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Chess as mental training
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<h2 id="research">Research</h2> <p>Research has shown that chess can have a positive impact on meta-cognitive ability and mathematical problem-solving in children,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> which is why several local governments, schools, and student organizations all over the world are implementing chess programs. </p><p>There are a number of <a href="/facts/Experiment/esltM54f">experiments</a> that suggest that learning and playing chess aids the <a href="/facts/Mind/Y5JhtFj4">mind</a>. The Grandmaster Eugene Torre Chess Institute in the Philippines, the <a href="/facts/United_States_Chess_Federation/5jfEzM4X">United States Chess Federation</a>'s chess <a href="/facts/Research/mo8joeTL">research</a> <a href="/facts/Bibliography/xul38mej">bibliography</a>, and English educational consultant <a href="/facts/Tony_Buzan/yvdQoenY">Tony Buzan</a>'s Brain Foundation, among others, continuously collect such experimental results. The advent of chess software that automatically record and analyze the moves of each player in each game and can tirelessly play with human players of various levels, further helped in giving new directions to experimental designs on chess as mental training. </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>As early as 1779<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Benjamin_Franklin/Dmfv5URr">Benjamin Franklin</a>, in his article <i><a href="/facts/The_morals_of_chess/nWvSIQmV">The morals of chess</a></i>, advocated such a view, saying: </p> <p>The Game of Chess is not merely an idle amusement; several very valuable qualities of the mind, useful in the course of human life, are to be acquired and strengthened by it, so as to become habits ready on all occasions; for life is a kind of Chess, in which we have often points to gain, and competitors or adversaries to contend with, and in which there is a vast variety of good and ill events, that are, in some degree, the effect of prudence, or the want of it. By playing at Chess then, we may learn: </p><p>1st, Foresight, which looks a little into futurity, and considers the consequences that may attend an action ... </p><p>2nd, Circumspection, which surveys the whole Chess-board, or scene of action: - the relation of the several Pieces, and their situations; ... </p><p> 3rd, Caution, not to make our moves too hastily...</p> <p><a href="/facts/Alfred_Binet/XKpS1Cwn">Alfred Binet</a> demonstrated in the late 19th century that good <a href="/facts/Chess_players/eTLUFrWV">chess players</a> have superior <a href="/facts/Memory/zucwQIEX">memory</a> and <a href="/facts/Imagination/FD85g9cD">imagination</a>. <a href="/facts/Adriaan_de_Groot/LVaMvAvJ">Adriaan de Groot</a> concurred with Alfred Binet that visual memory and visual perception are important attributors and that problem-solving ability is of paramount importance. Thus, since 1972, at the collegiate level, the <a href="/facts/University_of_Texas_at_Dallas/5l8T49fo">University of Texas at Dallas</a> and the <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore_County/pfoJHKIW">University of Maryland, Baltimore County</a> both recruit chessplayer-scholars and run scholastic outreach programs in their respective communities. </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://matt.colorado.edu/teaching/highcog/fall8/cs73.pdf">[2]</a> W. G. Chase, <a href="/facts/H._A._Simon/NNHhQ2bS">H. A. Simon</a>: <i>Perception in Chess</i> (1973)</li> <li><a href="http://main.uschess.org/content/view/7866/131/">[3]</a> USCF Chess Research Bibliography</li> <li><a href="http://hamptonroads.com/node/229421">[4]</a> Hampton University Dean finds chess, business make a smart match</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Grabner, RH; Stern, E; Neubauer, AC (March 2007). "Individual differences in chess expertise: a psychometric investigation". Acta Psychologica. 124 (3): 398–420. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.07.008. PMID 16942740. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>[1] chessinschools.org <a href="http://www.chessintheschools.org/" target="_blank">http://www.chessintheschools.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Chess for Success <a href="http://www.chessforsuccess.org/" target="_blank">http://www.chessforsuccess.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Every Kid Should Play Chess. Here's Why. Marc Cressac with Chessily.com <a href="https://chessily.com/blog/every-kid-should-play-chess-heres-why/" target="_blank">https://chessily.com/blog/every-kid-should-play-chess-heres-why/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>chesscafe.com (pdf): „It is said that Franklin wrote the essay for the amusement of Anne Louise Brillon de Jouy in 1779 during his stay in France.“ <a href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles370.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles370.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>