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List of file signatures
open-in-new
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_filename_extensions/65FRVFEY">List of filename extensions</a> - alternative for file type identification and parsing</li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_file_formats/y6rI6UFS">List of file formats</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Magic_number_(programming)/Xg7mVI7V">Magic number (programming)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Substitute_character/9yHehSB0">Substitute character</a> (for the 1Ah (^Z) "end-of-file" marker used in many signatures)</li> <li><a href="/facts/File_(command)/P5Nvve4C">file (command)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.garykessler.net/library/file_sigs.html">Gary Kessler's list of file signatures</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.filesig.co.uk/ofsdb.html">Online File Signature Database for Forensic Practitioners, a private compilation free to Law Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100502014229/http://docsrv.sco.com:507/en/man/html.C/compress.C.html">Man page for compress, uncompress, and zcat on SCO Open Server</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621000045/http://www.filesignatures.net/">Public Database of File Signatures</a></li> <li><a href="http://asecuritysite.com/forensics/magic">Complete list of magic numbers with sample files</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/file/file/tree/master/magic/Magdir">the original libmagic data files with thousands of entries</a> as used by <a href="/facts/File_(command)/P5Nvve4C">file (command)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"execve(2): execute program - Linux man page". linux.die.net. Retrieved 2022-07-12. <a href="https://linux.die.net/man/2/execve" target="_blank">https://linux.die.net/man/2/execve</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Libpcap File Format". Retrieved 2018-06-19. <a href="https://wiki.wireshark.org/Development/LibpcapFileFormat#Global_Header" target="_blank">https://wiki.wireshark.org/Development/LibpcapFileFormat#Global_Header</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Libpcap File Format". Retrieved 2018-06-19. <a href="https://wiki.wireshark.org/Development/LibpcapFileFormat#Global_Header" target="_blank">https://wiki.wireshark.org/Development/LibpcapFileFormat#Global_Header</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"PCAP Next Generation Dump File Format". Retrieved 2018-06-19. <a href="https://www.winpcap.org/ntar/draft/PCAP-DumpFileFormat.html#sectionshb" target="_blank">https://www.winpcap.org/ntar/draft/PCAP-DumpFileFormat.html#sectionshb</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"A. Format of the RPM file". FTP server (FTP). Retrieved 2017-02-15.[dead ftp link] (To view documents see Help:FTP) <a href="ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/.vhost/www.openpkg.org/doc/book/maximum-rpm.html/node26.html" target="_blank">ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/.vhost/www.openpkg.org/doc/book/maximum-rpm.html/node26.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Database File Format". Retrieved 2018-11-16. <a href="https://www.sqlite.org/fileformat.html" target="_blank">https://www.sqlite.org/fileformat.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"GitHub - NiLuJe/KindleTool: Tool for creating/extracting Kindle updates and more". GitHub. Retrieved 2017-02-15. <a href="https://github.com/NiLuJe/KindleTool" target="_blank">https://github.com/NiLuJe/KindleTool</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"IWAD". Retrieved 2022-07-05. <a href="https://zdoom.org/wiki/IWAD" target="_blank">https://zdoom.org/wiki/IWAD</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Icons (at MSDN) <a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms997538.aspx" target="_blank">http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms997538.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>GRAPHICS INTERCHANGE FORMAT(sm) Version 89a <a href="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/GIF/spec-gif89a.txt" target="_blank">http://www.w3.org/Graphics/GIF/spec-gif89a.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"TIFF, Revision 6.0". Sustainability of Digital Formats: Planning for Library of Congress Collections. The Library of Congress. 2022-04-06. Retrieved 2022-07-12. <a href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000022.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000022.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"BigTIFF". www.loc.gov. 2024-04-15. Retrieved 2024-09-20. <a href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000328.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000328.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Computer Knowledge. "File Extension .CR2 Details". filext.com. <a href="http://filext.com/file-extension/CR2" target="_blank">http://filext.com/file-extension/CR2</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Inside the Canon RAW format version 2, understanding .CR2 file format and files produced by Canon EOS Digital Camera". free.fr. <a href="http://lclevy.free.fr/cr2/#key_info" target="_blank">http://lclevy.free.fr/cr2/#key_info</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Rob Northen compression". Sega Retro. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2024. <a href="https://segaretro.org/Rob_Northen_compression" target="_blank">https://segaretro.org/Rob_Northen_compression</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"domsson/nuru". github.com. 9 September 2023. <a href="https://github.com/domsson/nuru" target="_blank">https://github.com/domsson/nuru</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Bellard, Fabrice (2015). "BPG Image format". <a href="http://bellard.org/bpg/" target="_blank">http://bellard.org/bpg/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Overview of JPEG 1". <a href="https://jpeg.org/jpeg/" target="_blank">https://jpeg.org/jpeg/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Overview of JPEG 1". <a href="https://jpeg.org/jpeg/" target="_blank">https://jpeg.org/jpeg/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Overview of JPEG 2000". <a href="https://jpeg.org/jpeg2000/" target="_blank">https://jpeg.org/jpeg2000/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"qoi-specification" (PDF). <a href="https://qoiformat.org/qoi-specification.pdf" target="_blank">https://qoiformat.org/qoi-specification.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Lzip Compressed Format and the 'application/lzip' Media Type". Ietf Datatracker. section 2. <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-diaz-lzip/" target="_blank">https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-diaz-lzip/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"Format of cpio archives". Retrieved 2022-07-05. <a href="https://www.mkssoftware.com/docs/man4/cpio.4.asp" target="_blank">https://www.mkssoftware.com/docs/man4/cpio.4.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Format of SmartSniff packets file". Retrieved 2024-08-05. <a href="https://www.nirsoft.net/utils/smsniff.html" target="_blank">https://www.nirsoft.net/utils/smsniff.html</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>TechNote.txt: RAR version 4.00 - Technical information (Technical report). 2010-12-01. The marker block is actually considered as a fixed byte sequence: 0x52 0x61 0x72 0x21 0x1a 0x07 0x00 <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"RAR 5.0 archive format". Retrieved 2023-10-19. <a href="https://www.rarlab.com/technote.htm" target="_blank">https://www.rarlab.com/technote.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Tool Interface Standard (TIS) Executable and Linking Format (ELF) Specification Version 1.2 (May 1995) <a href="http://refspecs.linuxbase.org/elf/elf.pdf" target="_blank">http://refspecs.linuxbase.org/elf/elf.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification Version 1.0. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC2083. RFC 2083. <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2083" target="_blank">https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2083</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Elliott, John C.; Lopushinsky, Jim (2002) [1998-04-11]. "CP/M 3.0 COM file header". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2016-08-30. Retrieved 2016-08-29. <a href="http://www.seasip.info/Cpm/rsxrec.html" target="_blank">http://www.seasip.info/Cpm/rsxrec.html</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"Faq - Utf-8, Utf-16, Utf-32 & Bom". <a href="https://unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html#BOM" target="_blank">https://unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html#BOM</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>"How to : Load XML from File with Encoding Detection". 10 April 2016. <a href="https://odieweblog.wordpress.com/2016/04/10/how-to-load-xml-from-file-with-encoding-detection" target="_blank">https://odieweblog.wordpress.com/2016/04/10/how-to-load-xml-from-file-with-encoding-detection</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>"SDL Documentation". <a href="https://docs.sdl.com/791187/581899/sdl-contenta-5-7/representations-of-boms-by-encoding" target="_blank">https://docs.sdl.com/791187/581899/sdl-contenta-5-7/representations-of-boms-by-encoding</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>"Faq - Utf-8, Utf-16, Utf-32 & Bom". <a href="https://unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html#BOM" target="_blank">https://unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html#BOM</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>"How to : Load XML from File with Encoding Detection". 10 April 2016. <a href="https://odieweblog.wordpress.com/2016/04/10/how-to-load-xml-from-file-with-encoding-detection" target="_blank">https://odieweblog.wordpress.com/2016/04/10/how-to-load-xml-from-file-with-encoding-detection</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>"SDL Documentation". <a href="https://docs.sdl.com/791187/581899/sdl-contenta-5-7/representations-of-boms-by-encoding" target="_blank">https://docs.sdl.com/791187/581899/sdl-contenta-5-7/representations-of-boms-by-encoding</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>"Faq - Utf-8, Utf-16, Utf-32 & Bom". <a href="https://unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html#BOM" target="_blank">https://unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html#BOM</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>"How to : Load XML from File with Encoding Detection". 10 April 2016. <a href="https://odieweblog.wordpress.com/2016/04/10/how-to-load-xml-from-file-with-encoding-detection" target="_blank">https://odieweblog.wordpress.com/2016/04/10/how-to-load-xml-from-file-with-encoding-detection</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>"SDL Documentation". <a href="https://docs.sdl.com/791187/581899/sdl-contenta-5-7/representations-of-boms-by-encoding" target="_blank">https://docs.sdl.com/791187/581899/sdl-contenta-5-7/representations-of-boms-by-encoding</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>"Faq - Utf-8, Utf-16, Utf-32 & Bom". <a href="https://unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html#BOM" target="_blank">https://unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html#BOM</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>"SDL Documentation". <a href="https://docs.sdl.com/791187/581899/sdl-contenta-5-7/representations-of-boms-by-encoding" target="_blank">https://docs.sdl.com/791187/581899/sdl-contenta-5-7/representations-of-boms-by-encoding</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>"Faq - Utf-8, Utf-16, Utf-32 & Bom". <a href="https://unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html#BOM" target="_blank">https://unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html#BOM</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>"SDL Documentation". <a href="https://docs.sdl.com/791187/581899/sdl-contenta-5-7/representations-of-boms-by-encoding" target="_blank">https://docs.sdl.com/791187/581899/sdl-contenta-5-7/representations-of-boms-by-encoding</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Honerman, Tom (January 2, 2021). "Clarify guidance for use of a BOM as a UTF-8 encoding signature" (PDF). <a href="https://unicode.org/L2/L2021/21038-bom-guidance.pdf" target="_blank">https://unicode.org/L2/L2021/21038-bom-guidance.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>"SDL Documentation". <a href="https://docs.sdl.com/791187/581899/sdl-contenta-5-7/representations-of-boms-by-encoding" target="_blank">https://docs.sdl.com/791187/581899/sdl-contenta-5-7/representations-of-boms-by-encoding</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Honerman, Tom (January 2, 2021). "Clarify guidance for use of a BOM as a UTF-8 encoding signature" (PDF). <a href="https://unicode.org/L2/L2021/21038-bom-guidance.pdf" target="_blank">https://unicode.org/L2/L2021/21038-bom-guidance.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>"SDL Documentation". <a href="https://docs.sdl.com/791187/581899/sdl-contenta-5-7/representations-of-boms-by-encoding" target="_blank">https://docs.sdl.com/791187/581899/sdl-contenta-5-7/representations-of-boms-by-encoding</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Honerman, Tom (January 2, 2021). "Clarify guidance for use of a BOM as a UTF-8 encoding signature" (PDF). <a href="https://unicode.org/L2/L2021/21038-bom-guidance.pdf" target="_blank">https://unicode.org/L2/L2021/21038-bom-guidance.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>"SDL Documentation". <a href="https://docs.sdl.com/791187/581899/sdl-contenta-5-7/representations-of-boms-by-encoding" target="_blank">https://docs.sdl.com/791187/581899/sdl-contenta-5-7/representations-of-boms-by-encoding</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>"JKS". Javakey Store. <a href="https://hg.openjdk.java.net/jdk10/jdk10/jdk/file/777356696811/src/java.base/share/classes/sun/security/provider/JavaKeyStore.java" target="_blank">https://hg.openjdk.java.net/jdk10/jdk10/jdk/file/777356696811/src/java.base/share/classes/sun/security/provider/JavaKeyStore.java</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>"Mac Developer Library". apple.com. <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/MachORuntime/Reference/reference.html" target="_blank">https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/MachORuntime/Reference/reference.html</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>"Mac Developer Library". apple.com. <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/MachORuntime/Reference/reference.html" target="_blank">https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/MachORuntime/Reference/reference.html</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>"Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) File Format, Version 3.x". Library of Congress. 10 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-05. <a href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000246.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000246.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>"Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) File Format, Version 3.x". Library of Congress. 10 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-05. <a href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000246.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000246.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>"File command PDF Magic format". GitHub. Retrieved 2018-11-06. <a href="https://github.com/file/file/blob/master/magic/Magdir/pdf" target="_blank">https://github.com/file/file/blob/master/magic/Magdir/pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>"ASF (Advanced Systems Format)". 6 April 2007. <a href="http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000067.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000067.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>"WAVE Audio File Format". Sustainability of Digital Formats: Planning for Library of Congress Collections. The Library of Congress. 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2022-07-12. <a href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000001.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000001.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>"AVI (Audio Video Interleaved) File Format". Sustainability of Digital Formats: Planning for Library of Congress Collections. The Library of Congress. 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2022-07-12. <a href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000059.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000059.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Gary C. Kessler (21 October 2012). "File Signatures Table". Retrieved 28 December 2012. <a href="http://www.garykessler.net/library/file_sigs.html" target="_blank">http://www.garykessler.net/library/file_sigs.html</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>"Flexible Image Transport System (FITS), Version 3.0 - File type signifiers". Library of Congress. 2012-09-26. Retrieved 16 June 2021. <a href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000317.shtml#sign" target="_blank">https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000317.shtml#sign</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Josh Coalson. "FLAC— format". Retrieved 16 June 2021. "fLaC", the FLAC stream marker in ASCII, meaning byte 0 of the stream is 0x66, followed by 0x4C 0x61 0x43 <a href="https://xiph.org/flac/format.html#stream" target="_blank">https://xiph.org/flac/format.html#stream</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>"File Signature Database: mid File Signatures". filesignatures.net. 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