updated Version, National Academies Press (US), 9.C.2. Laboratory Chemical Hoods, archived from the original on March 12, 2023, retrieved March 27, 2024 <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" target="_blank">/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">"Shopping for a Fume Hood? See the Survey Results". Lab Manager Magazine. January 1, 2011. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618104825/http://www.labmanager.com/?articles.view%2FarticleNo%2F3857%2Farticle%2FShopping-for-a-Fume-Hood--See-the-Survey-Results" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120618104825/http://www.labmanager.com/?articles.view%2FarticleNo%2F3857%2Farticle%2FShopping-for-a-Fume-Hood--See-the-Survey-Results</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory (2011), "Laboratory Facilities", Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards: Updated Version, National Academies Press (US), 9.C.2. Laboratory Chemical Hoods, archived from the original on March 12, 2023, retrieved March 27, 2024 <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" target="_blank">/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Face velocity is the "velocity of air at the face of an air diffuser or air terminal unit."[35] <a href="/wiki/Velocity" target="_blank">/wiki/Velocity</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">McLeod, Vince; Glenn Ketcham (October 7, 2009). "CAV, RAV & VAV". Lab Manager Magazine. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2012. <a href="https://archive.today/20130127132713/http://www.labmanager.com/?articles.view/articleNo/3463/" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130127132713/http://www.labmanager.com/?articles.view/articleNo/3463/</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">McLeod, Vince; Glenn Ketcham (October 7, 2009). "CAV, RAV & VAV". Lab Manager Magazine. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2012. <a href="https://archive.today/20130127132713/http://www.labmanager.com/?articles.view/articleNo/3463/" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130127132713/http://www.labmanager.com/?articles.view/articleNo/3463/</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory (2011), "Laboratory Facilities", Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards: Updated Version, National Academies Press (US), 9.C.2. Laboratory Chemical Hoods, archived from the original on March 12, 2023, retrieved March 27, 2024 <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" target="_blank">/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">McLeod, Vince; Glenn Ketcham (October 7, 2009). "CAV, RAV & VAV". Lab Manager Magazine. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2012. <a href="https://archive.today/20130127132713/http://www.labmanager.com/?articles.view/articleNo/3463/" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130127132713/http://www.labmanager.com/?articles.view/articleNo/3463/</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Aiha (2003). American National Standard for Laboratory Ventilation. AIHA. ISBN 978-1-931504-35-5. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024. <a href="978-1-931504-35-5" target="_blank">978-1-931504-35-5</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">"Lab Fume Hoods". University of Colorado at Boulder Facilities Management. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. <a href="https://archive.today/20121212195153/http://www.colorado.edu/FacMan/about/conservation/FumeHoods.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20121212195153/http://www.colorado.edu/FacMan/about/conservation/FumeHoods.html</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">McLeod, Vince; Glenn Ketcham (October 7, 2009). "CAV, RAV & VAV". Lab Manager Magazine. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2012. <a href="https://archive.today/20130127132713/http://www.labmanager.com/?articles.view/articleNo/3463/" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130127132713/http://www.labmanager.com/?articles.view/articleNo/3463/</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">"Lab Fume Hoods". University of Colorado at Boulder Facilities Management. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. <a href="https://archive.today/20121212195153/http://www.colorado.edu/FacMan/about/conservation/FumeHoods.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20121212195153/http://www.colorado.edu/FacMan/about/conservation/FumeHoods.html</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory (2011), "Laboratory Facilities", Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards: Updated Version, National Academies Press (US), 9.C.2. Laboratory Chemical Hoods, archived from the original on March 12, 2023, retrieved March 27, 2024 <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" target="_blank">/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Stuart, David G.; Eagleson, David C.; Quint, Charles W. (April 9, 2014), Fleming, Diane O.; Hunt, Debra L. (eds.), "Primary Barriers: Biological Safety Cabinets, Fume Hoods, and Glove Boxes", Biological Safety, Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, pp. 303–323, doi:10.1128/9781555815899.ch16, ISBN 978-1-68367-177-0, archived from the original on June 26, 2024, retrieved June 3, 2024 <a href="978-1-68367-177-0" target="_blank">978-1-68367-177-0</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Aiha (2003). American National Standard for Laboratory Ventilation. AIHA. ISBN 978-1-931504-35-5. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024. <a href="978-1-931504-35-5" target="_blank">978-1-931504-35-5</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory (2011), "Laboratory Facilities", Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards: Updated Version, National Academies Press (US), 9.C.2. Laboratory Chemical Hoods, archived from the original on March 12, 2023, retrieved March 27, 2024 <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" target="_blank">/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">"Fume Hood Sash Stickers Increases Laboratory Safety and Efficiency at Minimal Cost: Success at two University of California Campuses" (PDF). US Department of Energy. March 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. <a href="http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/sash_stickers_cs.pdf" target="_blank">http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/sash_stickers_cs.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Wesolowski, Daniel; Elsa Olivetti; Amanda Graham; Steve Lanou; Peter Cooper; Jim Doughty; Rich Wilk; Leon Glicksman (February 10, 2010). "The use of feedback in lab energy conservation: fume hoods at MIT" (PDF). International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. 11 (3): 217–235. Bibcode:2010IJSHE..11..217W. doi:10.1108/14676371011058523. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="http://web.mit.edu/~slanou/www/shared_documents/The%20use%20of%20feedback%20in%20lab%20energy%20conservation.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.mit.edu/~slanou/www/shared_documents/The%20use%20of%20feedback%20in%20lab%20energy%20conservation.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">"Shopping for a Fume Hood? See the Survey Results". Lab Manager Magazine. January 1, 2011. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618104825/http://www.labmanager.com/?articles.view%2FarticleNo%2F3857%2Farticle%2FShopping-for-a-Fume-Hood--See-the-Survey-Results" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120618104825/http://www.labmanager.com/?articles.view%2FarticleNo%2F3857%2Farticle%2FShopping-for-a-Fume-Hood--See-the-Survey-Results</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Furr, A. Keith (April 12, 2000). CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety (5th ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 9781420038460. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="9781420038460" target="_blank">9781420038460</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">"Rust Proof Chemical Resistant Canopy Hoods". Industrial Maintenance & Plant Operation. October 1, 2017. <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Furr, A. Keith (April 12, 2000). CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety (5th ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 9781420038460. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="9781420038460" target="_blank">9781420038460</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">Solá, Xavier Guardino; Cobo, Carlos Heras (2004). "NTP 672: Extracción localizada en el laboratorio" [NTP 672: Local extraction in the laboratory]. Instituto Nacional de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="https://www.insst.es/documents/94886/326775/ntp_672.pdf/752ab740-0676-4683-8794-45d907e4e8e9" target="_blank">https://www.insst.es/documents/94886/326775/ntp_672.pdf/752ab740-0676-4683-8794-45d907e4e8e9</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Saunders, G. Thomas (April 28, 1993). Laboratory Fume Hoods: A User's Manual. Wiley. ISBN 9780471569350. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="9780471569350" target="_blank">9780471569350</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">"Shopping for a Fume Hood? See the Survey Results". Lab Manager Magazine. January 1, 2011. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618104825/http://www.labmanager.com/?articles.view%2FarticleNo%2F3857%2Farticle%2FShopping-for-a-Fume-Hood--See-the-Survey-Results" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120618104825/http://www.labmanager.com/?articles.view%2FarticleNo%2F3857%2Farticle%2FShopping-for-a-Fume-Hood--See-the-Survey-Results</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Stern, Arthur C. (April 24, 2014). Air Pollution V4 Engineering Control of Air Pollution. Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780323162005. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="9780323162005" target="_blank">9780323162005</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Solá, Xavier Guardino; Cobo, Carlos Heras (2004). "NTP 672: Extracción localizada en el laboratorio" [NTP 672: Local extraction in the laboratory]. Instituto Nacional de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="https://www.insst.es/documents/94886/326775/ntp_672.pdf/752ab740-0676-4683-8794-45d907e4e8e9" target="_blank">https://www.insst.es/documents/94886/326775/ntp_672.pdf/752ab740-0676-4683-8794-45d907e4e8e9</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Binggeli, Corky; Greichen, Patricia (2011). Interior Graphic Standards (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9780470471579. Archived from the original on September 1, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="9780470471579" target="_blank">9780470471579</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Furr, A. Keith (March 29, 1995). CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety: Fourth Edition. CRC-Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2518-2. <a href="978-0-8493-2518-2" target="_blank">978-0-8493-2518-2</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Binggeli, Corky; Greichen, Patricia (2011). Interior Graphic Standards (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9780470471579. Archived from the original on September 1, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="9780470471579" target="_blank">9780470471579</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Aiha (2003). American National Standard for Laboratory Ventilation. AIHA. ISBN 978-1-931504-35-5. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024. <a href="978-1-931504-35-5" target="_blank">978-1-931504-35-5</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Motz, LaMoine L.; Biehle, James T.; West, Sandra S. (2007). NSTA Guide to Planning School Science Facilities. NSTA Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-933531-08-3. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024. <a href="978-1-933531-08-3" target="_blank">978-1-933531-08-3</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Aiha (2003). American National Standard for Laboratory Ventilation. AIHA. ISBN 978-1-931504-35-5. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024. <a href="978-1-931504-35-5" target="_blank">978-1-931504-35-5</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">John Buie (December 9, 2011). "Evolution of Fume Hoods". Lab Manager. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035240/http://www.labmanager.com/lab-product/2011/12/evolution-of-fume-hoods?fw1pk=2#.Uqp6AI72iZZ" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035240/http://www.labmanager.com/lab-product/2011/12/evolution-of-fume-hoods?fw1pk=2#.Uqp6AI72iZZ</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Goodfellow, Howard D.; Tahti, Esko (April 17, 2001). Industrial Ventilation Design Guidebook. Academic Press. p. 887. ISBN 978-0-12-289676-7. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024. <a href="978-0-12-289676-7" target="_blank">978-0-12-289676-7</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">Goodfellow, Howard D.; Tahti, Esko (April 17, 2001). Industrial Ventilation Design Guidebook. Academic Press. p. 887. ISBN 978-0-12-289676-7. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024. <a href="978-0-12-289676-7" target="_blank">978-0-12-289676-7</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Maximoff, Sergey N.; Mittal, Rajat; Kaushik, Ajeet; Dhau, Jaspreet S. (October 2022). "Performance evaluation of activated carbon sorbents for indoor air purification during normal and wildfire events". Chemosphere. 304: 135314. Bibcode:2022Chmsp.30435314M. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135314. PMID 35709843. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0045653522018070" target="_blank">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0045653522018070</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">DiBerardinis, Louis J.; Baum, Janet S.; First, Melvin W.; Gatwood, Gari T.; Seth, Anand K. (April 8, 2013). Guidelines for Laboratory Design: Health, Safety, and Environmental Considerations. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-50552-6. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024. <a href="978-0-470-50552-6" target="_blank">978-0-470-50552-6</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Motz, LaMoine L.; Biehle, James T.; West, Sandra S. (2007). NSTA Guide to Planning School Science Facilities. NSTA Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-933531-08-3. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024. <a href="978-1-933531-08-3" target="_blank">978-1-933531-08-3</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">"UW Milwaukee Ductless Fume Hood Policy". Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141031154256/http://www4.uwm.edu/usa/safety/laboratory_safety/ductless_fumehoods.cfm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20141031154256/http://www4.uwm.edu/usa/safety/laboratory_safety/ductless_fumehoods.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">"Columbia University Chemical Fume Hood Policy". Archived from the original on July 17, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2012. <a href="http://ehs.columbia.edu/fhPolicy.html" target="_blank">http://ehs.columbia.edu/fhPolicy.html</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">"Princeton University Laboratory Safety Manual, Section 6B: Controlling Chemical Exposures". Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved October 23, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222010549/http://web.princeton.edu/sites/ehs/labsafetymanual/sec6b.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150222010549/http://web.princeton.edu/sites/ehs/labsafetymanual/sec6b.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">"University of New Hampshire Fume Hood Program" (PDF). University of New Hampshire Office of Environmental Health and Safety. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 20, 2011. Retrieved October 23, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111120194226/http://unh.edu/research/sites/unh.edu.research/files/docs/EHS/UNH-Fume-Hood-Program.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111120194226/http://unh.edu/research/sites/unh.edu.research/files/docs/EHS/UNH-Fume-Hood-Program.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">"Fume Hood Questions & Answers" (PDF). University of Colorado – Boulder Department of Environmental Health and Safety. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530124531/http://www.colorado.edu/ehs/pdf/ECIH.FumeHoodQandA11_08.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120530124531/http://www.colorado.edu/ehs/pdf/ECIH.FumeHoodQandA11_08.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:109">DiBerardinis, Louis J.; Baum, Janet S.; First, Melvin W.; Gatwood, Gari T.; Seth, Anand K. (April 8, 2013). Guidelines for Laboratory Design: Health, Safety, and Environmental Considerations. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-50552-6. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024. <a href="978-0-470-50552-6" target="_blank">978-0-470-50552-6</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:110">Primary Containment for Biohazards: Selection, Installation and Use of Biological Safety Cabinets. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1995. p. 9. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ElcNMnjrWSQC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ElcNMnjrWSQC</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:111">"Shopping for a Fume Hood? See the Survey Results". Lab Manager Magazine. January 1, 2011. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618104825/http://www.labmanager.com/?articles.view%2FarticleNo%2F3857%2Farticle%2FShopping-for-a-Fume-Hood--See-the-Survey-Results" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120618104825/http://www.labmanager.com/?articles.view%2FarticleNo%2F3857%2Farticle%2FShopping-for-a-Fume-Hood--See-the-Survey-Results</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">Daluz, Hillary Moses (December 1, 2014). Fundamentals of Fingerprint Analysis. CRC Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-1-4665-9797-6. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 25, 2024. <a href="978-1-4665-9797-6" target="_blank">978-1-4665-9797-6</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:113">Shrewsbury, Robert P. (January 1, 2015). Applied Pharmaceutics in Contemporary Compounding. Morton Publishing Company. p. 358. ISBN 978-1-61731-419-3. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 25, 2024. <a href="978-1-61731-419-3" target="_blank">978-1-61731-419-3</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:114">Saunders, G. Thomas (April 28, 1993). Laboratory Fume Hoods: A User's Manual. Wiley. ISBN 9780471569350. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="9780471569350" target="_blank">9780471569350</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:115">"Perchloric Acid Fume Hoods and Their Exhaust Systems" (PDF). Public Works and Government Services Canada. May 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 8, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024. <a href="https://canadianscientific.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/canadian-government-perchloric-acid-fume-hood-specs.pdf" target="_blank">https://canadianscientific.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/canadian-government-perchloric-acid-fume-hood-specs.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">Hall, Stephen K. (December 19, 2018). "10. Laboratory Ventilation". Chemical Safety in the Laboratory. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-46138-2. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 25, 2024. <a href="978-1-351-46138-2" target="_blank">978-1-351-46138-2</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">Dieter, W. E.; Cohen, L.; Kundick, M. E. (1964). A Stainless Steel Fume Hood for Safety in Use of Perchloric Acid. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rqy6lIp_hUEC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Rqy6lIp_hUEC</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">Burgess, William A.; Ellenbecker, Michael J.; Treitman, Robert D. (July 12, 2004). Ventilation for Control of the Work Environment. John Wiley & Sons. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-471-66704-9. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 25, 2024. <a href="978-0-471-66704-9" target="_blank">978-0-471-66704-9</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">Barton, Larry (December 2, 2012). Iron Chelation in Plants and Soil Microorganisms. Academic Press. p. 471. ISBN 978-0-323-14783-5. <a href="978-0-323-14783-5" target="_blank">978-0-323-14783-5</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:120">Saunders, G. Thomas (April 28, 1993). Laboratory Fume Hoods: A User's Manual. Wiley. ISBN 9780471569350. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="9780471569350" target="_blank">9780471569350</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:121">Dittrich, Egbert (2015). Dittrich, Egbert (ed.). The Sustainable Laboratory Handbook Layout of Technical Building Trades. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9783527337095. ISBN 978-3-527-33567-1. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024. <a href="978-3-527-33567-1" target="_blank">978-3-527-33567-1</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:122">Green, Michael E.; Turk, Amos (1978). Safety in Working with Chemicals. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 128–129. ISBN 0-02-346420-8. <a href="0-02-346420-8" target="_blank">0-02-346420-8</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:123">"WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. May 2023. 7.6 Fume Hood Filtration and Wash-Down Systems. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 8, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024. <a href="https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-05/ws-commercial-watersense-at-work_Section_7.6_Fume_Hood.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-05/ws-commercial-watersense-at-work_Section_7.6_Fume_Hood.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:124">Dittrich, Egbert (2015). Dittrich, Egbert (ed.). The Sustainable Laboratory Handbook Layout of Technical Building Trades. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9783527337095. ISBN 978-3-527-33567-1. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024. <a href="978-3-527-33567-1" target="_blank">978-3-527-33567-1</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:125">Saunders, G. Thomas (April 28, 1993). Laboratory Fume Hoods: A User's Manual. Wiley. ISBN 9780471569350. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="9780471569350" target="_blank">9780471569350</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:126">Dittrich, Egbert (2015). Dittrich, Egbert (ed.). The Sustainable Laboratory Handbook Layout of Technical Building Trades. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9783527337095. ISBN 978-3-527-33567-1. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024. <a href="978-3-527-33567-1" target="_blank">978-3-527-33567-1</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:127">"Fume Hoods | Laboratory Safety". University of South Florida St. Petersburg Campus. Archived from the original on January 29, 2024. Retrieved January 29, 2024. <a href="https://www.stpetersburg.usf.edu/safety-and-compliance/programs-and-services/laboratory-safety/fume-hoods.aspx" target="_blank">https://www.stpetersburg.usf.edu/safety-and-compliance/programs-and-services/laboratory-safety/fume-hoods.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:128">Saunders, G. Thomas (April 28, 1993). Laboratory Fume Hoods: A User's Manual. Wiley. ISBN 9780471569350. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="9780471569350" target="_blank">9780471569350</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:129">Furr, A. Keith (March 29, 1995). CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety: Fourth Edition. CRC-Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2518-2. <a href="978-0-8493-2518-2" target="_blank">978-0-8493-2518-2</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:130">Bell, G.; D. Sartor; E. Mills (October 2003). "The Berkeley Hood: Development and Commercialization of an Innovative High-Performance Laboratory Fume Hood: Progress Report and Research Status: 1995–2003" (PDF). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 13, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2012. <a href="http://ateam.lbl.gov/hightech/fumehood/doc/LBNL-48983_FY03.pdf" target="_blank">http://ateam.lbl.gov/hightech/fumehood/doc/LBNL-48983_FY03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:131">He, Yueyang; Chung Hii, Daniel Jun; Wong, Nyuk Hien; Peck, Thian-Guan (January 2022). "Sustainable laboratory evaluations: Optimized fume-hood- intensive ventilation and energy efficiency without compromising occupational safety and comfort". Journal of Cleaner Production. 333: 130–147. Bibcode:2022JCPro.33330147H. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130147. S2CID 245223004. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652621043122" target="_blank">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652621043122</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:132">Mills, Evan; Dale Sartor (April 2006). "Energy Use and Savings Potential for Laboratory Fume Hoods" (PDF). LBNL 55400. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032406/http://evanmills.lbl.gov/pubs/pdf/fh_energy_full_report.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032406/http://evanmills.lbl.gov/pubs/pdf/fh_energy_full_report.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:133">"Lab Fume Hoods". University of Colorado at Boulder Facilities Management. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. <a href="https://archive.today/20121212195153/http://www.colorado.edu/FacMan/about/conservation/FumeHoods.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20121212195153/http://www.colorado.edu/FacMan/about/conservation/FumeHoods.html</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:134">Kreycik, Philip. "Energy – Shut the Sash Case Study". National Wildlife Federation – Campus Ecology. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2012. <a href="http://www.nwf.org/~/media/Campus-Ecology/Files/Case-Studies/Harvard-Shut-the-Sash-Final.ashx" target="_blank">http://www.nwf.org/~/media/Campus-Ecology/Files/Case-Studies/Harvard-Shut-the-Sash-Final.ashx</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:135">Wesolowski, Daniel; Elsa Olivetti; Amanda Graham; Steve Lanou; Peter Cooper; Jim Doughty; Rich Wilk; Leon Glicksman (February 10, 2010). "The use of feedback in lab energy conservation: fume hoods at MIT" (PDF). International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. 11 (3): 217–235. Bibcode:2010IJSHE..11..217W. doi:10.1108/14676371011058523. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="http://web.mit.edu/~slanou/www/shared_documents/The%20use%20of%20feedback%20in%20lab%20energy%20conservation.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.mit.edu/~slanou/www/shared_documents/The%20use%20of%20feedback%20in%20lab%20energy%20conservation.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:136">"NC State: Shut the Sash". Sustainability at NC State. Archived from the original on November 19, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119005018/http://sustainability.ncsu.edu/campus/energy-water/education-awareness/shut-the-sash" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121119005018/http://sustainability.ncsu.edu/campus/energy-water/education-awareness/shut-the-sash</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:137">"Shut the Sash". Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130630042618/http://www.sustain.ubc.ca/campus-initiatives/green-research/shut-the-sash" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130630042618/http://www.sustain.ubc.ca/campus-initiatives/green-research/shut-the-sash</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:138">"Shut the Sash Ends With a Bang". University of British Columbia Campus & Community Planning eNewsletter. May 2012. Archived from the original on June 20, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620092408/http://www.planning.ubc.ca/vancouver_home/news_and_events/enewsletter/may_2012/articles634.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120620092408/http://www.planning.ubc.ca/vancouver_home/news_and_events/enewsletter/may_2012/articles634.php</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:139">"Green Campus Projects" (PDF). UC Berkeley Green Campus Chronicles. May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930221738/http://tgif.berkeley.edu/docs/ucb_green_campus_chronicles_-_may_2011.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150930221738/http://tgif.berkeley.edu/docs/ucb_green_campus_chronicles_-_may_2011.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:140">"Fume Hood Sash Stickers Increases Laboratory Safety and Efficiency at Minimal Cost: Success at two University of California Campuses" (PDF). US Department of Energy. March 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. <a href="http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/sash_stickers_cs.pdf" target="_blank">http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/sash_stickers_cs.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:141">"UC-Irvine's "Shut the Sash" Campaign Counts Inches to Save Energy". National Wildlife Federation Blog. August 26, 2008. Archived from the original on January 6, 2015. Retrieved October 23, 2012. <a href="http://blog.nwf.org/2008/08/uc-irvines-shut-the-sash-campaign-counts-inches-to-save-energy/" target="_blank">http://blog.nwf.org/2008/08/uc-irvines-shut-the-sash-campaign-counts-inches-to-save-energy/</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">"Behavioral Changes in Laboratory Energy Consumption – Fume Hoods" (PDF). UCLA Laboratory Energy Efficiency Program. March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 11, 2011. Retrieved October 23, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110411024951/http://ehs.ucla.edu/Pub/Fall08_FumeHoodResults.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110411024951/http://ehs.ucla.edu/Pub/Fall08_FumeHoodResults.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:143">"We Want You To Shut Your Sash: UCLA Fume Hood Competition—Round Two!" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130304230957/http://www.ase.org/userfiles/13508_poster_official_final.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130304230957/http://www.ase.org/userfiles/13508_poster_official_final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:144">"Fume Hood Competition". PowerSave Green Campus UCLA. Archived from the original on April 8, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408040254/http://www.powersavebruins.org/index.php/projects/fume-hood-competition" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130408040254/http://www.powersavebruins.org/index.php/projects/fume-hood-competition</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:145">"Shut the Sash". UC Riverside Environmental Health & Safety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved October 23, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613011737/http://www.ehs.ucr.edu/safety/Fume_Hoods/shut_the_sash.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100613011737/http://www.ehs.ucr.edu/safety/Fume_Hoods/shut_the_sash.html</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:146">University of California, San Diego 2012 STARS Submittal (PDF). University of California, San Diego. 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/201209/coolschools/pdfs/university-of-california-san-diego-ca.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/201209/coolschools/pdfs/university-of-california-san-diego-ca.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:147">"Fume Hood Sash Stickers Increases Laboratory Safety and Efficiency at Minimal Cost: Success at two University of California Campuses" (PDF). US Department of Energy. March 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. <a href="http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/sash_stickers_cs.pdf" target="_blank">http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/sash_stickers_cs.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:148">"Shut the Sash!". Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016061303/http://www.sustainable.ucf.edu/shut-sash" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131016061303/http://www.sustainable.ucf.edu/shut-sash</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:149">"Lab Fume Hoods". University of Colorado at Boulder Facilities Management. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012. <a href="https://archive.today/20121212195153/http://www.colorado.edu/FacMan/about/conservation/FumeHoods.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20121212195153/http://www.colorado.edu/FacMan/about/conservation/FumeHoods.html</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:150">McMahon, Maureen (May 5, 2022). "Shut the Sash: Behavior awareness program impacts campus sustainability". University of Chicago Physical Sciences. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2024. <a href="https://physicalsciences.uchicago.edu/news/article/shut-the-sash-behavior-awareness-program-may-22/" target="_blank">https://physicalsciences.uchicago.edu/news/article/shut-the-sash-behavior-awareness-program-may-22/</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:151">Sweet, Ellen (July 25, 2022). "Fume Hood Hibernation". ACS Chemical Health & Safety. 29 (4): 366–368. doi:10.1021/acs.chas.2c00004. ISSN 1871-5532. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chas.2c00004" target="_blank">https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chas.2c00004</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:152">Sweet, Ellen (July 25, 2022). "Fume Hood Hibernation". ACS Chemical Health & Safety. 29 (4): 366–368. doi:10.1021/acs.chas.2c00004. ISSN 1871-5532. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chas.2c00004" target="_blank">https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chas.2c00004</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:153">"Fume Hood Management Plan" (PDF). University of Alabama. April 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024. <a href="https://ehs.ua.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/UA-Fume-Hood-Mgmt-Plan-02102014-update.pdf" target="_blank">https://ehs.ua.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/UA-Fume-Hood-Mgmt-Plan-02102014-update.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:154">"Laboratory Hibernation Considerations" (PDF). University of Nebraska-Lincoln. November 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024. <a href="https://ehs.unl.edu/sop/s-lab_hibernation_considerations.pdf" target="_blank">https://ehs.unl.edu/sop/s-lab_hibernation_considerations.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:155">Doughty, Danielle (August 10, 2021). "Chemistry Undergraduate Teaching Lab hibernates fume hoods, drastically reducing energy costs". MIT Chemistry. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="https://chemistry.mit.edu/chemistry-news/chemistry-undergraduate-teaching-lab-hibernates-fume-hoods-drastically-reducing-energy-costs/" target="_blank">https://chemistry.mit.edu/chemistry-news/chemistry-undergraduate-teaching-lab-hibernates-fume-hoods-drastically-reducing-energy-costs/</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:156">Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory (2011), "Laboratory Facilities", Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards: Updated Version, National Academies Press (US), 9.C.2. Laboratory Chemical Hoods, archived from the original on March 12, 2023, retrieved March 27, 2024 <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" target="_blank">/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:157">Kula, Behlul; Mitra, Debrudra; Chu, Yiyi; Cetin, Kristen; Gallagher, Ryan; Banerji, Srishti (July 2023). "Laboratory testing methods to evaluate the reliability of occupancy sensors for commercial building applications". Building and Environment. 240: 110457. Bibcode:2023BuEnv.24010457K. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110457. S2CID 258938706. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360132323004845" target="_blank">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360132323004845</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:158">Simonian, Lonny (2018). "Implementing Occupancy Sensor Lighting Controls in a University Lab Classroom – a Case Study". National Institute of Building Sciences. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2024. <a href="https://portal.nibs.org/files/wl/?id=aIOnX05XiCdsGFpMY9Kaih6yrVq2juLk&mode=grid&download=1" target="_blank">https://portal.nibs.org/files/wl/?id=aIOnX05XiCdsGFpMY9Kaih6yrVq2juLk&mode=grid&download=1</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:159">Kongoletos, Johnathan; Munden, Ethan; Ballew, Jennifer; Preston, Daniel J. (November 1, 2021). "Motion and Sash Height (MASH) alarms for efficient fume hood use". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 21412. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1121412K. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00772-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8560830. PMID 34725386. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8560830" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8560830</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:160">Dittrich, Egbert (2015). Dittrich, Egbert (ed.). The Sustainable Laboratory Handbook Layout of Technical Building Trades. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9783527337095. ISBN 978-3-527-33567-1. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024. <a href="978-3-527-33567-1" target="_blank">978-3-527-33567-1</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:161">Aldred Cheek, Kristin; Wells, Nancy M. (January 21, 2020). "Changing Behavior Through Design: A Lab Fume Hood Closure Experiment". Frontiers in Built Environment. 5. doi:10.3389/fbuil.2019.00146. ISSN 2297-3362. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffbuil.2019.00146" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffbuil.2019.00146</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:162">"NL Master Specification Guide for Public Funded Buildings Section 11 53 13 – Laboratory Fume Hoods". Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. May 31, 2017. Archived from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="https://www.gov.nl.ca/ti/files/works-masterspec-115313.doc" target="_blank">https://www.gov.nl.ca/ti/files/works-masterspec-115313.doc</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:163">Facilities Construction Management Division (1989). Major Facilities Construction Manual. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xktf-5ukqMMC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Xktf-5ukqMMC</a> <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:164">Binggeli, Corky; Greichen, Patricia (2011). Interior Graphic Standards (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9780470471579. Archived from the original on September 1, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="9780470471579" target="_blank">9780470471579</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:165">Committee on Design, Construction, and Renovation of Laboratory Facilities (May 15, 2000). "Laboratory Configuration". Laboratory Design, Construction, and Renovation. National Academies Press. p. 92. ISBN 9780309066334. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="9780309066334" target="_blank">9780309066334</a> <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:166">"Fume Cupboard System Specification" (PDF). University of Birmingham. March 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/hr/documents/public/hsu/hsupolicy/hs15/hs310fcs.pdf" target="_blank">https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/hr/documents/public/hsu/hsupolicy/hs15/hs310fcs.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:167">"NL Master Specification Guide for Public Funded Buildings Section 11 53 13 – Laboratory Fume Hoods". Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. May 31, 2017. Archived from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="https://www.gov.nl.ca/ti/files/works-masterspec-115313.doc" target="_blank">https://www.gov.nl.ca/ti/files/works-masterspec-115313.doc</a> <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:168">"Fume Cupboard System Specification" (PDF). University of Birmingham. March 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/hr/documents/public/hsu/hsupolicy/hs15/hs310fcs.pdf" target="_blank">https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/hr/documents/public/hsu/hsupolicy/hs15/hs310fcs.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:169">"LABORATORY HOODS WITH HORIZONTAL SASH" (PDF). National Institutes of Health Office of Management. August 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2024. <a href="https://orf.od.nih.gov/TechnicalResources/ORFPolicies/Documents/Fume%20Hood%20Specifications/11820rev01horizontalsashJune2006_508.pdf" target="_blank">https://orf.od.nih.gov/TechnicalResources/ORFPolicies/Documents/Fume%20Hood%20Specifications/11820rev01horizontalsashJune2006_508.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:170">"Fume Hood Maintenance". TriMedia Environmental & Engineering. May 18, 2017. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2024. <a href="https://trimediaee.com/blog/industrial-hygiene/fume-hood-maintenance/" target="_blank">https://trimediaee.com/blog/industrial-hygiene/fume-hood-maintenance/</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:171">"Checking Fume Hoods". Youngstown State University. November 28, 2023. Archived from the original on January 29, 2024. Retrieved January 29, 2024. <a href="https://ysu.edu/eohs/cmc/sops/fumehoods" target="_blank">https://ysu.edu/eohs/cmc/sops/fumehoods</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:172">Face velocity is the "velocity of air at the face of an air diffuser or air terminal unit."[35] <a href="/wiki/Velocity" target="_blank">/wiki/Velocity</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:173">Burgess, William A.; Ellenbecker, Michael J.; Treitman, Robert D. (May 28, 2004). Ventilation for Control of the Work Environment (2nd ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/0471667056. ISBN 9780471667056. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="9780471667056" target="_blank">9780471667056</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:174">Burgess, William A.; Ellenbecker, Michael J.; Treitman, Robert D. (May 28, 2004). Ventilation for Control of the Work Environment (2nd ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/0471667056. ISBN 9780471667056. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="9780471667056" target="_blank">9780471667056</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:175">Stuart, David G.; Eagleson, David C.; Quint, Charles W. (April 9, 2014), Fleming, Diane O.; Hunt, Debra L. (eds.), "Primary Barriers: Biological Safety Cabinets, Fume Hoods, and Glove Boxes", Biological Safety, Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, pp. 303–323, doi:10.1128/9781555815899.ch16, ISBN 978-1-68367-177-0, archived from the original on June 26, 2024, retrieved June 3, 2024 <a href="978-1-68367-177-0" target="_blank">978-1-68367-177-0</a> <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:176">Esco Lifesciences (January 27, 2017). "Latest updates on ASHRAE Fume Hood Performance Testing Standard". Esco Lifesciences Group. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved January 25, 2024. <a href="https://www.escolifesciences.com/news/latest-updates-on-ashrae-fume-hood-perfomance-testing-standard" target="_blank">https://www.escolifesciences.com/news/latest-updates-on-ashrae-fume-hood-perfomance-testing-standard</a> <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:177">Sugarman, Samuel C. (2000). Testing and Balancing HVAC Air and Water Systems. The Fairmont Press, Inc. pp. 125–130. ISBN 978-0-88173-342-6. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="978-0-88173-342-6" target="_blank">978-0-88173-342-6</a> <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:178">Burgess, William A.; Ellenbecker, Michael J.; Treitman, Robert D. (May 28, 2004). Ventilation for Control of the Work Environment (2nd ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/0471667056. ISBN 9780471667056. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="9780471667056" target="_blank">9780471667056</a> <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:179">Albright, Chip (May 25, 2022). "The User's Impact on Fume Hood Performance". Lab Manager Magazine. Archived from the original on February 8, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024. <a href="https://www.labmanager.com/the-user-s-impact-on-fume-hood-performance-28155" target="_blank">https://www.labmanager.com/the-user-s-impact-on-fume-hood-performance-28155</a> <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:180">Furr, A. Keith (March 29, 1995). CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety: Fourth Edition. CRC-Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2518-2. <a href="978-0-8493-2518-2" target="_blank">978-0-8493-2518-2</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:181">"Some individuals have been observed to be so hypnotized by the concept of a hood that they continue to use hoods which are not functioning, still counting on them to provide a normal level of protection. It actually has been necessary on occasion to padlock the sashes of hoods closed to prevent this. Unless a hood is fully functional, it should not be used."[8]:  148
 <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:182">Administration, United States National Aeronautics and Space (1972). Laboratory and Industrial Ventilation. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. p. 808. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nm1UAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nm1UAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:183">Center for Chemical Process Safety (August 29, 2023). Handbook for Process Safety in Laboratories and Pilot Plants: A Risk-based Approach. John Wiley & Sons. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-119-01013-5. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024. <a href="978-1-119-01013-5" target="_blank">978-1-119-01013-5</a> <a href="#fnref:183" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:184">Cook, Brandoch (August 21, 2023). "The Benefits of Upgrading Fume Hoods in the Lab". Lab Manager. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.labmanager.com/the-benefits-of-upgrading-fume-hoods-in-the-lab-26584" target="_blank">https://www.labmanager.com/the-benefits-of-upgrading-fume-hoods-in-the-lab-26584</a> <a href="#fnref:184" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:185">"Fume Hood Requirements and Testing" (PDF). The National Institutes of Health. July 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 29, 2024. Retrieved January 29, 2024. <a href="https://orf.od.nih.gov/TechnicalResources/Documents/News%20to%20Use%20PDF%20Files/2010%20NTU/July%20News%20to%20Use_508.pdf" target="_blank">https://orf.od.nih.gov/TechnicalResources/Documents/News%20to%20Use%20PDF%20Files/2010%20NTU/July%20News%20to%20Use_508.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:185" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:186">Dittrich, Egbert (2015). Dittrich, Egbert (ed.). The Sustainable Laboratory Handbook Layout of Technical Building Trades. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9783527337095. ISBN 978-3-527-33567-1. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024. <a href="978-3-527-33567-1" target="_blank">978-3-527-33567-1</a> <a href="#fnref:186" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Fume hood open-in-new

Fume hood