Conspiracy theories about the Iranian revolution

<h2 id="background">Background</h2>
The US State Department drew criticism for doing little to communicate with Tehran or discourage protest and opposition to the Shah. The intelligence community within the US has also been subject due to criticism particularly for reporting to President <a href="/facts/Jimmy_Carter/Rr4UyAVX">Jimmy Carter</a> "Iran is not in a revolutionary or even a 'pre-revolutionary' situation".President Jimmy Carter was also blamed for his lack of support for the Shah while failing to deter opposition. Within Iran, the revolution is widely believed to be a British plot to overthrow the Shah. This theory would come to be known as the 1979 Iranian revolution conspiracy theory. The theory was supported by the Shah of Iran who believed his increasing control over oil markets and his 1973 nationalization of Iranian oil prompted international oil companies to unseat him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
The Shah held a low opinion of the mullahs that took control of Iran and believed they could not invoke unrest in Iran without a great deal of foreign support. In 1979, big oil contracts for Iranian oil were due to expire, however, the oil companies did not choose to resign. The Shah perceived the withdrawal of oil companies as a threat to him. Finally, the Shah believed the British and Americans were out to remove him due to his 1973 oil price hike in order to replace him with a new non-nationalistic regime.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
International policies pursued by the Shah in order to increase national income by remarkable increases in the price of oil through his leading role in the Organization of the Oil Producing Countries (<a href="/facts/OPEC/aQ9cxyG6">OPEC</a>) have been stressed as a major cause for a shift of Western interests and priorities, and for a reduction of their support for him reflected in a critical position of Western politicians and media, especially of the administration of U.S. President Jimmy Carter regarding the question of human rights in Iran, and in strengthened economic ties between the United States of America and Saudi Arabia in the 1970s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>

<h2 id="claims">Claims</h2>
<h3>Claimed British involvement</h3>
According to a book by F. William Engdahl, A Century of War: Anglo-American Oil Politics and the New World Order, a conspiracy to overthrow the Shah was hatched by the British and Americans in 1978 coinciding with the <a href="/facts/Iranian_revolution/frTYhJ0F">Iranian revolution</a> in the aftermath of the collapse of negotiations to renew a twenty-five year-old agreement between the Shah's government and <a href="/facts/British_Petroleum/awvwSJ3x">British Petroleum</a> known as the <a href="/facts/The_Consortium_Agreement_of_1954/3WLbyAmb">Consortium Agreement of 1954</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>

<h3>Claims by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</h3>
<a href="/facts/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi/r2bcadLc">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> himself asserted that, "If you lift up Khomeini's beard, you will find MADE IN ENGLAND written under his chin," in the later days of his reign as monarch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> This statement by Pahlavi was an adaptation of another saying, "If you lift a mullah's beard, you will find 'Made in Britain' stamped on his chin".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
Engdahl quotes Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as blaming not the British but the Americans for his overthrow:

I did not know it then – perhaps I did not want to know – but it is clear to me now that the Americans wanted me out. Clearly this is what the human rights advocates in the State Department wanted … What was I to make of the Administration's sudden decision to call former <a href="/facts/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_State/bLpkMs73">U.S. Under Secretary of State</a> <a href="/facts/George_Ball_(diplomat)/7ofoGDIB">George Ball</a> to the White House as an adviser on Iran? … Ball was among those Americans who wanted to abandon me and ultimately my country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
<h3>1978 Ettela'at article</h3>
On 7 January 1978, the state news agency <a href="/facts/Ettela%27at/3rPLHrFz">Ettela'at</a> published an article accusing Khomeini of being a British agent and a "mad Indian poet".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> The article claimed that Khomeini's Islamist faction had joined forces with <a href="/facts/Communist/PkUwa9xK">communist</a> dissidents to oppose the regime's <a href="/facts/White_Revolution/df5hNcCg">modernisation project</a>, and that Khomeini's opposition to the Shah was prompted and paid for by <a href="/facts/BP/awvwSJ3x">British oil interests</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>
Supporters of Khomeini, outraged by the article, organized violent demonstrations in response.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h2 id="beliefs-of-the-iranian-public">Beliefs of the Iranian public</h2>
<a href="/facts/BBC_Persian/wmrHqIlG">BBC Persian</a> journalist Hossein Shahidi has talked about "the deep-rooted belief" among Iranians "that Britain is behind every move in Iran," and in particular that the BBC radio is "credited with, or accused of, having brought about the downfall of" both Pahlavi shahs, <a href="/facts/Reza_Shah/3c5dNTrb">Reza Shah</a> and his son <a href="/facts/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi/r2bcadLc">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> whose thirty-seven-year rule was brought to an end by the Iranian revolution of 1979.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
A survey of Iranian expatriates in Southern California found the leading explanation for the <a href="/facts/Iranian_revolution/frTYhJ0F">1979 revolution</a> to be foreign Western plots, as did a recent[when?] survey in <a href="/facts/Isfahan/BLw4k2fm">Isfahan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/1980_October_Surprise_theory/kJ4lESF7">1980 October Surprise theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden/n7UTSGAP">Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair/UmwY67AQ">Iran–Contra affair</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Iran%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations/XRxFwhoa">Iran–United Kingdom relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini/JusRExR9">Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Goodgame, Peter (11 August 2002). "The Globalists and the Islamists". Redmoonrising. <a href="http://www.redmoonrising.com/Ikhwan/BritIslam.htm" target="_blank">http://www.redmoonrising.com/Ikhwan/BritIslam.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Pahlavi, Mohammadreza (1980). Answer to History. Stein and Day. p. 23. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Khomeini: Elite thought clerics obey U.K orders (archived link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100212222956/http://irannegah.com/Video.aspx?id=1604" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100212222956/http://irannegah.com/Video.aspx?id=1604</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Khomeini, Islamic Government, (1981), (p.139, also p.27-28, p.34, p.38). (Quote: "The British imperialists penetrated the countries of the East more than 300 years ago. Being knowledgeable about all aspects of these countries, they drew up elaborate plans for assuming control of them". p.139) <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Maloney, Suzanne (24 January 2019). "1979: Iran and America". Op-Ed. The Brookings Institution. <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/1979-iran-and-america/" target="_blank">https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/1979-iran-and-america/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Cooper, Andrew. The Fall of Heaven: The Pahlavis and the Final Days of Imperial Iran. New York: Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 9780805098976. OCLC 922169321. <a href="9780805098976" target="_blank">9780805098976</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Andrew Scott Cooper (2011). The Oil Kings: How the US, Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1-4391-5517-8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Schroeder, Ernst (10 March 2006). "What Really Happed to the Shah of Iran". Payvand. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522024534/http://www.payvand.com/news/06/mar/1090.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110522024534/http://www.payvand.com/news/06/mar/1090.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Pipes, Daniel (15 September 1996). The Hidden Hand: Middle East Fears of Conspiracy. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780312162542. <a href="9780312162542" target="_blank">9780312162542</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to the Shah to a Leader, Manouchehr Ganji, ISBN 0-275-97187-2, page 37 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NboVl-CeYs0C&pg=PA37&dq=Khomein+british+beard&sig=04IvOn-tpsgnvG71fE681h8oKdk" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=NboVl-CeYs0C&pg=PA37&dq=Khomein+british+beard&sig=04IvOn-tpsgnvG71fE681h8oKdk</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Schroeder, Ernst (10 March 2006). "What Really Happed to the Shah of Iran". Payvand. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522024534/http://www.payvand.com/news/06/mar/1090.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110522024534/http://www.payvand.com/news/06/mar/1090.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Muslim Networks from Hajj to Hip Hop, page 77, ISBN 0-8078-5588-X <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E0ef5IFUOEQC&pg=PA77&dq=Khomein+british+agent&sig=c5IUQXe6PP3Vh8KEeL5OQpsFwe0" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=E0ef5IFUOEQC&pg=PA77&dq=Khomein+british+agent&sig=c5IUQXe6PP3Vh8KEeL5OQpsFwe0</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran, Daniel Brumberg, University of Chicago Press, 2001, page 92 ISBN 0-226-07758-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kHTKERIG1VgC&pg=PA92&dq=Khomein+british+agent&sig=s-CPJfFNCAw57AJB-nL2nbt-ejo" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=kHTKERIG1VgC&pg=PA92&dq=Khomein+british+agent&sig=s-CPJfFNCAw57AJB-nL2nbt-ejo</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">[Ettela'at January 7, 1978, 7; republished with minor punctuation changes in Shirkhani, Ali, Hamaseh-ye 19 Dey, (The Uprising of January 9 [1978]) Tehran: Entesharat-e Merkez-e Asnad-e Enqelab-e Eslami, 1998, 233-236. Quoted in Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran, (2004), p.33 <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies, Iran. The Coming of the Revolution. December 1987. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Hossein Shahidi. 'BBC Persian Service 60 years on.' The Iranian. September 24, 2001 <a href="http://www.iranian.com/History/2001/September/BBC/" target="_blank">http://www.iranian.com/History/2001/September/BBC/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">[interviews with the families of Iran-Iraq War Casualties, according to a sermon by Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati, December 20, 2002, translated by BBC Worldwide Monitoring.] quoted in Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran, (2004), p.13 <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">[Amuzegar, Jahangir, The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1991, p.79-96
Daneshvar, Parviz, Revolution in Iran, St. Martin's Press, 1996, p.94, 126 Moshiri, Farrokh, The State and Social Revolution in Iran, NY, Peter Lang, 1985, p.220] quoted in Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran, (2004), p.13 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">[Hakimfar, Bahram Bob `The Downfall of Late King Muhammad Reza Pahlavi: View of the Iranian Community in Southern California` Ph. D. dissertation, U.S. International University <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Conspiracy theories about the Iranian revolution open-in-new

Conspiracy theories about the Iranian revolution