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Hypo helmet
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<h2 id="background">Background</h2> <p>The German army used <a href="/facts/Chemical_weapon/AwXDDhAR">poison gas</a>, in the form of <a href="/facts/Chlorine/y27UwYBM">chlorine</a>, for the first time against <a href="/facts/Triple_Entente/pyxyg1cA">Triple Entente</a> troops at the <a href="/facts/Second_Battle_of_Ypres/VXVy0Bua">Second Battle of Ypres</a>, Belgium, on 22 April 1915.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> The British began issuing cotton wool wrapped in muslin to its troops by 3 May.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> This was followed by the <a href="/facts/Black_Veil_Respirator/qtzrYokp">Black Veil Respirator</a>, invented by <a href="/facts/John_Scott_Haldane/Fll9zPL0">John Scott Haldane</a>, which began to be issued to troops on 20 May 1915. The Black Veil was a cotton pad soaked in an absorbent solution which was secured over the mouth using black cotton veiling.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The veiling could be drawn up to cover the eyes, providing some protection against <a href="/facts/Lachrymatory_agent/SLJoBYEN">lachrymatory agents</a> but the mask still provided little protection against chlorine gas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> It was also of fragile construction, required training to use and largely immobilised men during a gas attack as they were concerned about their mask coming loose.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="design">Design</h2> <p>Seeking to improve on the Black Veil Respirator, Newfoundland physician Col. <a href="/facts/Cluny_Macpherson_(physician)/Kqd7AX6o">Dr. Cluny Macpherson</a>, serving as <a href="/facts/Principal_Medical_Officer/whC8eHpT">Principal Medical Officer</a> for the <a href="/facts/Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment/4M82hDtY">Royal Newfoundland Regiment</a> created a mask from chemical absorbing fabric which fitted over the head.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> MacPherson had seen a German soldier putting a bag over his head after a gas attack and sought to replicate the design.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Macpherson presented his idea to the <a href="/facts/War_Office/7qVGsJCk">War Office</a> Anti-Gas Department on 10 May 1915, with prototypes being developed soon after.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The design was adopted by the British Army and introduced as the "British Smoke Hood" in June 1915 and manufactured until September 1915.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> 2.5 million masks were manufactured before being superseded. </p><p>The helmet was a 50.5 cm × 48 cm (19.9 in × 18.9 in) <a href="/facts/Canvas/ryeLvo7s">canvas</a> hood treated with chlorine-absorbing chemicals, fitted with a single rectangular <a href="/facts/Mica/ag4cdnsb">mica</a> eyepiece.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> It was a <a href="/facts/Khaki/TswILjpI">khaki</a>-coloured <a href="/facts/Flannel/T2ea1GHh">flannel</a> bag soaked in a solution of <a href="/facts/Glycerin/sRQ6NBQQ">glycerin</a> and <a href="/facts/Sodium_thiosulphate/qAMvfeuv">sodium thiosulphate</a>. The soldier placed it over his head and tucked the bottom into his tunic. The wearer relied upon power of his lung to breath through the bag fabric. </p> <h2 id="later-versions">Later versions</h2> <p>This primitive type of mask went through several stages of development before being superseded in 1916 by the canister gas mask.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> More elaborate <a href="/facts/Sorbent/C56A0ASK">sorbent</a> compounds were added later to further iterations of the helmet (<a href="/facts/P_Helmet/2vVR7Bro">P Helmet</a> and <a href="/facts/PH_helmet/2vVR7Bro">PH helmet</a>), to defeat other respiratory poison gases used such as <a href="/facts/Phosgene/Adeazsck">phosgene</a>, <a href="/facts/Diphosgene/ft1PN1U9">diphosgene</a> and <a href="/facts/Chloropicrin/ovAc7TvQ">chloropicrin</a>. </p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hypo helmet. <ul><li>Cook, Tim (1998). "Through Clouded Eyes: Gas Masks and the Canadian Corps in the First World War". <i>Material History Review</i>. 47 (Spring ed.): 4–18. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1927-9264">1927-9264</a>.</li> <li>Lefebure, Victor (1923). <a href="https://archive.org/details/riddleofrhineche00lefe"><i>The Riddle of the Rhine: Chemical Strategy in Peace and War</i></a>. The Chemical Foundation. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-585-23269-5.</li> <li>Mayer-Maguire, Thomas; Baker, Brian (2015). <i>British Military Respirators and Anti-Gas Equipment of the Two World Wars</i>. Marlborough: Crowood Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84797-887-5.</li> <li>Spiers, Edward M. (2017), "The Gas War, 1915–1918: If not a War Winner, Hardly a Failure", in Friedrich, Bretislav; Hoffmann, Dieter; Renn, Jürgen; Schmaltz, Florian; Wolf, Martin (eds.), <i>One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences</i>, Springer, pp. 153–178, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-319-51663-9</li> <li>Wetherell, Anthony; Mathers, George (2007), "Respiratory Protection", in Marrs, Timothy; Maynard, Robert; Sidell, Frederick (eds.), <i>Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment</i>, New York: Wiley, pp. 157–174, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-470-01359-5</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/William_Macpherson_(British_Army_officer)/c5XxRHc8">Macpherson, Major-General Sir William Grant</a>; Herringham, Sir Wilmot Parker; <a href="/facts/Thomas_Renton_Elliott/dHPlz5tD">Elliott, T. R.</a>; Balfour, Sir Andrew, eds. (1922). <a href="https://archive.org/details/medicalservicesd01macpuoft"><i>Medical Services: Diseases of the War</i></a>. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I. London: HMSO. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/816503858">816503858</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"The Apparatus Of Gas Warfare On The Western Front In The Great War". The Western Front Association. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929135726/http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/great-war-on-land/weapons-equipment-uniform/74-apparatus-gas.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110929135726/http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/great-war-on-land/weapons-equipment-uniform/74-apparatus-gas.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Second Battle of Ypres Begins". history.com. Retrieved 22 April 2018. <a href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/second-battle-of-ypres-begins" target="_blank">https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/second-battle-of-ypres-begins</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Cook 1998, p. 8. - Cook, Tim (1998). "Through Clouded Eyes: Gas Masks and the Canadian Corps in the First World War". Material History Review. 47 (Spring ed.): 4–18. ISSN 1927-9264. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1927-9264" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1927-9264</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Wetherell & Mathers 2007, p. 157. - Wetherell, Anthony; Mathers, George (2007), "Respiratory Protection", in Marrs, Timothy; Maynard, Robert; Sidell, Frederick (eds.), Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment, New York: Wiley, pp. 157–174, ISBN 978-0-470-01359-5 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Spiers 2017, p. 156. - Spiers, Edward M. (2017), "The Gas War, 1915–1918: If not a War Winner, Hardly a Failure", in Friedrich, Bretislav; Hoffmann, Dieter; Renn, Jürgen; Schmaltz, Florian; Wolf, Martin (eds.), One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences, Springer, pp. 153–178, ISBN 978-3-319-51663-9 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Cook 1998, pp. 9–10. - Cook, Tim (1998). "Through Clouded Eyes: Gas Masks and the Canadian Corps in the First World War". Material History Review. 47 (Spring ed.): 4–18. ISSN 1927-9264. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1927-9264" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1927-9264</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Lefebure 1923, p. 122. - Lefebure, Victor (1923). The Riddle of the Rhine: Chemical Strategy in Peace and War. The Chemical Foundation. ISBN 0-585-23269-5. <a href="https://archive.org/details/riddleofrhineche00lefe" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/riddleofrhineche00lefe</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"History of the U.S. Army's protective mask" (PDF). Fort Eustis, Virginia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720123700/http://www.eustis.army.mil/dtpmsec/NBC_School/Mask%20History.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060720123700/http://www.eustis.army.mil/dtpmsec/NBC_School/Mask%20History.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Mayer-Maguire & Baker 2015. - Mayer-Maguire, Thomas; Baker, Brian (2015). British Military Respirators and Anti-Gas Equipment of the Two World Wars. Marlborough: Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-84797-887-5. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Biographical entry Macpherson, Cluny (1879 - 1966)". Plarr's Lives of the Fellows. Royal College of Surgeons. Retrieved 22 April 2018. <a href="https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E005916b.htm" target="_blank">https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E005916b.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Macpherson Gas Hood . Accession #980.222". The Rooms Provincial Museum Archives (St. John's, NL). Archived from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160704105219/http://www.rnr.therooms.ca/part3_a_soldiers_outfit.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160704105219/http://www.rnr.therooms.ca/part3_a_soldiers_outfit.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>The Provincial Museum of Newfoundland and Labrador at The Rooms, St. John's has the prototype of Macpherson's hood as well as later version gas masks with box respirators worn by soldiers in battle.[11] <a href="/wiki/The_Rooms" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Rooms</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"The UK". The Gas Mask Database. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007. <a href="https://archive.today/20070615004839/http://www.gasmasks.net/database/uk/uk.htm" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20070615004839/http://www.gasmasks.net/database/uk/uk.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>