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Bucerotiformes
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<h2 id="systematics">Systematics</h2> <p>Recent genetic data show that <a href="/facts/Bucorvidae/LxIoEQKe">ground hornbills</a> and <i><a href="/facts/Bycanistes/NDXKdX8P">Bycanistes</a></i> form a clade outside the rest of the hornbill lineage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> They are thought to represent an early African lineage, while the rest of Bucerotiformes evolved in Asia. The hoopoe subspecies <a href="/facts/Saint_Helena_hoopoe/BjTfu88U">Saint Helena hoopoe</a> and the <a href="/facts/Madagascar_hoopoe/eGcDs1E6">Madagascar subspecies</a> are sometimes elevated to a full species. The two wood hoopoe genera, <i><a href="/facts/Phoeniculus/JwV4fKXf">Phoeniculus</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Rhinopomastus/La5XsyEh">Rhinopomastus</a></i>, appear to have diverged about 10 million years ago, so some systematists treat them as separate <a href="/facts/Subfamily/2QPtfDS4">subfamilies</a> or even separate <a href="/facts/Family_(biology)/qTrn6E8E">families</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>Extinct <a href="/facts/Messelirrisoridae/oSFuRkVB">Messelirrisoridae</a> and Laurillardiidae families were both considered to be <a href="/facts/Crown_group/fHDhwp5x">stem groups</a> of a previously categorized <a href="/facts/Upupiformes/eAXIzJSa">Upupiformes</a> order prior to it being subcategorized into Bucerotiformes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h3>Taxonomy</h3> <p>Order Bucerotiformes </p> <ul><li>Family <i>†<a href="/facts/Messelirrisoridae/oSFuRkVB">Messelirrisoridae</a></i> <ul><li>Genus <i>†<a href="/facts/Messelirrisor/oSFuRkVB">Messelirrisor</a></i> <ul><li><i>†Messelirrisor halcyrostris</i></li> <li><i>†Messelirrisor grandis</i></li> <li><i>†Messelirrisor parvus</i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Family <i>†Laurillardiidae</i> <ul><li>Genus <i>†Laurillardia</i> <ul><li><i>†Laurillardia longirostris</i></li> <li><i>†Laurillardia munieri</i></li> <li><i>†Laurillardia smoleni</i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Suborder Upupi <ul><li>Family <a href="/facts/Phoeniculidae/Tm8rCcVU">Phoeniculidae</a> <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/facts/Phoeniculus/JwV4fKXf">Phoeniculus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Green_wood_hoopoe/onHylkkm">Green wood hoopoe</a>, <i>Phoeniculus purpureus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Violet_wood_hoopoe/vUNGfPh5">Violet wood hoopoe</a>, <i>Phoeniculus damarensis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Black-billed_wood_hoopoe/MSpCc4L6">Black-billed wood hoopoe</a>, <i>Phoeniculus somaliensis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/White-headed_wood_hoopoe/u7pDQSIR">White-headed wood hoopoe</a>, <i>Phoeniculus bollei</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Forest_wood_hoopoe/Deeza0eD">Forest wood hoopoe</a>, <i>Phoeniculus castaneiceps</i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/facts/Rhinopomastus/La5XsyEh">Rhinopomastus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Black_scimitarbill/z1SBzWGa">Black scimitarbill</a>, <i>Rhinopomastus aterrimus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Common_scimitarbill/tTNXhlj1">Common scimitarbill</a>, <i>Rhinopomastus cyanomelas</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Abyssinian_scimitarbill/XNDGIJaH">Abyssinian scimitarbill</a>, <i>Rhinopomastus minor</i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Family <a href="/facts/Upupidae/5vftV288">Upupidae</a> <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/facts/Upupa/5vftV288">Upupa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Eurasian_hoopoe/KVaQawMq">Eurasian hoopoe</a>, <i>Upupa epops</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/African_hoopoe/8lJaCft9">African hoopoe</a>, <i>Upupa africana</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Madagascar_hoopoe/eGcDs1E6">Madagascar hoopoe</a>, <i>Upupa marginata</i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Suborder Buceroti <ul><li>Family <a href="/facts/Bucorvidae/LxIoEQKe">Bucorvidae</a> <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/facts/Bucorvus/LxIoEQKe">Bucorvus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Abyssinian_ground_hornbill/BJ0CWxSw">Abyssinian ground hornbill</a>, <i>Bucorvus abyssinicus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Southern_ground_hornbill/Av02UUSp">Southern ground hornbill</a>, <i>Bucorvus leadbeateri</i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Family <a href="/facts/Bucerotidae/CV6EzmX1">Bucerotidae</a> <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/facts/Bycanistes/NDXKdX8P">Bycanistes</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Trumpeter_hornbill/80wUFydp">Trumpeter hornbill</a>, <i>Bycanistes bucinator</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Piping_hornbill/1Pw3YQd2">Piping hornbill</a>, <i>Bycanistes fistulator</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Silvery-cheeked_hornbill/tRQrhz8V">Silvery-cheeked hornbill</a>, <i>Bycanistes brevis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Black-and-white-casqued_hornbill/7RbyYlRr">Black-and-white-casqued hornbill</a>, <i>Bycanistes subcylindricus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Brown-cheeked_hornbill/qrD1Hcae">Brown-cheeked hornbill</a>, <i>Bycanistes cylindricus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/White-thighed_hornbill/nyoLWw8X">White-thighed hornbill</a>, <i>Bycanistes albotibialis</i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/facts/Horizocerus/XY9MCMuN">Horizocerus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/facts/White-crested_hornbill/QbeefgUT">White-crested hornbill</a>, <i>Horizocerus albocristatus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Black_dwarf_hornbill/91BtGS5E">Black dwarf hornbill</a>, <i>Horizocerus hartlaubi</i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/facts/Tockus/Wn6UdpMA">Tockus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Red-billed_dwarf_hornbill/3GQClve6">Red-billed dwarf hornbill</a>, <i>Tockus camurus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Monteiro%27s_hornbill/jxwf82MQ">Monteiro's hornbill</a>, <i>Tockus monteiri</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Red-billed_hornbill/XXx8zXrl">Red-billed hornbill</a> group <ul><li><a href="/facts/Northern_red-billed_hornbill/EV8WFvTC">Northern red-billed hornbill</a>, <i>Tockus erythrorhynchus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Damara_red-billed_hornbill/QjXlh7Mj">Damara red-billed hornbill</a>, <i>Tockus damarensis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Southern_red-billed_hornbill/cx830T78">Southern red-billed hornbill</a>, <i>Tockus rufirostris</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tanzanian_red-billed_hornbill/SyGw1KJU">Tanzanian red-billed hornbill</a>, <i>Tockus ruahae</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Western_red-billed_hornbill/MIYc779L">Western red-billed hornbill</a>, <i>Tockus kempi</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eastern_yellow-billed_hornbill/T7lC8xV9">Eastern yellow-billed hornbill</a>, <i>Tockus flavirostris</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Southern_yellow-billed_hornbill/HwIH3WSw">Southern yellow-billed hornbill</a>, <i>Tockus leucomelas</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jackson%27s_hornbill/6WtLWceC">Jackson's hornbill</a>, <i>Tockus jacksoni</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Von_der_Decken%27s_hornbill/mL5bKg5k">Von der Decken's hornbill</a>, <i>Tockus deckeni</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Crowned_hornbill/QqvIjsyH">Crowned hornbill</a>, <i>Tockus alboterminatus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bradfield%27s_hornbill/9oyFEMsK">Bradfield's hornbill</a>, <i>Tockus bradfieldi</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/African_pied_hornbill/q8pYHXnd">African pied hornbill</a>, <i>Tockus fasciatus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hemprich%27s_hornbill/8jKjeAHx">Hemprich's hornbill</a>, <i>Tockus hemprichii</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pale-billed_hornbill/7EDaBsVe">Pale-billed hornbill</a>, <i>Tockus pallidirostris</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/African_grey_hornbill/AzGm0753">African grey hornbill</a>, <i>Tockus nasutus</i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/facts/Ocyceros/zgelkGxl">Ocyceros</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Malabar_grey_hornbill/25mrtlXN">Malabar grey hornbill</a>, <i>Ocyceros griseus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sri_Lanka_grey_hornbill/6PJ5jryH">Sri Lanka grey hornbill</a>, <i>Ocyceros gingalensis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indian_grey_hornbill/5TkCweD6">Indian grey hornbill</a>, <i>Ocyceros biostris</i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/facts/Anthracoceros/ngLUFqJk">Anthracoceros</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Malabar_pied_hornbill/9ehaEgXc">Malabar pied hornbill</a>, <i>Anthracoceros coronatus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Oriental_pied_hornbill/ovFxr6PA">Oriental pied hornbill</a>, <i>Anthracoceros albirostris</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Black_hornbill/lGm0qHqm">Black hornbill</a>, <i>Anthracoceros malayanus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Palawan_hornbill/tnXhz9Gv">Palawan hornbill</a>, <i>Antracoceros marchei</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sulu_hornbill/ztSY0NJQ">Sulu hornbill</a>, <i>Anthracoceros montani</i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/facts/Buceros/FR6q3Q9V">Buceros</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Rhinoceros_hornbill/j4SuruMm">Rhinoceros hornbill</a>, <i>Buceros rhinoceros</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Great_hornbill/rNgPXbEC">Great hornbill</a>, <i>Buceros bicornis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rufous_hornbill/e7c8AHe3">Rufous hornbill</a>, <i>Buceros hydrocorax</i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/facts/Rhinoplax/K4aQBsXF">Rhinoplax</a></i> (sometimes included in <i>Buceros</i>) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Helmeted_hornbill/K4aQBsXF">Helmeted hornbill</a>, <i>Rhinoplax vigil</i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/facts/Anorrhinus/vdUG73PY">Anorrhinus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Austen%27s_brown_hornbill/uAnN4nap">Austen's brown hornbill</a>, <i>Anorrhinus austeni</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tickell%27s_brown_hornbill/5aTosWlH">Tickell's brown hornbill</a>, <i>Anorrhinus tickelli</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bushy-crested_hornbill/fWYwdKq2">Bushy-crested hornbill</a>, <i>Anorrhinus galeritus</i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/facts/Penelopides/tgjPVIGL">Penelopides</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Luzon_hornbill/dDjraaPm">Luzon hornbill</a>, <i>Penelopides manillae</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mindoro_hornbill/779NnTg6">Mindoro hornbill</a>, <i>Penelopides mindorensis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Visayan_hornbill/ujc1t8D4">Visayan hornbill</a>, <i>Penelopides panini</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Samar_hornbill/S89pSAmI">Samar hornbill</a>, <i>Penelopides samarensis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mindanao_hornbill/ky7rdwhB">Mindanao hornbill</a>, <i>Penelopides affinis</i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/facts/Berenicornis/oHyVUaEo">Berenicornis</a></i> (sometimes included in <i>Aceros</i>) <ul><li><a href="/facts/White-crowned_hornbill/oHyVUaEo">White-crowned hornbill</a>, <i>Berenicornis comatus</i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/facts/Aceros/wc3fr9z8">Aceros</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Rufous-necked_hornbill/wc3fr9z8">Rufous-necked hornbill</a>, <i>Aceros nipalensis</i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <a href="/facts/Rhabdotorrhinus/GLDgwWPs">Rhabdotorrhinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Wrinkled_hornbill/UUQ9LjCN">Wrinkled hornbill</a>, <i>Rhabdotorrhinus corrugatus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Writhed_hornbill/mXJkG8am">Writhed hornbill</a>, <i>Rhabdotorrhinus</i> <i>leucocephalus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rufous-headed_hornbill/eNmJ6G6j">Rufous-headed hornbill</a>, <i>Rhabdotorrhinus</i> <i>waldeni</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sulawesi_hornbill/NCKUahGu">Sulawesi hornbill</a>, <i>Rhabdotorrhinus exarhatus</i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/facts/Rhyticeros/9hY4R5dR">Rhyticeros</a></i> (sometimes included in <i>Aceros</i>) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Wreathed_hornbill/Jj5noHfs">Wreathed hornbill</a>, <i>Rhyticeros undulatus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Narcondam_hornbill/YUdfzXQy">Narcondam hornbill</a>, <i>Rhyticeros narcondami</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sumba_hornbill/4LRjsESq">Sumba hornbill</a>, <i>Rhyticeros everetti</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Plain-pouched_hornbill/EW2csN2U">Plain-pouched hornbill</a>, <i>Rhyticeros subruficollis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Papuan_hornbill/fj8aGp39">Papuan hornbill</a>, <i>Rhyticeros plicatus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Knobbed_hornbill/uCPLK5xL">Knobbed hornbill</a>, <i>Rhyticeros</i> <i>cassidix</i></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/facts/Ceratogymna/pGSlfQXY">Ceratogymna</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Black-casqued_hornbill/Inxs6KD3">Black-casqued hornbill</a>, <i>Ceratogymna atrata</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yellow-casqued_hornbill/kI2jWLfA">Yellow-casqued hornbill</a>, <i>Ceratogymna elate</i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Gonzalez, J.-C.T.; Sheldon, B.C.; Collar, N.J.; Tobias, J.A. (2013). "A comprehensive molecular phylogeny for the hornbills (Aves: Bucerotidae)". <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. 67 (2): 468–483. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MolPE..67..468G">2013MolPE..67..468G</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2013.02.012">10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.012</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23438388">23438388</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Mousebirds, Cuckoo Roller, trogons, hoopoes, hornbills". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 23 July 2019. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Johansson, Ulf S.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2003). "Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae (Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960)" (PDF). J. Avian Biol. 34 (2): 185–197. doi:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03103.x. Retrieved 2008-10-30. <a href="http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021325/Johansson%2520&%2520Ericson%2520-%2520Piciformes%5B1%5D.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021325/Johansson%2520&%2520Ericson%2520-%2520Piciformes%5B1%5D.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Yuri, T. et al. (2013) Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals. Biology, 2(1):419-444. doi:10.3390/biology2010419 <a href="http://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/2/1/419" target="_blank">http://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/2/1/419</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Jarvis, E.D. et al. (2014) Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science, 346(6215):1320-1331. <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1253451" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1253451</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Prum, R.O.; Berv, J.S.; Dornburg, A.; Field, D.J.; Townsend, J.P.; Lemmon, E.M.; Lemmon, A.R. (2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing". Nature. 526 (7574): 569–573. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..569P. doi:10.1038/nature15697. PMID 26444237. S2CID 205246158. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Prum" target="_blank">/wiki/Richard_Prum</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Woodruff, D. S. & Srikwan, S. 2011. Molecular genetics and the conservation of hornbills in fragmented landscapes. In Poonswad, P. (ed) The Asian Hornbills: Ecology and Conservation. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Bangkok, pp. 257–264. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Fry, C. Hilary (2003). "Wood-hoopoes". In Perrins, Christopher. The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. p. 383. ISBN 1-55297-777-3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Mayr, Gerald (2009). "Paleogene Fossil Birds". In Springer Science & Business Media, 21 April 2009, p. 194. ISBN 978-3-540-89627-2 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>