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Colobopsis saundersi
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<h2 id="defenses">Defenses</h2> <p>Its defensive behaviours include self-destruction by <a href="/facts/Autothysis/VkALvUmx">autothysis</a>, a term coined by Maschwitz and Maschwitz (1974).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Two oversized, poison-filled <a href="/facts/Mandible_(insect_mouthpart)/EBl2GxxL">mandibular</a> glands run the entire length of the ant's body. When combat takes a turn for the worse, the worker ant violently contracts its abdominal muscles to rupture its <a href="/facts/Gaster_(insect_anatomy)/rbE8eG2W">gaster</a> at the intersegmental fold, which also bursts the mandibular glands, thereby spraying a sticky secretion in all directions from the <a href="/facts/Anterior/IpJ1fq2f">anterior</a> region of its head.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The glue, which also has corrosive properties and functions as a chemical irritant, can entangle and immobilize all nearby victims.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>Direct observation by Jones (2004) found that <i>C. saundersi</i> adhesive secretions range from bright white at the end of the wet season to cream or pale yellow in the dry season and start of the wet season. These variations in coloration represent a shift in internal <a href="/facts/PH/RnSv8D7y">pH</a>, likely due to seasonal changes in diet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h3>Territorial defense</h3> <p>Autothysis in <i>C. saundersi</i> is common during territorial battles with other ant species or groups. Territorial <a href="/facts/Weaver_ants/HSQkUonz">weaver ants</a> (<i>Oecophylla smaragdina</i>) are known to stalk and attack <i>C. saundersi</i> for territory as well as for predation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Self-sacrifice of <i>C. saundersi</i> workers is likely to help the colony as a whole by ensuring that the colony retains its foraging territory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Therefore, such behavior would continue within a population given that the behavior was already genetically present within the majority of workers. </p> <h3>Defense against predation</h3> <p><i>C. saundersi</i> uses autothysis to defend against predation by other <a href="/facts/Arboreal/6C5AeQ2y">arboreal</a> arthropods (weaver ants, spiders), which are believed to be the main predatory threat to <i>C. saundersi</i> for two reasons: </p> <ul><li>Jones (2004) noted through direct observation that <i>C. saundersi</i> is "remarkably sensitive" to even slight leaf vibration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>The inherent adhesive qualities of <i>C. saundersi</i>'s secretion are more effective in immobilizing the <a href="/facts/Appendages/lFv11d3f">appendages</a> of arthropods as opposed to those of vertebrates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li></ul> <p><i>C. saundersi</i> also uses autothysis to defend against vertebrate predators because the chemicals involved are inedible, which could deter certain predators from engaging this species of ant in the future.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="chemicals">Chemicals</h2> <p>The "toxic glue" of <i>C. saundersi</i> is predominately composed of polyacetates, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and alcohols.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Branched-skeleton lactones and methylated isocoumarins produced in the hindgut function as trail pheromones, while straight-chain hydrocarbons and esters produced in the Dufour's glands act as alarm pheromones in <i>C. saundersi</i> and related species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Jones, et al. (2004) identified the following chemicals within the secretion: </p><p><a href="/facts/Phenols/xs1CtNTa">Phenols</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/M-cresol/FGcT5WNu">m-cresol</a> (traces found), a corrosive compound</li> <li>2,4-Dihydroxyacetophenone</li> <li>2-Methyl-5,7-dihydroxychromone</li> <li><a href="/facts/Orcinol/AG6caGLx">Orcinol</a> (traces found)</li></ul> <p><a href="/facts/Aliphatic_compound/9usN3neo">Aliphatics</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Undecane/4TxojILx">Undecane</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/2-Heptanone/Sf1QcHY9">2-Heptanone</a> (traces found)</li></ul> <p><a href="/facts/Terpenoid/1GvG7W7v">Terpenoids</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Citronellal/sGJYHs5D">Citronellal</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Citronellol/cggUaGxV">Citronellol</a></li> <li>Citronellic acid</li> <li>Isopulegol</li> <li>(6R)-(E)-2,6-Dimethyl-2-octen-1,8-dioic acid</li></ul> <p>Both 2,4-Dihydroxyacetophenone and 2-Methyl-5,7-dihydroxychromone are phenolic ketones which cause the pH-dependent color changes of the secretion. </p><p>(6R)-(E)-2,6-Dimethyl-2-octen-1,8-dioic acid is an <a href="/facts/Monoterpene/6kFBtsXM">acyclic monoterpene</a> previously undocumented in insects. However, the chemical is well known to be a urinary <a href="/facts/Metabolite/nAyywVtA">metabolite</a> in mammals, with overproduction resulting in toxic <a href="/facts/Acidosis/hmfAo1uR">acidosis</a> in various species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> Colobopsis saundersi <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Colobopsis_explodens/KcMnGTFb"><i>Colobopsis explodens</i></a> – Species of Asian ant</li> <li><a href="/facts/Globitermes_sulphureus/oJoB3zWV"><i>Globitermes sulphureus</i></a> – Species of Asian termite whose soldiers are known for their potentially suicidal attack.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camponotus saundersi. <ul><li><a href="http://www.antweb.org/description.do?rank=species&genus=camponotus&name=saundersi&project=southeastasiaants">"Species: Camponotus saundersi"</a>. <a href="/facts/AntWeb/W3blDtqE">AntWeb</a>. Retrieved 2009-09-26. Photos of the ant.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Jones, T. H.; Clark, D. A.; Edwards, A. A.; Davidson, D. W.; Spande, T. F.; Snelling, Roy R. (2004). "The chemistry of exploding ants, Camponotus spp. (cylindricus complex)". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 30 (8): 1479–1492. doi:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000042063.01424.28. PMID 15537154. S2CID 23756265. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Snelling" target="_blank">/wiki/Roy_Snelling</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Betz, Oliver (2010). "Adhesive Exocrine Glands in Insects: Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Adhesive Secretion". In von Byern, Janek; Grunwald, Ingo (eds.). Biological Adhesive Systems. pp. 111–152. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-0286-2_8. ISBN 978-3-7091-0141-4. <a href="978-3-7091-0141-4" target="_blank">978-3-7091-0141-4</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Laciny, A.; Zettel, H.; Kopchinskiy, A.; Pretzer, C.; Pal, A.; Salim, K.A.; Rahimi, M.J; Hoenigsberger, M.; Lim, L.; Jaitrong, W.; Druzhinina, IS (2018). "Colobopsis explodens sp. n., model species for studies on "exploding ants" (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), with biological notes and first illustrations of males of the Colobopsis cylindrica group". ZooKeys (751): 1–40. doi:10.3897/zookeys.751.22661. PMC 5919914. PMID 29706783. <a href="https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/22661/" target="_blank">https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/22661/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Maschwitz, Ulrich; Maschwitz, Eleonore (1974). "Platzende Arbeiterinnen: Eine neue Art der Feindabwehr bei sozialen Hautflüglern". Oecologia (in German). 14 (3): 289–294. doi:10.1007/BF01039798. JSTOR 4214927. PMID 28308625. S2CID 23644298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Emery, Carlo (1889). Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XX. Formiche di Birmania e del Tenasserim raccolte da Leonardo Fea (1885-87). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria (Genova) 2 7(27): 485-520. [PDF] <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Bauman, Joe (September 11, 2002). "Utahn enters world of exploding ants". Deseret News. They've been called kamikaze ants by other researchers because they tend to explode or self-destruct when they're attacked or harassed in any way. <a href="https://www.deseret.com/2002/9/11/19676799/utahn-enters-world-of-exploding-ants/" target="_blank">https://www.deseret.com/2002/9/11/19676799/utahn-enters-world-of-exploding-ants/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Betz, Oliver (2010). "Adhesive Exocrine Glands in Insects: Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Adhesive Secretion". In von Byern, Janek; Grunwald, Ingo (eds.). Biological Adhesive Systems. pp. 111–152. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-0286-2_8. ISBN 978-3-7091-0141-4. <a href="978-3-7091-0141-4" target="_blank">978-3-7091-0141-4</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Vittachi, Nury (June 6, 2008). "The Malaysian ant teaches us all how to go out with a bang". Daily Star (Dhaka). <a href="http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-39830" target="_blank">http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-39830</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Ridley, Mark (1995). Animal Behaviour (Second ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 0-86542-390-3. Retrieved 2009-09-26. <a href="0-86542-390-3" target="_blank">0-86542-390-3</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Jones, T. H.; Clark, D. A.; Edwards, A. A.; Davidson, D. W.; Spande, T. F.; Snelling, Roy R. (2004). "The chemistry of exploding ants, Camponotus spp. (cylindricus complex)". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 30 (8): 1479–1492. doi:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000042063.01424.28. PMID 15537154. S2CID 23756265. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Snelling" target="_blank">/wiki/Roy_Snelling</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Jones, T. H.; Clark, D. A.; Edwards, A. A.; Davidson, D. W.; Spande, T. F.; Snelling, Roy R. (2004). "The chemistry of exploding ants, Camponotus spp. (cylindricus complex)". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 30 (8): 1479–1492. doi:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000042063.01424.28. PMID 15537154. S2CID 23756265. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Snelling" target="_blank">/wiki/Roy_Snelling</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Jones, T. H.; Clark, D. A.; Edwards, A. A.; Davidson, D. W.; Spande, T. F.; Snelling, Roy R. (2004). "The chemistry of exploding ants, Camponotus spp. (cylindricus complex)". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 30 (8): 1479–1492. doi:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000042063.01424.28. PMID 15537154. S2CID 23756265. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Snelling" target="_blank">/wiki/Roy_Snelling</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Jones, T. H.; Clark, D. A.; Edwards, A. A.; Davidson, D. W.; Spande, T. F.; Snelling, Roy R. (2004). "The chemistry of exploding ants, Camponotus spp. (cylindricus complex)". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 30 (8): 1479–1492. doi:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000042063.01424.28. PMID 15537154. S2CID 23756265. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Snelling" target="_blank">/wiki/Roy_Snelling</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Maschwitz, Ulrich; Maschwitz, Eleonore (1974). "Platzende Arbeiterinnen: Eine neue Art der Feindabwehr bei sozialen Hautflüglern". Oecologia (in German). 14 (3): 289–294. doi:10.1007/BF01039798. JSTOR 4214927. PMID 28308625. S2CID 23644298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Shorter, J. R.; Rueppell, O. (2012). "A review on self-destructive defense behaviors in social insects" (PDF). Insectes Sociaux. 59 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1007/s00040-011-0210-x. S2CID 13257903. <a href="http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/O_Rueppell_Review_2012.pdf" target="_blank">http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/O_Rueppell_Review_2012.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Jones, T. H.; Clark, D. A.; Edwards, A. A.; Davidson, D. W.; Spande, T. F.; Snelling, Roy R. (2004). "The chemistry of exploding ants, Camponotus spp. (cylindricus complex)". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 30 (8): 1479–1492. doi:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000042063.01424.28. PMID 15537154. S2CID 23756265. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Snelling" target="_blank">/wiki/Roy_Snelling</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Betz, Oliver (2010). "Adhesive Exocrine Glands in Insects: Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Adhesive Secretion". In von Byern, Janek; Grunwald, Ingo (eds.). Biological Adhesive Systems. pp. 111–152. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-0286-2_8. ISBN 978-3-7091-0141-4. <a href="978-3-7091-0141-4" target="_blank">978-3-7091-0141-4</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Jones, T. H.; Clark, D. A.; Edwards, A. A.; Davidson, D. W.; Spande, T. F.; Snelling, Roy R. (2004). "The chemistry of exploding ants, Camponotus spp. (cylindricus complex)". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 30 (8): 1479–1492. doi:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000042063.01424.28. PMID 15537154. S2CID 23756265. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Snelling" target="_blank">/wiki/Roy_Snelling</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Jones, T. H.; Clark, D. A.; Edwards, A. A.; Davidson, D. W.; Spande, T. F.; Snelling, Roy R. (2004). "The chemistry of exploding ants, Camponotus spp. (cylindricus complex)". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 30 (8): 1479–1492. doi:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000042063.01424.28. PMID 15537154. S2CID 23756265. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Snelling" target="_blank">/wiki/Roy_Snelling</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>