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Thermal diffusivity
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<h2 id="thermal-diffusivity-of-selected-materials-and-substances">Thermal diffusivity of selected materials and substances</h2> Thermal diffusivity of selected materials and substances<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th>Material</th><th>Thermal diffusivity(mm2/s)</th><th>Refs.</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pyrolytic_carbon/qwrbjCct">Pyrolytic graphite</a>, parallel to layers</td><td>1,220</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Diamond/IBUdnd1y">Diamond</a></td><td>1,060–1,160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carbon/carbon composite at 25 °C</td><td>216.5</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Helium (300 K, 1 atm)</td><td>190</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Silver, pure (99.9%)</td><td>165.63</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrogen (300 K, 1 atm)</td><td>160</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Gold/1znknojp">Gold</a></td><td>127</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">Copper</a> at 25 °C</td><td>111</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">Aluminium</a></td><td>97</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Silicon</td><td>88</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Al-10Si-Mn-Mg (Silafont 36) at 20 °C</td><td>74.2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Aluminium 6061-T6 Alloy</td><td>64</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Molybdenum/RX6vp2bF">Molybdenum</a> (99.95%) at 25 °C</td><td>54.3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Al-5Mg-2Si-Mn (Magsimal-59) at 20 °C</td><td>44.0</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Tin</td><td>40</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Water vapor (1 atm, 400 K)</td><td>23.38</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iron</td><td>23</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Argon (300 K, 1 atm)</td><td>22</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrogen (300 K, 1 atm)</td><td>22</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Air (300 K)</td><td>19</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Steel/aN6qWo4H">Steel</a>, AISI 1010 (0.1% carbon)</td><td>18.8</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Aluminium oxide (polycrystalline)</td><td>12.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Steel/aN6qWo4H">Steel</a>, 1% carbon</td><td>11.72</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Si3N4 with <a href="/facts/Carbon_nanotube/atuDPPaG">CNTs</a> 26 °C</td><td>9.142</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Si3N4 without <a href="/facts/Carbon_nanotube/atuDPPaG">CNTs</a> 26 °C</td><td>8.605</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Steel, stainless 304A at 27 °C</td><td>4.2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pyrolytic graphite, normal to layers</td><td>3.6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Steel, stainless 310 at 25 °C</td><td>3.352</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Inconel_600/Hnxd677l">Inconel 600</a> at 25 °C</td><td>3.428</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Quartz</td><td>1.4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sandstone</td><td>1.15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ice at 0 °C</td><td>1.02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silicon dioxide (polycrystalline)</td><td>0.83</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Brick, common</td><td>0.52</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass, window</td><td>0.34</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Brick, adobe</td><td>0.27</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Polycarbonate/QU8sH1c6">PC</a> (polycarbonate) at 25 °C</td><td>0.144</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Water at 25 °C</td><td>0.143</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/PTFE/jesBNXKq">PTFE</a> (Polytetrafluorethylene) at 25 °C</td><td>0.124</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Polypropylene/HM9PvoCz">PP</a> (polypropylene) at 25 °C</td><td>0.096</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Nylon</td><td>0.09</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rubber</td><td>0.089–0.13</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Wood (yellow pine)</td><td>0.082</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraffin at 25 °C</td><td>0.081</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/PVC/9VkegJvr">PVC</a> (polyvinyl chloride)</td><td>0.08</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Oil, engine (saturated liquid, 100 °C)</td><td>0.0738</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alcohol</td><td>0.07</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Diffusion/KbAxroBa">Diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_thermodynamic_properties/d4Kzdqy8">List of thermodynamic properties</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 2-65. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0. <a href="978-1-4200-9084-0" target="_blank">978-1-4200-9084-0</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Hetnarski, Richard B.; Eslami, M. Reza (2009). Thermal Stresses – Advanced Theory and Applications (Online-Ausg. ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p. 170. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10436-8. ISBN 978-1-4020-9247-3. <a href="978-1-4020-9247-3" target="_blank">978-1-4020-9247-3</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Unsworth, J.; Duarte, From. J. (1979). "Heat diffusion in a solid sphere and Fourier Theory". Am. J. Phys. 47 (11): 891–893. Bibcode:1979AmJPh..47..981U. doi:10.1119/1.11601. <a href="/wiki/F._J._Duarte" target="_blank">/wiki/F._J._Duarte</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Bird, R. Byron; Stewart, Warren E.; Lightfoot, Edwin N. (1960). Transport Phenomena. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Eq. 8.1-7. ISBN 978-0-471-07392-5. <a href="978-0-471-07392-5" target="_blank">978-0-471-07392-5</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Carslaw, H. S.; Jaeger, J. C. (1959). Conduction of Heat in Solids (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-853368-9. <a href="978-0-19-853368-9" target="_blank">978-0-19-853368-9</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Dante, Roberto C. (2016). Handbook of Friction Materials and Their Applications. Elsevier. pp. 123–134. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100619-1.00009-2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Venkanna, B. K. (2010). Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. New Delhi: PHI Learning. p. 38. ISBN 978-81-203-4031-2. Retrieved 1 December 2011. <a href="978-81-203-4031-2" target="_blank">978-81-203-4031-2</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"NETZSCH-Gerätebau, Germany". Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2012-03-12. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311084633/http://www.netzsch.com/en/home/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120311084633/http://www.netzsch.com/en/home/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>W. J. Parker; R. J. Jenkins; C. P. Butler; G. L. Abbott (1961). "Method of Determining Thermal Diffusivity, Heat Capacity and Thermal Conductivity". Journal of Applied Physics. 32 (9): 1679. Bibcode:1961JAP....32.1679P. doi:10.1063/1.1728417. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>J. Blumm; J. Opfermann (2002). "Improvement of the mathematical modeling of flash measurements". High Temperatures – High Pressures. 34 (5): 515. doi:10.1068/htjr061. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Thermitus, M.-A. (October 2010). "New Beam Size Correction for Thermal Diffusivity Measurement with the Flash Method". In Gaal, Daniela S.; Gaal, Peter S. (eds.). Thermal Conductivity 30/Thermal Expansion 18. 30th International Thermal Conductivity Conference/18th International Thermal Expansion Symposium. Lancaster, PA: DEStech Publications. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-60595-015-0. Retrieved 1 December 2011. <a href="978-1-60595-015-0" target="_blank">978-1-60595-015-0</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Brown; Marco (1958). Introduction to Heat Transfer (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. and Eckert; Drake (1959). Heat and Mass Transfer. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-89116-553-8. cited in Holman, J.P. (2002). Heat Transfer (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-029639-8. <a href="978-0-89116-553-8978-0-07-029639-8" target="_blank">978-0-89116-553-8978-0-07-029639-8</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>V. Casalegno; P. Vavassori; M. Valle; M. Ferraris; M. Salvo; G. Pintsuk (2010). "Measurement of thermal properties of a ceramic/metal joint by laser flash method". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 407 (2): 83. Bibcode:2010JNuM..407...83C. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.09.032. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (1992). CDC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (71st ed.). Boston: Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. cited in Baierlein, Ralph (1999). Thermal Physics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 372. ISBN 978-0-521-59082-2. Retrieved 1 December 2011. <a href="978-0-521-59082-2" target="_blank">978-0-521-59082-2</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (1992). CDC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (71st ed.). Boston: Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. cited in Baierlein, Ralph (1999). Thermal Physics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 372. ISBN 978-0-521-59082-2. Retrieved 1 December 2011. <a href="978-0-521-59082-2" target="_blank">978-0-521-59082-2</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Jim Wilson (August 2007). "Materials Data". Electronics Cooling. <a href="http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/" target="_blank">http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>V. Casalegno; P. Vavassori; M. Valle; M. Ferraris; M. Salvo; G. Pintsuk (2010). "Measurement of thermal properties of a ceramic/metal joint by laser flash method". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 407 (2): 83. Bibcode:2010JNuM..407...83C. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.09.032. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Jim Wilson (August 2007). "Materials Data". Electronics Cooling. <a href="http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/" target="_blank">http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Jim Wilson (August 2007). "Materials Data". Electronics Cooling. <a href="http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/" target="_blank">http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>P. Hofer; E. Kaschnitz (2011). "Thermal diffusivity of the aluminium alloy Al-10Si-Mn-Mg (Silafont 36) in the solid and liquid states". High Temperatures – High Pressures. 40 (3–4): 311. <a href="http://www.oldcitypublishing.com/HTHP/HTHPcontents/HTHP40.3-4contents.html" target="_blank">http://www.oldcitypublishing.com/HTHP/HTHPcontents/HTHP40.3-4contents.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Jim Wilson (August 2007). "Materials Data". Electronics Cooling. <a href="http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/" target="_blank">http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>A. Lindemann; J. Blumm (2009). Measurement of the Thermophysical Properties of Pure Molybdenum. 17th Plansee Seminar. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/PLANSEE" target="_blank">/wiki/PLANSEE</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>E. Kaschnitz; M. Küblböck (2008). "Thermal diffusivity of the aluminium alloy Al-5Mg-2Si-Mn (Magsimal-59) in the solid and liquid states". High Temperatures – High Pressures. 37 (3): 221. <a href="http://www.oldcitypublishing.com/HTHP/HTHPcontents/HTHP37.3contents.html" target="_blank">http://www.oldcitypublishing.com/HTHP/HTHPcontents/HTHP37.3contents.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Jim Wilson (August 2007). "Materials Data". Electronics Cooling. <a href="http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/" target="_blank">http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Jim Wilson (August 2007). "Materials Data". Electronics Cooling. <a href="http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/" target="_blank">http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (1992). CDC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (71st ed.). Boston: Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. cited in Baierlein, Ralph (1999). Thermal Physics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 372. ISBN 978-0-521-59082-2. Retrieved 1 December 2011. <a href="978-0-521-59082-2" target="_blank">978-0-521-59082-2</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Lide, David R., ed. (1992). CDC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (71st ed.). Boston: Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. cited in Baierlein, Ralph (1999). Thermal Physics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 372. ISBN 978-0-521-59082-2. Retrieved 1 December 2011. <a href="978-0-521-59082-2" target="_blank">978-0-521-59082-2</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Jim Wilson (August 2007). "Materials Data". Electronics Cooling. <a href="http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/" target="_blank">http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Lienhard, John H. Lienhard, John H. (2019). A Heat Transfer Textbook (5th ed.). Dover Pub. p. 715.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>O. Koszor; A. Lindemann; F. Davin; C. Balázsi (2009). "Observation of thermophysical and tribological properties of CNT reinforced Si3 N4". Key Engineering Materials. 409: 354. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.409.354. S2CID 136957396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>O. Koszor; A. Lindemann; F. Davin; C. Balázsi (2009). "Observation of thermophysical and tribological properties of CNT reinforced Si3 N4". Key Engineering Materials. 409: 354. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.409.354. S2CID 136957396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Jim Wilson (August 2007). "Materials Data". Electronics Cooling. <a href="http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/" target="_blank">http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>J. Blumm; A. Lindemann; B. Niedrig; R. Campbell (2007). "Measurement of Selected Thermophysical Properties of the NPL Certified Reference Material Stainless Steel 310". International Journal of Thermophysics. 28 (2): 674. Bibcode:2007IJT....28..674B. doi:10.1007/s10765-007-0177-z. S2CID 120628607. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Thermophysics" target="_blank">/wiki/International_Journal_of_Thermophysics</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>J. Blumm; A. Lindemann; B. Niedrig (2003–2007). "Measurement of the thermophysical properties of an NPL thermal conductivity standard Inconel 600". High Temperatures – High Pressures. 35/36 (6): 621. doi:10.1068/htjr145. <a href="http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=htjr145" target="_blank">http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=htjr145</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Jim Wilson (August 2007). "Materials Data". Electronics Cooling. <a href="http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/" target="_blank">http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Jim Wilson (August 2007). "Materials Data". Electronics Cooling. <a href="http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/" target="_blank">http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>J. Blumm; A. Lindemann (2003–2007). "Characterization of the thermophysical properties of molten polymers and liquids using the flash technique" (PDF). High Temperatures – High Pressures. 35/36 (6): 627. doi:10.1068/htjr144. <a href="http://www.eyoungindustry.com/uploadfile/file/20151027/20151027211034_96662.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.eyoungindustry.com/uploadfile/file/20151027/20151027211034_96662.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>J. Blumm; A. Lindemann (2003–2007). "Characterization of the thermophysical properties of molten polymers and liquids using the flash technique" (PDF). High Temperatures – High Pressures. 35/36 (6): 627. doi:10.1068/htjr144. <a href="http://www.eyoungindustry.com/uploadfile/file/20151027/20151027211034_96662.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.eyoungindustry.com/uploadfile/file/20151027/20151027211034_96662.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>J. Blumm; A. Lindemann; M. Meyer; C. Strasser (2011). "Characterization of PTFE Using Advanced Thermal Analysis Technique". 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Bibcode:1979AmJPh..47..981U. doi:10.1119/1.11601. <a href="/wiki/F._J._Duarte" target="_blank">/wiki/F._J._Duarte</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>J. Blumm; A. Lindemann (2003–2007). "Characterization of the thermophysical properties of molten polymers and liquids using the flash technique" (PDF). High Temperatures – High Pressures. 35/36 (6): 627. doi:10.1068/htjr144. <a href="http://www.eyoungindustry.com/uploadfile/file/20151027/20151027211034_96662.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.eyoungindustry.com/uploadfile/file/20151027/20151027211034_96662.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Jim Wilson (August 2007). "Materials Data". 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