Spectacle Reef Light

<h2 id="background-and-planning">Background and planning</h2>
From 1852 to the beginning of the 20th century, the <a href="/facts/United_States_Lighthouse_Board/AmHt8KUL">United States Lighthouse Board</a> was active in building lighthouses to support ship traffic on the <a href="/facts/Great_Lakes/Fd7pDkPX">Great Lakes</a>. Between 1852 and 1860, it built 26 new lights. Even as the <a href="/facts/American_Civil_War/A9FT3ksD">American Civil War</a> and its aftermath slowed construction, it completed a dozen new lights in that decade. In the 1870s alone, it built 43 new lights on the lakes. During the 1880s, more than 100 lights were constructed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
As the new century began, the Lighthouse Board operated 334 major lights, 67 <a href="/facts/Fog_horn/2bxGcGNG">fog horns</a> and 563 <a href="/facts/Buoy/gm24E4rt">buoys</a> on the Great Lakes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> During the 19th century, design of Great Lakes lights slowly evolved. Until 1870 the most common design was to build a keeper's dwelling with the light on the dwelling's roof or on a relatively small square tower attached to the house. In the 1870s, so as to raise lights to a higher <a href="/facts/Focal_plane/7vqmsXJy">focal plane</a>, conical brick towers, usually between 80 and 100 feet tall, were constructed. In the 1890s steel-lined towers began to replace the older generation of brick buildings, such as <a href="/facts/Big_Sable_Point_Light/o3g1s2Yc">Big Sable Point Light</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
The Spectacle Reef Light was built during a forty-year period—between 1870 and 1910—when engineers began to build lights on isolated islands, reefs, and shoals that were significant navigational hazards. To that time, <a href="/facts/Lightvessel/Du7zTsg2">light ships</a> such as the <a href="/facts/United_States_lightship_Huron_(LV-103)/emTXGeYW">Huron</a> were the only practical way to mark the hazards. They were dangerous for the sailors who crewed them and difficult to maintain. 

"Worse, regardless of the type of anchors used, lightships could be blown off their expected location in severe storms, making them a potential liability in the worst weather when captains would depend on the charted location of these lights to measure their own ship's distance from dangerous rocks."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Using underwater crib designs, the Board built the <a href="/facts/Waugoshance_Light/xvFxx2eh">Waugoshance Light</a> (1851) on a shoal, and demonstrated a "new level of expertise" in constructing of the Spectacle Reef Light (1874), <a href="/facts/Stannard_Rock_Light/Azg2oJMh">Stannard Rock Light</a> (1882), and <a href="/facts/Detroit_River_Light/QwNmSk5z">Detroit River Light</a> (1885). "The long and expensive process of building lights" in remote and difficult sites "ended in nationally publicized engineering projects that constructed" <a href="/facts/Rock_of_Ages_Light/u3J2Gpq2">Rock of Ages Light</a> (1908) and the <a href="/facts/White_Shoal_Light,_Michigan/tfH8Cmr4">White Shoal</a> (1910) lights.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>
In the early 20th century, the Lighthouse Board and the new Lighthouse Service continued to build new lights on the Great Lakes. For 1925, the Board administered around the Great Lakes: 433 major lights; ten lightships; 129 fog signals; and about 1,000 buoys. Of these 1,771 navigational aids, only 160 stations had resident <a href="/facts/Lighthouse_keeper/eFSRJwvP">keepers</a>. By that time, most navigational aids were automated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Most of the 21st century's Great Lakes lighthouses (excepting e.g., <a href="/facts/Poe_Reef_Light/0TDpEEnG">Poe Reef Light</a> and <a href="/facts/Gravelly_Shoal_Light/1zYsGdXf">Gravelly Shoal Light</a>) had been constructed by 1925.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>
Building on shoals was part of a larger pattern of building 14 reef lights around Michigan, also intended to help ships navigate through and around the shoals and hazards around the Straits of Mackinac.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>

<h2 id="construction">Construction</h2>
The site was first marked by a buoy in 1868.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> The construction was undertaken under the auspices of the Lighthouse Board and was a feat of <a href="/facts/Civil_engineering/avh5kEq2">civil engineering</a> and endurance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> Construction began in 1870, in answer to the disastrous loss of a large number of ships during the 1860s at the site; in particular, two <a href="/facts/Schooners/MESqdu0m">schooners</a> ran <a href="/facts/Aground/98CSCNyb">aground</a> and broke up in 1867. The massive cost of the loss helped convince <a href="/facts/Congress_of_the_United_States/mJlU46K7">Congress</a> that it would be more cost effective to build a light and reduce the potential of future shipwrecks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
The lighthouse is built upon a reef shaped like a pair of <a href="/facts/Eyeglasses/ER3sFKmJ">eyeglasses</a> (hence its name) and is located in the path of <a href="/facts/Littoral/nVG7Qk4s">littoral</a> commerce on Lake Huron. The increase in <a href="/facts/Lake_freighter/3nBkGKKE">freighter</a> traffic through the straits increased the risk of more ship losses without better signing of hazards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> The Spectacle Reef Lighthouse cost $406,000. One costly item was the purchase of a <a href="/facts/Steamboat/6YpKwFfp">steamer</a> to convey the materials to the site.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
The foundation was laid in a <a href="/facts/Cofferdam/f6kfeKEe">cofferdam</a> protected by a crib made from 12-inch-thick (0.30 m) timber and submerged 11 feet (3.4 m) below the surface. The crib was constructed upon <a href="/facts/Slipways/H4QgLRWU">slipways</a> at the depot, like <a href="/facts/Shipbuilding/XLy9lj1W">building a ship</a>, then launched and towed by <a href="/facts/Tugboats/GJN1wj1d">tugboats</a> to the reef, where it was sunk and grounded on the site. This crib is massive: 8,464 square feet (786.3 m2) and 24 feet (7.3 m) high (203,136 cubic feet (5,752.2 m3)).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> It created a protected pond, making a base for the cofferdam, a <a href="/facts/Wharf/yg3NRNdE">wharf</a>, and worker's quarters. The cofferdam was pumped out to expose the <a href="/facts/Bedrock/mn9WCgtX">bedrock</a>, upon which the masonry courses were laid. The light's 20-month construction process had to be spread out over a calendar period of four years (1870–1874). No work was possible during the winter, most of the spring, and most of the fall, because of the inclement weather.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>
<a href="/facts/Bois_Blanc_Island_(Michigan)/CbarXfMf">Bois Blanc Island</a> is the nearest point of land, 10 miles (16 km) to 12 miles (19 km) to the northwest; but neither it nor Ninemile Point, 10.3 miles (16.6 km) to the south, formed a suitable staging area for construction. This took place entirely on site. After the construction of workers' quarters on the pier, a fourth-order <a href="/facts/Fresnel_lens/WYbDj3sn">Fresnel lens</a> was temporarily installed on the roof of one of the buildings. Construction was almost complete in the fall of 1873, when the onset of winter's storms forced the work site to be abandoned until the following spring. In the spring of 1874, work on the lighthouse began again. With the installation of the cast-iron lantern room and a new second-order Fresnel lens, the work was complete, and the light was put into service in June 1874.
The combination of a crib foundation with monolithic stone masonry worked so well that the Lighthouse Board used the design and a similar process in constructing the <a href="/facts/Stannard_Rock_Light/Azg2oJMh">Stannard Rock Light</a> in <a href="/facts/Lake_Superior/o6hh85hD">Lake Superior</a> in 1878. The Board achieved economies by getting 'double duty' from the "costly apparatus and machinery purchased" for the Spectacle Reef project.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>

<h2 id="description">Description</h2>
The location of the lighthouse makes it susceptible to wave <a href="/facts/Wind_fetch/wpxBuqTI">fetch</a>, which for this reef is 170 miles (270 km) to the southeast. Lake Huron ice fields, known as <a href="/facts/Drift_ice/DLeUDwYg">drift ice</a>, which in this lake can be as much as two or more feet thick and measure thousands of acres in size, are moved by wintertime currents. Masses of these dimensions create "an almost irresistible force", which for Spectacle Reef Light was "overcome by interposing a structure against which the ice is crushed and by which its motion is so impeded that it grounds on the 7–foot shoal." This creates an effective wall "against other ice fields."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>
The tower is formed as a "<a href="/facts/Frustum/TEfLWynX">frustum</a> of a <a href="/facts/Cone_(geometry)/2c9GIzYD">cone</a>". The 32-foot-diameter (9.8 m) base rises 93 feet (28 m) above water level, and is 11 feet (3.4 m) below water level.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> As the Coast Guard notes: "The focal plane is 4 feet 3 inches (1.30 m) above the top of the <a href="/facts/Parapet/msEhVp3v">parapet</a>, making it 97 feet 3 inches (29.64 m) above the top of the submerged rock and 86 feet 3 inches (26.29 m) above the surface of the water. For 34 feet (10 m) up the tower is solid and from them on up it is hollow. In it are five rooms, one above the other each 14 feet (4.3 m) in diameter, with varying heights. The walls of the hollow portion are 5 feet 6 inches (1.68 m) at the bottom, tapering to 16 inches (410 mm) at the spring of the <a href="/facts/Cornice/DNI7jxBV">cornice</a>."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>
Just below the cornice, the blocks of stone are 2 feet (0.61 m) thick. They are interlocked in each course, and fastened together with <a href="/facts/Wrought_iron/zynpjrIv">wrought iron</a> <a href="/facts/Screw/Rr0k38TC">bolts</a> 2+1⁄2 inches (64 mm) thick and 2 feet (0.61 m) long. Likewise, the tower is bolted to the foundation rock with bolts 3 feet (0.91 m) long. After "the stones were in place they were plugged with pure <a href="/facts/Portland_cement/kPj8EjnP">portland cement</a>, which is now as hard as the stone itself. Hence the tower is, in effect, a <a href="/facts/Monolith/nJU2zKA1">monolith</a>."
The stones were cut at the depot at Scammon's Harbor, 16 miles (26 km) away. They were fitted, course by course, on a platform of masonry. The stones fit so well that each course was laid in three days: to set, drill, and bolt. The light has been described as "the best specimen of monolithic <a href="/facts/Stone_masonry/kzvdRB4A">stone masonry</a> in the United States" and "one of the greatest engineering feats on the <a href="/facts/Great_Lakes/Fd7pDkPX">Great Lakes</a>."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> The light has an attached <a href="/facts/Fog_signal/2bxGcGNG">fog signal</a> building, oil house and storage building. There are <a href="/facts/Davit/yFPWtFU5">davits</a> to raise and lower boats.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
In September 1872, a severe <a href="/facts/Gale/CNsA8BsG">gale</a> did considerable damage to the lighthouse, which had to be repaired at very great expense.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> The term "gale" is being used loosely, as there was no wind speed device being monitored in the winter at that location. But in a similar location and storm on Lake Superior at <a href="/facts/Granite_Island,_Michigan/EFuePIgs">Granite Island, Michigan</a>, wind speeds of 143 miles per hour (230 km/h) were recorded on January 18, 2003.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>
"After the winter of 1873–74, when the keepers returned to the newly completed tower, they found the ice piled against it at a height of 30 feet (9.1 m), or 7 feet (2.1 m) higher than the doorway, and they could not gain entrance until they had cut away the iceberg of which the lighthouse formed the core."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>
The Lighthouse Board built a model of this light that was featured in the Aids to Navigation display at the 1893 <a href="/facts/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition/L2EMHI1z">World's Columbian Exposition</a>, also known as "The Chicago <a href="/facts/World%27s_Fair/FkkJJJ3W">World's Fair</a>" in <a href="/facts/Chicago/yPMokrXH">Chicago</a>, <a href="/facts/Illinois/MuPb1Ctn">Illinois</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>

<h2 id="current-status">Current status</h2>

The original second-order Fresnel lens (by Henry–Lepaute of Paris, France<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>) was removed in 1982. It is now on display at the Inland Seas Maritime Museum (also known as the Great Lakes Historical Society Museum)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> at the <a href="/facts/Vermilion_Light/ARfQ4pzL">Vermilion Light</a> in <a href="/facts/Vermilion,_Ohio/lbQF3Y1K">Vermilion, Ohio</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> Since the Fresnel lens was replaced by a modern acrylic lens, the Spectacle Reef Light has continued to serve as an active <a href="/facts/Aid_to_navigation/AHdWcNxK">aid to navigation</a> as of 2007.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>
In July 2005, "Spectacle Reef Light Station" was listed on the <a href="/facts/National_Register_of_Historic_Places/leUNvfW6">National Register of Historic Places</a> as site #05000744, defined as "Located in northern Lake Huron, 10.3 miles (16.6 km). NNE of Ninemile Point, <a href="/facts/Benton_Township,_Cheboygan_County,_Michigan/NbPl2Eoq">Benton Township, Michigan</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>
Spectacle Reef Lighthouse was one of five lighthouses chosen for the "Lighthouses of the Great Lakes" series; the postage stamp was designed by <a href="/facts/Howard_Koslow/v0gxH6KQ">Howard Koslow</a> in 1995.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> One lighthouse was chosen on each of the Great Lakes for this series.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> The five lighthouses are <a href="/facts/Split_Rock_Light/ESp6Efyn">Split Rock Light</a> on <a href="/facts/Lake_Superior/o6hh85hD">Lake Superior</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> St Joseph Light on <a href="/facts/Lake_Michigan/t5ynSsvY">Lake Michigan</a>, Spectacle Reef Light on Lake Huron,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> <a href="/facts/Marblehead_Light_(Ohio)/PWglPPBF">Marblehead Light (Ohio)</a> on <a href="/facts/Lake_Erie/m9RScPVI">Lake Erie</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> and <a href="/facts/Thirty_Mile_Point_Light/K6FwKhhg">Thirty Mile Point Light</a> on <a href="/facts/Lake_Ontario/CVDvjIAu">Lake Ontario</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>
In 2020, The Spectacle Reef Preservation Society was formed and swiftly began the process of restoring the lighthouse.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a>

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<ul><li>Barnard, J.G. "Lighthouse Engineering As Displayed at the Centennial Exhibition." American Society of Civil Engineers Transactions 8 (Mar 1879), p. 55.</li>
<li>Hyde, Charles K., and Mahan, Ann and Mahan, John. (1995). The Northern Lights: Lighthouses of the Upper Great Lakes. Detroit: <a href="/facts/Wayne_State_University_Press/4NmNFS38">Wayne State University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8143-2554-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</li>
<li>Putnam, George R. (January 1913). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LNQKAAAAYAAJ">"Beacons of the Seas: Lighting the Coasts of the United States"</a>. <a href="/facts/National_Geographic_Magazine/vnuhsmYg">National Geographic Magazine</a>. Vol. XXIV, no. 1. p. 19. Retrieved June 10, 2009.</li>
<li>Roach, Jerry (2007). <a href="http://www.lighthousecentral.com/lighthouse_gallery.php4?lighthouse=Spectacle%20Reef%20Light">The Ultimate Guide to Upper Michigan Lighthouses</a>. Lighthouse Central. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-974797-72-4.</li>
<li>Roberts, Bruce; Jones, Ray (2002). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBvbpF0utMwC&q=poe%20reef%20lighthouse&pg=PA249">American Lighthouses, 2nd: A Definitive Guide</a>. Globe Pequot Press. pp. 246–250. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-59223-102-7.[permanent dead link‍]</li>
<li><a href="https://msi.nga.mil/api/publications/download?key=16694576/SFH00000/USCG_Volume_VII.pdf">Light List, Volume VII, Great Lakes</a> (PDF). Light List. <a href="/facts/United_States_Coast_Guard/6d7SWTP9">United States Coast Guard</a>. 2007.</li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>"A Tour of the Lights of the Straits." Michigan History 70 (Sep/Oct 1986), pp. 17–29.</li>
<li>Taylor, Paul (October 2009) Orlando M. Poe: Civil War General and Great Lakes Engineer (<a href="/facts/Kent_State_University_Press/TXmJhTje">Kent State University Press</a>) <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-60635-040-4; <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-60635-040-9.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li> Media related to Spectacle Reef Light at Wikimedia Commons</li>
<li><a href="http://wlol.arlhs.com/lighthouse/USA782}.html">Spectacle Reef Light</a> on the World List of Lights</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611120356/http://www.lighthousesrus.org/HuronNE.htm">Interactive map, pictures, descriptions of Northern Lake Huron lights.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.lighthousefriends.com/macstraits.html">Lighthouses in the Mackinac Straits.</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of the United States: Michigan's Eastern Lower Peninsula". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/miel.htm" target="_blank">https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/miel.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Wobser, Dave. "Spectacle Reef Light". Lighthouse.Boatnerd.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2006. Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060217184706/http://lighthouse.boatnerd.com/gallery/Huron/spectaclereef.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060217184706/http://lighthouse.boatnerd.com/gallery/Huron/spectaclereef.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Hollan, Francis Ross (1988). America's Lighthouses: An illustrated History. Courier Dover Publications. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-486-25576-7. Retrieved June 10, 2009. <a href="978-0-486-25576-7" target="_blank">978-0-486-25576-7</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Hollan, Francis Ross (1988). America's Lighthouses: An illustrated History. Courier Dover Publications. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-486-25576-7. Retrieved June 10, 2009. <a href="978-0-486-25576-7" target="_blank">978-0-486-25576-7</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Hollan, Francis Ross (1988). America's Lighthouses: An illustrated History. Courier Dover Publications. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-486-25576-7. Retrieved June 10, 2009. <a href="978-0-486-25576-7" target="_blank">978-0-486-25576-7</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Beacons in the Night, Clarke Historical Library. Central Michigan University. <a href="http://clarke.cmich.edu/lighthouses/lhhist1.htm" target="_blank">http://clarke.cmich.edu/lighthouses/lhhist1.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Hyde, Charles K., and Ann and John Mahan. The Northern Lights: Lighthouses of the Upper Great Lakes. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8143-2554-8 ISBN 978-0-8143-2554-4. <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press" target="_blank">/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Beacons in the Night, Clarke Historical Library. Central Michigan University. <a href="http://clarke.cmich.edu/lighthouses/lhhist1.htm" target="_blank">http://clarke.cmich.edu/lighthouses/lhhist1.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Hyde, Charles K., and Ann and John Mahan. The Northern Lights: Lighthouses of the Upper Great Lakes. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8143-2554-8 ISBN 978-0-8143-2554-4. <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press" target="_blank">/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Beacons in the Night, Clarke Historical Library. Central Michigan University. <a href="http://clarke.cmich.edu/lighthouses/lhhist1.htm" target="_blank">http://clarke.cmich.edu/lighthouses/lhhist1.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Hyde, Charles K., and Ann and John Mahan. The Northern Lights: Lighthouses of the Upper Great Lakes. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8143-2554-8 ISBN 978-0-8143-2554-4. <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press" target="_blank">/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Beacons in the Night, Clarke Historical Library. Central Michigan University. <a href="http://clarke.cmich.edu/lighthouses/lhhist1.htm" target="_blank">http://clarke.cmich.edu/lighthouses/lhhist1.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Beacons in the Night, Clarke Historical Library. Central Michigan University. <a href="http://clarke.cmich.edu/lighthouses/lhhist1.htm" target="_blank">http://clarke.cmich.edu/lighthouses/lhhist1.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Hyde, Charles K., and Ann and John Mahan. The Northern Lights: Lighthouses of the Upper Great Lakes. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8143-2554-8 ISBN 978-0-8143-2554-4. <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press" target="_blank">/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Beacons in the Night, Clarke Historical Library. Central Michigan University. <a href="http://clarke.cmich.edu/lighthouses/lhhist1.htm" target="_blank">http://clarke.cmich.edu/lighthouses/lhhist1.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Hyde, Charles K., and Ann and John Mahan. The Northern Lights: Lighthouses of the Upper Great Lakes. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8143-2554-8 ISBN 978-0-8143-2554-4. <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press" target="_blank">/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Beacons in the Night, Clarke Historical Library. Central Michigan University. <a href="http://clarke.cmich.edu/lighthouses/lhhist1.htm" target="_blank">http://clarke.cmich.edu/lighthouses/lhhist1.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Roberts, Bruce; Jones, Ray. (September 2002) American Lighthouses, 2nd: A Definitive Guide pp. 246–250, Publisher: Globe Pequot Press 304 pp[permanent dead link‍] ISBN 1-59223-102-0; ISBN 978-1-59223-102-7; ISBN 978-0-7627-2269-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBvbpF0utMwC&dq=poe+reef+lighthouse&pg=PA249" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=bBvbpF0utMwC&dq=poe+reef+lighthouse&pg=PA249</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Roach, Jerry, The Ultimate Guide to Upper Michigan Lighthouses, Lighthouse Central, ISBN 978-0-9747977-2-4. <a href="http://www.lighthousecentral.com/lighthouse_gallery.php4?lighthouse=Spectacle%20Reef%20Light" target="_blank">http://www.lighthousecentral.com/lighthouse_gallery.php4?lighthouse=Spectacle%20Reef%20Light</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Louise, Mary, and Clifford, Candace, J.A. Tilley (Illustrator) (2008). Lighthouses Short & Tall (Reader's Guide). Cypress Communications. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-963641-29-8. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2008.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="978-0-963641-29-8" target="_blank">978-0-963641-29-8</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Pepper, Terry. "Seeing The Light: Spectacle Reef Light". Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="http://www.terrypepper.com/lights/huron/spectacle/index.htm" target="_blank">http://www.terrypepper.com/lights/huron/spectacle/index.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Pepper, Terry. "Seeing The Light: Spectacle Reef Light". Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="http://www.terrypepper.com/lights/huron/spectacle/index.htm" target="_blank">http://www.terrypepper.com/lights/huron/spectacle/index.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"Historic Light Station Information and Photography: Michigan". United States Coast Guard Historian's Office. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170501202456/http://www.uscg.mil/history/weblighthouses/LHMI.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170501202456/http://www.uscg.mil/history/weblighthouses/LHMI.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Louise, Mary, and Clifford, Candace, J.A. Tilley (Illustrator) (2008). Lighthouses Short & Tall (Reader's Guide). Cypress Communications. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-963641-29-8. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2008.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="978-0-963641-29-8" target="_blank">978-0-963641-29-8</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Louise, Mary, and Clifford, Candace, J.A. Tilley (Illustrator) (2008). Lighthouses Short & Tall (Reader's Guide). Cypress Communications. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-963641-29-8. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2008.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="978-0-963641-29-8" target="_blank">978-0-963641-29-8</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"Historic Light Station Information and Photography: Michigan". United States Coast Guard Historian's Office. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170501202456/http://www.uscg.mil/history/weblighthouses/LHMI.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170501202456/http://www.uscg.mil/history/weblighthouses/LHMI.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"Historic Light Station Information and Photography: Michigan". United States Coast Guard Historian's Office. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170501202456/http://www.uscg.mil/history/weblighthouses/LHMI.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170501202456/http://www.uscg.mil/history/weblighthouses/LHMI.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">"Historic Light Station Information and Photography: Michigan". United States Coast Guard Historian's Office. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170501202456/http://www.uscg.mil/history/weblighthouses/LHMI.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170501202456/http://www.uscg.mil/history/weblighthouses/LHMI.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">"Historic Light Station Information and Photography: Michigan". United States Coast Guard Historian's Office. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170501202456/http://www.uscg.mil/history/weblighthouses/LHMI.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170501202456/http://www.uscg.mil/history/weblighthouses/LHMI.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"Historic Light Station Information and Photography: Michigan". United States Coast Guard Historian's Office. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170501202456/http://www.uscg.mil/history/weblighthouses/LHMI.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170501202456/http://www.uscg.mil/history/weblighthouses/LHMI.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"Special Interactive: Click around the lighthouses of Michigan". The Detroit News. 2008. Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080520/SPECIAL01/80519001" target="_blank">http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080520/SPECIAL01/80519001</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"Spectacle Reef Lighthouse". Michigan Lighthouse Conservancy. 2003. Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="http://www.michiganlights.com/spectaclereeflh.htm" target="_blank">http://www.michiganlights.com/spectaclereeflh.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Putnam, George R. (January 1913). "Beacons of the Seas: Lighting the Coasts of the United States". National Geographic Magazine. XXIV (1): 19. Retrieved June 10, 2009. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LNQKAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=LNQKAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">"The Weather at Granite Island". www.GraniteIsland.com. Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="http://www.graniteisland.com/weather.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.graniteisland.com/weather.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">"Historic Light Station Information and Photography: Michigan". United States Coast Guard Historian's Office. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170501202456/http://www.uscg.mil/history/weblighthouses/LHMI.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170501202456/http://www.uscg.mil/history/weblighthouses/LHMI.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Pepper, Terry. "Seeing The Light: Spectacle Reef Light". Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="http://www.terrypepper.com/lights/huron/spectacle/index.htm" target="_blank">http://www.terrypepper.com/lights/huron/spectacle/index.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"Spectacle Reef, MI". LighthouseFriends.com. Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=708" target="_blank">http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=708</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"Inventory of Historic Light Stations – Michigan Lighthouses: Spectacle Reef Light". National Park Service. Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="http://www.nps.gov/history/maritime/light/spect.htm" target="_blank">http://www.nps.gov/history/maritime/light/spect.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of the United States: Michigan's Eastern Lower Peninsula". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/miel.htm" target="_blank">https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/miel.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">U.S. Coast Guard, 2007. <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">"Michigan — Cheboygan County". National Register of Historical Places. Retrieved November 1, 2008. <a href="http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/MI/cheboygan/state.html" target="_blank">http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/MI/cheboygan/state.html</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Stamp images, Great Lakes Lighthouses. <a href="http://www.lighthousestampsociety.org/webstamps/uns2973a.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.lighthousestampsociety.org/webstamps/uns2973a.jpg</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Postage stamp artwork, Spectacle Reef Lighthouse Stamp.[permanent dead link‍] <a href="http://www.postagestampart.com/Spectacle-Reef-Lighthouse-p71.html" target="_blank">http://www.postagestampart.com/Spectacle-Reef-Lighthouse-p71.html</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">First Day Cover with cachet for Spectacle Reef Light stamp. <a href="http://www.postalstampart.com/index.asp?item=1864" target="_blank">http://www.postalstampart.com/index.asp?item=1864</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Postage stamp artwork, Split Rock Lighthouse Stamp.[permanent dead link‍] <a href="http://www.postagestampart.com/Split-Rock-Lighthouse-p70.html" target="_blank">http://www.postagestampart.com/Split-Rock-Lighthouse-p70.html</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Postage stamp artwork, Spectacle Reef Lighthouse Stamp.[permanent dead link‍] <a href="http://www.postagestampart.com/Spectacle-Reef-Lighthouse-p71.html" target="_blank">http://www.postagestampart.com/Spectacle-Reef-Lighthouse-p71.html</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Postage stamp artwork, Marblehead Lighthouse Stamp.[permanent dead link‍] <a href="http://www.postagestampart.com/Marblehead-Lighthouse-p72.html" target="_blank">http://www.postagestampart.com/Marblehead-Lighthouse-p72.html</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Postage stamp artwork, Thirty Mile Point Lighthouse Stamp.[permanent dead link‍] <a href="http://www.postagestampart.com/Thirty-Mile-Point-Lighthouse-p73.html" target="_blank">http://www.postagestampart.com/Thirty-Mile-Point-Lighthouse-p73.html</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">"Spectacle Reef Preservation Society". Spectacle Reef Lighthouse. Retrieved July 19, 2021. <a href="https://spectaclereef.org/" target="_blank">https://spectaclereef.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Spectacle Reef Light open-in-new

Spectacle Reef Light