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Dava (Dacian)
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<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>Many city names of the Dacians were composed of an initial <a href="/facts/Lexicon/MxfVm3gl">lexical</a> element (often the tribe name) affixed to <i>-dava</i>, <i>-daua</i>, <i>-deva</i>, <i>-deba</i>, <i>-daba</i> or <i>-dova</i> (<<a href="/facts/PIE/cVLNoM3p">PIE</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/d%CA%B0eh%E2%82%81-"><i>*dʰeh₁-</i></a>, "to set, place").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Therefore, <i>dava</i> 'town' derived from the reconstructed <a href="/facts/Proto-Indo-European/cVLNoM3p">proto-Indo-European</a> *dhewa 'settlement'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> A non-Indo European, <a href="/facts/Kartvelian_languages/0SUb5BR9">Kartvelian</a> solution has also been briefly mentioned, but dismissed as a random occurrence (Tomaschek 1893, p. 139) e.g., see comparison with *daba, 'town, village'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="list-of-davae">List of <i>davae</i></h2> <p>Below is a list of Dacian towns which include various forms of <i>dava</i> in their name: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Acidava/7KkYzXB7">Acidava</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> (<i>Acidaua</i>), a fortress town close to the <a href="/facts/Danube/8lMeM9xg">Danube</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Located in today's <a href="/facts/Eno%C8%99e%C8%99ti/oQz7Wtpo">Enoșești</a>, Olt County, Romania</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aedava/u9dPmv4b">Aedava</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> (<i>Aedeva</i>, <i>Aedabe</i>, <i>Aedeba</i> or <i>Aedadeba</i>), placed by <a href="/facts/Procopius/6VCmWLTL">Procopius</a> on the <a href="/facts/Danubian/8lMeM9xg">Danubian</a> road between Augustae and Variana,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> in <a href="/facts/Moesia/bw41LUd4">Moesia</a> (the present Northern <a href="/facts/Bulgaria/Er5pY3YS">Bulgaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aiadava/Q8ySR0l3">Aiadava</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> (<i>Aiadaba</i> or <i>Aeadaba</i>, <a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a>: Αἰάδαβα<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a>), was a locality in the <a href="/facts/Remesiana/C3w8pPVr">Remesiana</a> region, present <a href="/facts/Bela_Palanka/Kjxcxbr9">Bela Palanka</a>, <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Argedava/B7Ghhahp">Argedava</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> (<i>Argedauon</i>, <i>Sargedava</i>, <i>Sargedauon</i>, <i>Zargedava</i>, <i>Zargedauon</i>, <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek_language/LIK7NlUh">Ancient Greek</a>: Αργεδαυον, Σαργεδαυον), mentioned in the <a href="/facts/Decree_of_Dionysopolis/LNXg6fjJ">Decree of Dionysopolis</a>, potentially the <i>dava</i> discovered at <a href="/facts/Pope%C8%99ti,_Giurgiu/llc12uap">Popești</a>, a district in the town of <a href="/facts/Mih%C4%83ile%C8%99ti/llc12uap">Mihăilești</a>, <a href="/facts/Giurgiu_County/GjzVJ79K">Giurgiu County</a>, <a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a> and maybe <a href="/facts/Burebista/EVfHdU2F">Burebista</a>'s court/capital</li> <li><a href="/facts/Argidava/mFjk1vfj">Argidava</a> (<i>Argidaua</i>, <i>Arcidava</i>, <i>Arcidaua</i>, <i>Argedava</i>, <i>Argedauon</i>, <i>Sargedava</i>, <i>Sargedauon</i>, <i>Zargedava</i>, <i>Zargedauon</i>, <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek_language/LIK7NlUh">Ancient Greek</a>: Ἀργίδαυα, Αργεδαυον, Σαργεδαυον), potentially <a href="/facts/Burebista/EVfHdU2F">Burebista</a>'s court/capital, located in today's <a href="/facts/V%C4%83r%C4%83dia/twH5Sh2y">Vărădia</a>, <a href="/facts/Cara%C8%99-Severin_County/hqdw7pCd">Caraș-Severin County</a>, <a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bregedaba/zjwUjwA5">Bregedaba</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Buricodava/l7Arf54b">Buricodava</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Buridava/gt21WQ9Y">Buridava</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> or <a href="/facts/Burridava/gt21WQ9Y">Burridava</a>, today's <a href="/facts/Ocnele_Mari/j15jYTsV">Ocnele Mari</a>, Romania</li> <li><a href="/facts/Buteridava/DN2Wz988">Buteridava</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Capidava/dy1gz0dS">Capidava</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> or <a href="/facts/Kapidaua/dy1gz0dS">Kapidaua</a>, a fortress town on the southern side of the lower <a href="/facts/Danube/8lMeM9xg">Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Carsidava/UkYFmxCP">Carsidava</a> or Karsidaua</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cumidava/4KaSFBgJ">Cumidava</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Comidava/4KaSFBgJ">Comidava</a> or Komidaua, ancient <a href="/facts/R%C3%A2%C8%99nov/GzG0quPC">Râșnov</a>, Romania</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dausdava/zQ2E5u0r">Dausdava</a>, Dausadava or Dausdavua,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> "The shrine of wolves", a fortress town close to the <a href="/facts/Danube/8lMeM9xg">Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Desudaba/9WsufRd2">Desudaba</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Docidava/1kp26Jfq">Docidava</a> or Dokidaua</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gildova/LpcQcUXM">Gildova</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> or <a href="/facts/Gildoba/LpcQcUXM">Gildoba</a>, located alongside the <a href="/facts/Vistula/mnDW9Uqt">Vistula</a> river</li> <li><a href="/facts/Giridava/hbWBfp6C">Giridava</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Itadeba/me1g7B4L">Itadeba</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> or <a href="/facts/Itadava/me1g7B4L">Itadava</a>, in north eastern <a href="/facts/North_Macedonia/YpfcC5DA">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jidava/9bIub9pA">Jidava</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> near <a href="/facts/C%C3%A2mpulung/675ulEHb"> Câmpulung Muscel</a>, Romania</li> <li>Jidova<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>Klepidaua</li> <li>Kuimedaba</li> <li>Marcodava or Markodaua</li> <li><a href="/facts/Murideba/Xlqq1Tkb">Murideba</a></li> <li>Nentinava<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> or <a href="/facts/Netindaua/GsStIvVf">Netindaua</a>, ancient <a href="/facts/Slobozia/mEWxlv7g">Slobozia</a>, Romania</li> <li>Nentivava,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> ancient <a href="/facts/Olteni%C8%9Ba/mhsrHP00">Oltenița</a>, Romania</li> <li>Patridava or Patridaua</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pelendava/uPEaJuoc">Pelendava</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> or Pelendova, ancient <a href="/facts/Craiova/I0wPBheg">Craiova</a>, Romania</li> <li><a href="/facts/Perburidava/lYfxRfho">Perburidava</a></li> <li>Petrodava<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> or Petrodaua located in <a href="/facts/Piatra_Neam%C5%A3/IPU6dqvh">Piatra Neamţ</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Piroboridava/cjAQdxXY">Piroboridava</a> or Piroboridaua</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pulpudeva/28MKHt8X">Pulpudeva</a>, originally named <i>Eumolpias</i> by the Dacians. <a href="/facts/Philip_II_of_Macedon/8xV3hI8V">Philip II of Macedon</a> conquered the area in 342–341 BC and renamed the city <i>Philippoupolis</i> (<a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a>: Φιλιππούπολις), of which the later Dacian name for the city, <i>Pulpu-deva</i>, is a reconstructed translation. Today's city of <a href="/facts/Plovdiv/28MKHt8X">Plovdiv</a> in Bulgaria.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Quemedava/ND6xNEug">Quemedava</a>, mentioned by Procopius in Dardania<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ramidava/qh3MpnV8">Ramidava</a> or Rhamidaua</li> <li><a href="/facts/Recidava/jVI0A1hT">Recidava</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rusidava/UzUNGJ41">Rusidava</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> or <a href="/facts/Rusidava/UzUNGJ41">Rusidava</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sacidava_(Dacia)/WE6NYbKc">Sacidava</a> or Sacidaba</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sagadava/dB9tMJEC">Sagadava</a></li> <li>Sandava</li> <li>Sangidaua</li> <li><a href="/facts/Scaidava/2858eE43">Scaidava</a> or Skedeba</li> <li><a href="/facts/Setidava/q3qe0x9a">Setidava</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> or Setidaua, mentioned by Ptolemy as a thriving settlement</li> <li><a href="/facts/Singidava/Valrt1YD">Singidava</a> or Singidaua</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sucidava/KLfqfe6U">Sucidava</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> Suvidava or Sukidaua located in <a href="/facts/Corabia/LfTT1jxL">Corabia</a>, Olt County, Romania</li> <li>Susudava,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> mentioned by Ptolemy as a thriving settlement</li> <li>Sykidaba</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tamasidava/rX7ut5Va">Tamasidava</a> or Tamasidaua</li> <li><a href="/facts/Thermidava/sH5PRfRv">Thermidava</a>, placed by Ptolemy on the <a href="/facts/Lissus_(Illyria)/EzfryNvX">Lissus</a>-<a href="/facts/Naissus/N96bKLAx">Naissus</a> route. The toponym is most probably a misreading of a settlement which most scholars in contemporary research locate near present-day <a href="/facts/Banat/p6myPulX">Banat</a>, Serbia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li>Utidava or Utidaua</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zargidava/1rM0uVCs">Zargidava</a> or Zargidaua</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ziridava/vWQDTtsE">Ziridava</a> or <a href="/facts/Ziridaua/vWQDTtsE">Ziridaua</a></li> <li>Zisnedeva,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> Zisnudeva or Zisnudeba, located in Dacian <a href="/facts/Moesia/bw41LUd4">Moesia</a></li> <li>Zucidaua</li> <li>Zisnudeba</li> <li>Zusidava</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia/YFBevGKJ">List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dacian_language/vaShLLqH">Dacian language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dacia/cVJqvGeA">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Polis/U4qS9yqU">Polis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Deva,_Romania/n1mANIyB">Deva</a></li></ul> <h3>Citations</h3> <h3>Bibliography</h3> <ul><li>Berzovan, Alexandru (2020). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/43986589">"Considerations regarding the origin of Dacian Term dava / deva / daba. A Historical and Linguistic Journey from the Lower Danube to Anatolia and Transcaucasia"</a>. <i>The Thracians and their neighbours in antiquity. Archaeology and history. Studies in honor of Valeriu Sîrbu at his 70th anniversary</i>. Romania: Editura Istros , Brăila.</li> <li>Grumeza, Ion (2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C"><i>Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Hamilton_Books/NJNX9xwH">Hamilton Books</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7618-4465-5.</li> <li>Olteanu, Sorin. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103139/http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm">"Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum – Toponyms Section"</a>. <i>Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum</i> (in Romanian and English). Archived from <a href="http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm">the original</a> on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2010.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Edgar_C._Polom%C3%A9/bHh61FnH">Polome, E. C.</a> (1982). "20e". In Boardman, John (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>. London: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-22496-3.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Joseph_Van_den_Gheyn/RUGnMNls">Van den Gheyn, Joseph</a> (1885). "Les populations Danubiennes". <i>Revue des questions scientifiques</i>. 17–18. Brussels: Société scientifique de Bruxelles.</li> <li>Velkov, Velizar Iv (1977). <i>The cities in Thrace and Dacia in late antiquity: (studies and materials)</i>. Hakkert. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 90-256-0723-3.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wilhelm_Tomaschek/gFgKv7xd">Tomaschek, Wilhelm</a> (1883). "Les Restes de la langue dace". <i>Le Muséon</i>. 2. Belgium: "Société des lettres et des sciences" Louvain, Belgium.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dacian and Dacians. <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223054126/http://www.enciclopedia-dacica.ro/dave/dave.htm">Dacian Davae in Enciclopedia Dacica</a> (Romanian)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100806192419/http://www.enciclopedia-dacica.ro/dave/materiale.htm">Dacian materials and construction techniques in Enciclopedia Dacica</a> (Romanian)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103139/http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm">Sorin Olteanu's Project: Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum – Toponyms Section</a> (Romanian, partially English)</li> <li><a href="http://www.eliznik.org.uk/RomaniaHistory/dacia-places.htm">Lists of Dacian fortresses, towns and citadels</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420021451/http://www.eliznik.org.uk/RomaniaHistory/dacia-places.htm">Archived</a> 20 April 2017 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Georgiev, Vladimir I. (1981). Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages (3rd ed.). Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. p. 120. ... the toponyms with dava (deva) are typical of Dacia, rarely found in Moesia, and not found in Thrace <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I._Georgiev" target="_blank">/wiki/Vladimir_I._Georgiev</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Bronze Age Tomb Finds Thrill Romanian Historians". Balkan Insight. <a href="https://balkaninsight.com/2017/07/21/nine-rare-bronze-age-tombs-discovered-in-romania-07-21-2017/" target="_blank">https://balkaninsight.com/2017/07/21/nine-rare-bronze-age-tombs-discovered-in-romania-07-21-2017/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Olteanu. - Olteanu, Sorin. "Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum – Toponyms Section". Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum (in Romanian and English). Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103139/http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103139/http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Polome 1982, p. 886. - Polome, E. C. (1982). "20e". In Boardman, John (ed.). The Cambridge Ancient History. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Berzovan 2020, pp. 99. - Berzovan, Alexandru (2020). "Considerations regarding the origin of Dacian Term dava / deva / daba. A Historical and Linguistic Journey from the Lower Danube to Anatolia and Transcaucasia". The Thracians and their neighbours in antiquity. Archaeology and history. Studies in honor of Valeriu Sîrbu at his 70th anniversary. Romania: Editura Istros , Brăila. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/43986589" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/43986589</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 13. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Considerations regarding the etymology of the Dacian word dava / deva / daba. A Historical and Linguistic Journey from the Lower Danube to Anatolia and Transcaucasia". ResearchGate. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343988855" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343988855</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Velkov 1977, p. 92. - Velkov, Velizar Iv (1977). The cities in Thrace and Dacia in late antiquity: (studies and materials). Hakkert. ISBN 90-256-0723-3. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Olteanu. - Olteanu, Sorin. "Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum – Toponyms Section". Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum (in Romanian and English). Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103139/http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103139/http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Olteanu. - Olteanu, Sorin. "Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum – Toponyms Section". Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum (in Romanian and English). Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103139/http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103139/http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>*Procopii Caesariensis opera omnia. Edited by J. Haury; revised by G. Wirth. 3 vols. Leipzig: Teubner, 1976-64. Greek text. <a href="/wiki/Teubner" target="_blank">/wiki/Teubner</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>TSR9, Proc. 123. 26 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 88. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 13. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 12. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 13. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 13. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 13. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 13. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 14. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 14. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 14. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 13. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 13. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 12. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 13. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 13. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 12. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Ethnic continuity in the Carpatho-Danubian area by Elemér Illyés,1988,ISBN 0-88033-146-1,page 223 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 13. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 13. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 13. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 13. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Lepper, F. A. (1988). Trajan's Column: A New Edition of the Cichorius Plates. Alan Sutton. p. 138. ISBN 9780862994679. Stuart Jones noted the Dacian – sounding place – name ' Thermidava ' on the Lissus Naissus road : but see Miller col . 557 , for the evidence on this. The place was most probably called ' Theranda ' and there is no evidence for any settlement there of pro-Roman Dacians now, nor is it very likely. (..) Most scholars , however , have supposed , as did Cichorius , that we are now north of the Danube , somewhere in the Banat area where the local inhabitants are frightened that they may lose their recently acquired 'liberty'. <a href="9780862994679" target="_blank">9780862994679</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Grumeza 2009, p. 13. - Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>