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Smart material
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<h2 id="types">Types</h2> <p>There are a number of types of smart material, of which are already common. Some examples are as following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Piezoelectricity/65k6BDqx">Piezoelectric</a> materials are materials that produce a voltage when stress is applied. Since this effect also applies in a reverse manner, a voltage across the sample will produce stress within sample. Suitably designed structures made from these materials can, therefore, be made that bend, expand or contract when a voltage is applied.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Shape-memory_alloy/dWInaJpt">Shape-memory alloys</a> and <a href="/facts/Shape-memory_polymer/V8dXGMvB">shape-memory polymers</a> are materials in which large deformation can be induced and recovered through temperature changes or stress changes (<a href="/facts/Pseudoelasticity/yA6cNzIz">pseudoelasticity</a>). The shape memory effect results due to respectively martensitic phase change and induced elasticity at higher temperatures. A common example is Nitmol.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Photovoltaics/5Xefaayl">Photovoltaic</a> materials or <a href="/facts/Optoelectronics/0SCr9px0">optoelectronics</a> convert light to electrical current.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Electroactive_polymers/0Xb8oupM">Electroactive polymers</a> (EAPs) change their volume by voltage or electric fields.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Magnetostriction/hkma4mTU">Magnetostrictive</a> materials exhibit a change in shape under the influence of magnetic field and also exhibit a change in their magnetization under the influence of mechanical stress.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Magnetic_shape_memory/BJPFFGGw">Magnetic shape memory</a> alloys are materials that change their shape in response to a significant change in the magnetic field.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Smart_inorganic_polymers/flJGP1ca">Smart inorganic polymers</a> showing tunable and responsive properties.</li> <li><a href="/facts/PH-sensitive_polymers/opyfjNI5">pH-sensitive polymers</a> are materials that change in volume when the pH of the surrounding medium changes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Temperature-responsive_polymers/3FUmGRYW">Temperature-responsive polymers</a> are materials which undergo changes upon temperature.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Halochromism/WF0pcGIF">Halochromic</a> materials are commonly used materials that change their color as a result of changing acidity. One suggested application is for paints that can change color to indicate <a href="/facts/Corrosion/lIC7H4we">corrosion</a> in the metal underneath them.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Chromism/JRQuKJXS">Chromogenic systems</a> change color in response to electrical, optical or thermal changes. These include <a href="/facts/Electrochromic/FRcyVXKv">electrochromic</a> materials, which change their colour or opacity on the application of a voltage (e.g., <a href="/facts/Liquid_crystal_display/8B6xGBEz">liquid crystal displays</a>), <a href="/facts/Thermochromic/zQIFt3Pu">thermochromic</a> materials change in colour depending on their temperature, and <a href="/facts/Photochromic/XHoeGYYc">photochromic</a> materials, which change colour in response to light—for example, light-sensitive <a href="/facts/Sunglasses/VA0uqRze">sunglasses</a> that darken when exposed to bright sunlight.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ferrofluid/Ufr3Xu5I">Ferrofluids</a> are magnetic fluids (affected by magnets and magnetic fields).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Photomechanical_effect/p4CmUJIg">Photomechanical materials</a> change shape under exposure to light.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Polycaprolactone/sYJNULEH">Polycaprolactone</a> (polymorph) can be molded by immersion in hot water.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Self-healing_material/MNkbhSTv">Self-healing materials</a> have the intrinsic ability to repair damage due to normal usage, thus expanding the material's lifetime.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dielectric_elastomers/bk6koA2A">Dielectric elastomers</a> (DEs) are smart material systems which produce large strains (up to 500%) under the influence of an external electric field.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Magnetocaloric_effect/Uup1rPD6">Magnetocaloric materials</a> are compounds that undergo a reversible change in temperature upon exposure to a changing magnetic field.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Thermoelectric_materials/p8FKD76U">Thermoelectric materials</a> are used to build devices that <a href="/facts/Thermoelectric_effect/GbRYmwIG">convert temperature differences into electricity and vice versa</a>.</li> <li>Chemoresponsive materials change size or volume under the influence of external chemical or biological compound.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Smart_polymer/I1aMRze7">Smart polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Programmable_matter/18hvSS3L">Programmable matter</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sensors/RN8SXbjs">Sensors</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Actuators/mF9qVJJR">Actuators</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Artificial_muscles/NnXB8oLm">Artificial muscles</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thermally_induced_shape-memory_effect_(polymers)/sA84jtIV">Thermally induced shape-memory effect (polymers)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Covalent_adaptable_network/AR8MBfE5">Covalent adaptable networks</a> / <a href="/facts/Vitrimers/JAyAulgW">Vitrimers</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://pubs.rsc.org/bookshop/collections/series?issn=2046-0066">Smart Materials Book Series</a>, Royal Society of Chemistry</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Bengisu, Murat; Ferrara, Marinella (2018). Materials that move : smart materials, intelligent design. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 9783319768885. <a href="9783319768885" target="_blank">9783319768885</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Brizzi, Silvia; Cavozzi, Cristian; Storti, Fabrizio (2023-09-29). "Smart materials for experimental tectonics: Viscous behavior of magnetorheological silicones". Tectonophysics: 230038. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2023.230038. ISSN 0040-1951. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040195123003360" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040195123003360</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Bahl, Shashi; Nagar, Himanshu; Singh, Inderpreet; Sehgal, Shankar (2020-01-01). "Smart materials types, properties and applications: A review". Materials Today: Proceedings. International Conference on Aspects of Materials Science and Engineering. 28: 1302–1306. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.505. ISSN 2214-7853. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785320331278" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785320331278</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Shahinpoor, Mohsen; Schneider, Hans-Jorg, eds. (2007). Intelligent materials. RSC Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85404-335-4. <a href="978-0-85404-335-4" target="_blank">978-0-85404-335-4</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Schwartz, Mel, ed. (2002). Encyclopedia of smart materials. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 9780471177807. <a href="9780471177807" target="_blank">9780471177807</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Nakanishi, Takashi (2011). Supramolecular soft matter : applications in materials and organic electronics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470559741. <a href="9780470559741" target="_blank">9780470559741</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Gaudenzi, Paolo (2009). Smart structures : physical behaviour, mathematical modelling and applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-05982-1. <a href="978-0-470-05982-1" target="_blank">978-0-470-05982-1</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Janocha, Hartmut (2007). Adaptronics and smart structures : basics, materials, design, and applications (2nd, revised ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-71967-0. <a href="978-3-540-71967-0" target="_blank">978-3-540-71967-0</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Schwartz, Mel (2009). Smart materials. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420043723. <a href="9781420043723" target="_blank">9781420043723</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Bordbar-Khiabani A, Gasik M. "Smart hydrogels for advanced drug delivery systems". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (7): 3665. doi:10.3390/ijms23073665. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms23073665" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms23073665</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Chemoresponsive Materials /Stimulation by Chemical and Biological Signals, Schneider, H.-J.; Ed:, (2015)The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/97817828822420 <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/97817828822420" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/97817828822420</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>