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NeXTSTEP
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<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2> <p>NeXTSTEP (also stylized as NeXTstep, NeXTStep, and NEXTSTEP<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a>) is a combination of several parts: </p> <ul><li>a <a href="/facts/Unix/0pNL2seI">Unix</a> operating system based on the <a href="/facts/Mach_kernel/rqK8DES2">Mach kernel</a>, plus <a href="/facts/Berkeley_Software_Distribution/XQKcURrh">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Display_PostScript/Kt6Pj1D0">Display PostScript</a> and a proprietary windowing engine</li> <li>the <a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> language and runtime</li> <li>an <a href="/facts/Object-oriented_programming/TxNMEcao">object-oriented</a> (OO) application layer, including several "kits"</li> <li>development tools for the OO layers.</li></ul> <p>NeXTSTEP is a preeminent implementation of the last three items. The toolkits are the canonical development system for all of the software on the system. </p><p>It introduced the idea of the <a href="/facts/Dock_(macOS)/QhP7ul61">Dock</a> (carried through <a href="/facts/OpenStep/RTKQxPR1">OpenStep</a> and into <a href="/facts/MacOS/Y93vVpTm">macOS</a>) and the <a href="/facts/Shelf_(computing)/CfJbb2Vg">Shelf</a>. NeXTSTEP originated or innovated a large number of other <a href="/facts/GUI/fDHYWMU8">GUI</a> concepts which became common in other operating systems: 3D chiseled widgets, large full-color <a href="/facts/Icon_(computing)/habCR8KJ">icons</a>, system-wide drag and drop of a wide range of objects beyond file icons, system-wide piped <a href="/facts/Services_menu/8jUKS0mA">services</a>, real-time scrolling and window dragging, properties dialog boxes called "inspectors", and window modification notices (such as the saved status of a file). The system is among the first general-purpose user interfaces to handle publishing color standards, transparency, sophisticated sound and music processing (through a <a href="/facts/Motorola_56000/r7r84uGG">Motorola 56000</a> <a href="/facts/Digital_signal_processor/YuBXweos">DSP</a>), advanced <a href="/facts/Graphics_primitives/lapBE8wv">graphics primitives</a>, internationalization, and modern <a href="/facts/Typography/byx4sANl">typography</a>, in a consistent manner across all applications. </p><p>Additional kits were added to the product line. These include Portable Distributed Objects (PDO), which allow easy <a href="/facts/Remote_invocation/boz8jDHe">remote invocation</a>, and <a href="/facts/Enterprise_Objects_Framework/rAVyIdFM">Enterprise Objects Framework</a>, an <a href="/facts/Object-relational/XRQqqj5c">object-relational</a> <a href="/facts/Database/VYcpkevb">database</a> system. The kits made the system particularly interesting to custom application programmers, and NeXTSTEP had a long history in the financial programming community.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>NeXTSTEP was built upon Mach and BSD, initially <a href="/facts/4.3BSD-Tahoe/VUMqqYzx">4.3BSD-Tahoe</a>. A preview release of NeXTSTEP (version 0.8) was shown with the launch of the <a href="/facts/NeXT_Computer/m2mbSN88">NeXT Computer</a> on October 12, 1988. The first full release, NeXTSTEP 1.0, shipped on September 18, 1989.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> It was updated to <a href="/facts/4.3BSD-Reno/VUMqqYzx">4.3BSD-Reno</a> in NeXTSTEP 3.0. The last version, 3.3, was released in early 1995, for the <a href="/facts/Motorola/ztqczx68">Motorola</a> <a href="/facts/68000_family/jxd7VPlW">68000 family</a> based NeXT computers, <a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a> <a href="/facts/X86/Kypq5fgu">x86</a>, <a href="/facts/Sun_Microsystems/VJ9EzEFd">Sun</a> <a href="/facts/SPARC/m7KhEtET">SPARC</a>, and <a href="/facts/HP_PA-RISC/gjDs1HEh">HP PA-RISC</a>-based systems. </p><p>NeXT separated the underlying operating system from the application frameworks, producing <a href="/facts/OpenStep/RTKQxPR1">OpenStep</a>. OpenStep and its applications can run on multiple underlying operating systems, including OPENSTEP, <a href="/facts/Windows_NT/EtccWvxQ">Windows NT</a>, and <a href="/facts/Solaris_(operating_system)/KPfT98EJ">Solaris</a>. In 1997, it was updated to <a href="/facts/4.4BSD/VUMqqYzx">4.4BSD</a> while assimilated into Apple's development of <a href="/facts/Rhapsody_(operating_system)/KYa1NJIl">Rhapsody</a> for x86 and PowerPC. NeXTSTEP's direct descendant is Apple's <a href="/facts/MacOS/Y93vVpTm">macOS</a>, which then yielded <a href="/facts/IPhone_OS_1/kfQsuHp4">iPhone OS 1</a>, <a href="/facts/IOS/mK5cggH5">iOS</a>, <a href="/facts/IPadOS/fClrmH7D">iPadOS</a>, <a href="/facts/WatchOS/zH1fkn2R">watchOS</a>, and <a href="/facts/TvOS/jDMqvvfI">tvOS</a>. </p> <h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2> <p>The first <a href="/facts/Web_browser/2pfyymLs">web browser</a>, <a href="/facts/WorldWideWeb/FlgLKla7">WorldWideWeb</a>, and the first <a href="/facts/App_store/0yqcGqey">app store</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> were all invented on the NeXTSTEP platform. </p> <blockquote><p>1990 CERN: A Joint proposal for a hypertext system is presented to the management. Mike Sendall buys a NeXT cube for evaluation, and gives it to <a href="/facts/Tim_Berners-Lee/JRv21mt9">Tim Berners-Lee</a>. Tim's prototype implementation on NeXTSTEP is made in the space of a few months, thanks to the qualities of the NeXTSTEP software development system. This prototype offers WYSIWYG browsing/authoring! Current Web browsers used in "surfing the Internet" are mere passive windows, depriving the user of the possibility to contribute. During some sessions in the CERN cafeteria, Tim and I try to find a catching name for the system. I was determined that the name should not yet again be taken from Greek mythology. Tim proposes "World-Wide Web". I like this very much, except that it is difficult to pronounce in French...</p>— <a href="/facts/Robert_Cailliau/5koB1vpY">Robert Cailliau</a>, 2 November 1995<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></blockquote> <p>The first movie in the <a href="/facts/Toy_Story_(franchise)/2VL0x9vn"><i>Toy Story</i> series</a>, <i><a href="/facts/Toy_Story/DoyMSJPT">Toy Story</a></i>, was made on NeXT computers running NeXTSTEP. </p><p>Some features and <a href="/facts/Keyboard_shortcuts/mjeb82kI">keyboard shortcuts</a> now common to web browsers originated in NeXTSTEP conventions. The basic layout options of <a href="/facts/HTML/sSc3fT78">HTML</a> 1.0 and 2.0 are attributable to those features of NeXT's Text class.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Lighthouse_Design/Ka6wgxUc">Lighthouse Design Ltd</a>. developed <i>Diagram!</i>, a drawing tool, originally called BLT (for Box-and-Line Tool) in which objects (boxes) are connected together using "smart links" (lines) to construct diagrams such a <a href="/facts/Flow_chart/BtNXBfUG">flow charts</a>. This basic design can be enhanced by the simple addition of new links and new documents, located anywhere in the local area network, that foreshadowed Tim Berners-Lee's initial prototype that was written on NeXTSTEP in October–December 1990. </p><p>In the 1990s, the pioneering PC games <i><a href="/facts/Doom_(1993_video_game)/KA6n0GoY">Doom</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Doom_II/7CIAg82v">Doom II</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Quake_(video_game)/M5YkzHvT">Quake</a></i>, and their respective level editors were <a href="/facts/Development_of_Doom/8lW9o63q">developed</a> by <a href="/facts/Id_Software/NsbHCMsV">id Software</a> on NeXT machines. Other games based on the <a href="/facts/Doom_engine/DUIUWqbn"><i>Doom</i> engine</a> such as <i><a href="/facts/Heretic_(video_game)/mtNQxc8Y">Heretic</a></i> and its sequel <i><a href="/facts/Hexen%3a_Beyond_Heretic/5lfhwTgs">Hexen</a></i> by <a href="/facts/Raven_Software/DIHtR2S8">Raven Software</a>, and <i><a href="/facts/Strife_(1996_video_game)/6eVoLyjE">Strife</a></i> by <a href="/facts/Rogue_Entertainment/d2DEU6EM">Rogue Entertainment</a> were developed on NeXT hardware using id's tools.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Altsys/5WpVuR9Q">Altsys</a> made the NeXTSTEP application Virtuoso, version 2 of which was ported to Mac OS and Windows to become <a href="/facts/Macromedia_FreeHand/pkg6sBfT">Macromedia FreeHand</a> version 4. The modern "Notebook" interface for <a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a>, and the advanced spreadsheet <a href="/facts/Lotus_Improv/Bb1GProA">Lotus Improv</a>, were developed using NeXTSTEP. The software that controlled <a href="/facts/MCI_Communications/D3MTJGhM">MCI</a>'s Friends and Family calling plan program was developed using NeXTSTEP.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>About the time of the release of NeXTSTEP 3.2, NeXT partnered with <a href="/facts/Sun_Microsystems/VJ9EzEFd">Sun Microsystems</a> to develop <a href="/facts/OpenStep/RTKQxPR1">OpenStep</a>. It is the product of an effort to separate the underlying operating system from the higher-level object libraries to create a cross-platform object-oriented API standard derived from NeXTSTEP. <a href="/facts/OpenStep/RTKQxPR1">OpenStep</a> was released for Sun's <a href="/facts/Solaris_(operating_system)/KPfT98EJ">Solaris</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_NT/EtccWvxQ">Windows NT</a>, and NeXT's <a href="/facts/Mach_kernel/rqK8DES2">Mach kernel</a>-based operating system. NeXT's implementation is called "OPENSTEP for Mach" and its first release (4.0) superseded NeXTSTEP 3.3 on NeXT, Sun, and Intel <a href="/facts/IA-32/7yTv1aHH">IA-32</a> systems. </p><p>Following an announcement on December 20, 1996,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Apple_Computer/oTJYta3k">Apple Computer</a> acquired NeXT on February 4, 1997, for $429 million. Based upon the "<a href="/facts/OPENSTEP/RTKQxPR1">OPENSTEP</a> for Mach" operating system, and developing the OpenStep API to become <a href="/facts/Cocoa_(API)/p10p5aFI">Cocoa</a>, Apple created the basis of <a href="/facts/Mac_OS_X/Y93vVpTm">Mac OS X</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> and eventually of <a href="/facts/IOS/mK5cggH5">iOS</a>, <a href="/facts/IPadOS/fClrmH7D">iPadOS</a>, <a href="/facts/WatchOS/zH1fkn2R">watchOS</a>, and <a href="/facts/TvOS/jDMqvvfI">tvOS</a>. </p><p><a href="/facts/GNUstep/LaIT4jYx">GNUstep</a> is a <a href="/facts/Free_software/IaoVtJXn">free software</a> implementation of the OpenStep standard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="release-history">Release history</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Date</th><th>Distribution medium</th><th>Architecture</th><th>Basis</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td>0.8</td><td>October 12, 1988</td><td><a href="/facts/Magneto-optical_disc/PYm8dL1h">MO disc</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Motorola_68000_series/jxd7VPlW">m68k</a></td><td rowspan="9">4.3BSD-Tahoe</td><td>NeXTStep <a href="/facts/Merriam-Webster/yEt22M9H">Digital Webster</a>, <a href="/facts/Shakespeare_bibliography/0RFkCXAt">Complete Works</a> of William Shakespeare, <a href="/facts/Netboot/01708jY8">netboot</a>, <a href="/facts/Network_File_System/jWRRALVo">NFS</a></td></tr><tr><td>0.8a</td><td>1988</td><td>MO disc</td><td>m68k</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.9</td><td>1988</td><td>MO disc</td><td>m68k</td><td><a href="http://chiclassiccomp.org/docs/content/computing/NeXT/NeXT%200.9-1.0%20Release%20Description.pdf">NeXT 0.9/1.0 Release Description</a></td></tr><tr><td>1.0</td><td>1989</td><td>MO disc</td><td>m68k</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.0a</td><td>1989</td><td>MO disc</td><td>m68k</td><td><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/peterl/4413071416/in/pool-next/">Photo of NeXTSTEP 1.0a MO disc</a></td></tr><tr><td>2.0</td><td>September 18, 1990</td><td>MO disc, CD-ROM</td><td>m68k</td><td>Support for the <a href="/facts/NeXTstation/yhKpgEeR">NeXTstation</a>, <a href="/facts/NeXTcube/qJEB01jb">NeXTcube</a> (<a href="/facts/Motorola_68040/G12gptjt">68040</a>). Support for <a href="/facts/Floppy_disk/rShxfuxa">floppy disk</a>, <a href="/facts/CD-ROM/JwuaYLJv">CD-ROM</a>, <a href="/facts/Fax_modem/MaodMB2Q">Fax modems</a>, and <a href="/facts/Framebuffer/kr8I4mm3">color graphics</a>. Workspace Manager now has the Shelf, copies performed in background, black hole is replaced by recycler icon. Terminal.app. Dynamic loading of drivers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2.1</td><td>March 25, 1991</td><td>MO disc, CD-ROM</td><td>m68k</td><td>Support for the <a href="/facts/NeXTdimension/a6w3W7MK">NeXTdimension</a> board. <a href="/facts/TeX/8t3cCBqk">TeX</a>, internationalization improvements. New machines with 2.1 include <a href="/facts/Lotus_Improv/Bb1GProA">Lotus Improv</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2.1a</td><td></td><td>MO disc, CD-ROM</td><td>m68k</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2.2</td><td></td><td>CD-ROM</td><td>m68k</td><td>Support for the <a href="/facts/NeXTstation/yhKpgEeR">NeXTstation</a> Turbo</td></tr><tr><td>3.0</td><td>September 8, 1992<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td>CD-ROM</td><td>m68k</td><td rowspan="8">4.3BSD-Reno</td><td><a href="/facts/Project_Builder/TRfWUJAr">Project Builder</a>, <a href="/facts/3D_computer_graphics/zlWW6eaF">3D</a> support with <a href="/facts/RenderMan_(software)/PPAGoFC0">Interactive RenderMan</a>, <a href="/facts/Pantone/YtAH76ju">Pantone colors</a>, <a href="/facts/PostScript/4EeEtnLv">PostScript Level 2</a>, <a href="/facts/Object_Linking_and_Embedding/Eabu8Qnl">Object Linking and Embedding</a>, <a href="/facts/Distributed_object/bFezhCJ0">Distributed Objects</a>, <a href="/facts/Database/VYcpkevb">Database</a> Kit, <a href="/facts/Phone/P7uEgWQX">Phone</a> Kit, <a href="/facts/Full_text_search/X0qrIEJj">Indexing Kit</a>, <a href="/facts/Precompiled_headers/3UIdo5bt">precompiled headers</a>, <a href="/facts/Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)/FVv6r1pe">HFS</a>, <a href="/facts/AppleTalk/6j3NRgTl">AppleTalk</a>, and <a href="/facts/Novell_NetWare/cfnyxMzs">Novell NetWare</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>3.1</td><td>May 25, 1993</td><td>CD-ROM</td><td>m68k, i386</td><td>First release for the <a href="/facts/I386/ag5eSgWv">i386</a> architecture, introducing <a href="/facts/Fat_binary/53cdyr4C">fat binaries</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>3.2</td><td>October 1993</td><td>CD-ROM</td><td>m68k, i386</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3.3</td><td>February 1995</td><td>CD-ROM</td><td>m68k, i386, SPARC, PA-RISC</td><td>Support for the <a href="/facts/PA-RISC/gjDs1HEh">PA-RISC</a> and <a href="/facts/SPARC/m7KhEtET">SPARC</a> architectures added, introducing Quad-fat Binaries. Last and most popular version released under the name NEXTSTEP. Referred to as NEXTSTEP/m68k, NEXTSTEP/Intel, NEXTSTEP/SPARC. NEXTSTEP/PA-RISC<p>Delivered on 2 CDs: NeXTSTEP <a href="/facts/Complex_instruction_set_computing/Ucvyh2xq">CISC</a> and NeXTSTEP <a href="/facts/Reduced_instruction_set_computing/aQbGM62p">RISC</a>. The Developer CD includes libraries for all <a href="/facts/Computer_architecture/tHtwxgR2">architectures</a>, so that programs can be <a href="/facts/Cross_compiler/8hXgCWB9">cross-compiled</a> on any architecture for all architectures.</p></td></tr><tr><td>4.0 beta</td><td>1996</td><td>CD-ROM</td><td>m68k, i386, SPARC, PA-RISC</td><td>Very different user interface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Notable as being a precursor of many ideas later introduced in the <a href="/facts/Dock_(macOS)/QhP7ul61">macOS Dock</a>.<p>Allegedly dropped due to complaints of having to re-teach users but not for technical reasons (the new UI worked well in the beta).</p></td></tr><tr><td>4.0</td><td>July 1996</td><td>CD-ROM</td><td>m68k, i386, SPARC</td><td>Support for the <a href="/facts/PA-RISC/gjDs1HEh">PA-RISC</a> architecture dropped. Support for <a href="/facts/M68k/jxd7VPlW">m68k</a>, <a href="/facts/I486/2zfEAXAw">i486</a>, and <a href="/facts/SPARC/m7KhEtET">SPARC</a> architectures. Initial Release of <a href="/facts/OpenStep/RTKQxPR1">OpenStep</a> for <a href="/facts/Windows/bwhAhuSL">Windows</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>4.1</td><td>January 1997</td><td>CD-ROM</td><td>m68k, i386, SPARC</td><td>Support for m68k, i486, and SPARC architectures, and OpenStep for Windows, under OPENSTEP Enterprise (NT only).</td></tr><tr><td>4.2 Pre-release 2</td><td>September 1997</td><td>CD-ROM</td><td>m68k, i386, SPARC</td><td>Pre-release 2 circulated to limited number of developers before <a href="/facts/OpenStep/RTKQxPR1">OpenStep</a> and Apple acquisition.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rhapsody_(operating_system)/KYa1NJIl">Rhapsody</a></td><td>August 31, 1997 – October 27, 2000</td><td>CD-ROM</td><td>i386, PowerPC</td><td>4.4BSD</td><td>Released after the <a href="/facts/NeXT/71CK18lB">Apple acquisition</a>, these are arguably closer to NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP than to <a href="/facts/Mac_OS_X/Y93vVpTm">Mac OS X</a>. For example, they can still be used as remote display via NXHost.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Versions up to 4.1 are general releases. OPENSTEP 4.2 pre-release 2 is a bug-fix release published by Apple and supported for five years after its September 1997 release. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bundle_(macOS)/IAyST9QI">Bundle (macOS)</a>, from NeXTSTEP to macOS</li> <li><a href="/facts/Miller_Columns/FBYhR9dD">Miller Columns</a>, the method of directory browsing that NeXTSTEP's File Viewer uses</li> <li><a href="/facts/NeXT_character_set/zTtN19Wr">NeXT character set</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://openstep.bfx.re/">NeXTSTEP Installation Guide</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.nextcomputers.org">NeXTComputers.org</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j02b8Fuz73A">Video of Steve Jobs Demoing NeXTSTEP Release 3</a> on <a href="/facts/YouTube_video_(identifier)/db276jst">YouTube</a></li> <li><a href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1989-03/1989_03_BYTE_14-03_Mac_Supplement_286_vs_386sx_Object_Oriented_Programming#page/n343/mode/2up">The Next Step</a> BYTE Magazine 14–03, Object Oriented Programming with NextStep</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Electronic AppWrapper". Kevra.org. Retrieved November 22, 2013. <a href="http://www.kevra.org/TheBestOfNext/SWCatalogs/page274/page274.html" target="_blank">http://www.kevra.org/TheBestOfNext/SWCatalogs/page274/page274.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Apple-NeXT Merger Birthday!". rome.ro. December 20, 2006. Retrieved October 5, 2019. <a href="https://rome.ro/news/2016/2/14/apple-next-merger-birthday" target="_blank">https://rome.ro/news/2016/2/14/apple-next-merger-birthday</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"GameTales: Cray 6400". rome.ro. January 31, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2019. <a href="https://rome.ro/news/2015/12/13/gametales-cray-ymp" target="_blank">https://rome.ro/news/2015/12/13/gametales-cray-ymp</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Ford, Kevin (2008). "What's with all the NeXT names?". www.kevra.org. Retrieved September 7, 2009. <a href="http://www.kevra.org/TheBestOfNext/DifferentNeXTSpellings/DifferentNeXTSpellings.html" target="_blank">http://www.kevra.org/TheBestOfNext/DifferentNeXTSpellings/DifferentNeXTSpellings.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Engel, Tomi (January 11, 2000). "OpenStep Confusion". Object Farm. Retrieved September 21, 2022. <a href="https://www.objectfarm.org/Activities/Publications/TheMerger/OpenstepConfusion.html" target="_blank">https://www.objectfarm.org/Activities/Publications/TheMerger/OpenstepConfusion.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Ford, Kevin (2008). "What's with all the NeXT names?". www.kevra.org. Retrieved September 7, 2009. <a href="http://www.kevra.org/TheBestOfNext/DifferentNeXTSpellings/DifferentNeXTSpellings.html" target="_blank">http://www.kevra.org/TheBestOfNext/DifferentNeXTSpellings/DifferentNeXTSpellings.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Singh, Amit (December 2003). "What is Mac OS X?". osxbook.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514135706/http://osxbook.com/book/bonus/ancient/whatismacosx/history.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120514135706/http://osxbook.com/book/bonus/ancient/whatismacosx/history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Jesse Tayler talks App Store and NeXTSTEP with AppStorey". AppStorey. April 11, 2016. 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