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Manganin
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>In 1887 Edward Weston discovered that metals can have a negative temperature coefficient of resistance, inventing what he called his "Alloy No. 2." It was produced in Germany where it was renamed "<a href="/facts/Constantan/jFtaIQP2">Constantan</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> In 1888 he patented<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> "an alloy containing from 65 to 70 parts of copper, 25 to 30 parts of <a href="/facts/Ferromanganese/AdUby8JY">ferro-manganese</a>, and 2.5 to 10 parts of nickel" which had a nearly constant resistivity. </p><p>Manganin wire as we know it was developed by Weston's assistant <a href="/facts/John_Forrest_Kelly/ztST0phV">John Forrest Kelly</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> In May 1893, Weston received a patent for the material and its use for resistors. While Manganin represented a significant advance in technology -- the material was a conductive metal with constant resistance over a wide range of working temperatures, Weston did not receive wide recognition at the time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="properties">Properties</h2> <h3>Cu86/Mn12/Ni2</h3> <p>Electrical Properties </p> <ul><li>Temperature coefficient: 1.5×10−5 K−1</li></ul> <p>Mechanical Properties </p> <ul><li>Modulus of elasticity: 124–159 GPa</li> <li>Maximum use temperature in air: 300 °C</li></ul> Cu84/Mn12/Ni4<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th>Temperature [°C]</th><th>coefficient of resistivity</th></tr><tr><td> 12</td><td>+.000006</td></tr><tr><td> 25</td><td> .000000</td></tr><tr><td>100</td><td>−.000042</td></tr><tr><td>250</td><td>−.000052</td></tr><tr><td>475</td><td> .000000</td></tr><tr><td>500</td><td>+.00011 </td></tr></tbody></table> Resistance of Wires at 20 °C<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th><a href="/facts/AWG/z4yWQfgt">AWG</a></th><th>ohms per cm</th><th>ohms per ft</th></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>.000836</td><td> 0.0255</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>.00133 </td><td> 0.0405</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>.00211 </td><td> 0.0644</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>.00336 </td><td> 0.102 </td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>.00535 </td><td> 0.163 </td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>.00850 </td><td> 0.259 </td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>.0135 </td><td> 0.412 </td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td>.0215 </td><td> 0.655 </td></tr><tr><td>26</td><td>.0342 </td><td> 1.04 </td></tr><tr><td>27</td><td>.0431 </td><td> 1.31 </td></tr><tr><td>28</td><td>.0543 </td><td> 1.66 </td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>.0864 </td><td> 2.63 </td></tr><tr><td>32</td><td>.137 </td><td> 4.19 </td></tr><tr><td>34</td><td>.218 </td><td> 6.66 </td></tr><tr><td>36</td><td>.347 </td><td>10.6 </td></tr><tr><td>40</td><td>.878 </td><td>26.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_named_alloys/AB0M6rBM">List of named alloys</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://archive.today/20071130230852/http://www.isabellenhuette.de/en/research-development/">Isabellenhütte - 1889 Manganin</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Goodfellow Technical Information Manganin® - Resistance Alloy". www.goodfellow.com. Retrieved 2016-09-11. <a href="http://www.goodfellow.com/catalogue/GFCat2H.php?ewd_token=09GRBJvlw6lL5lDbZC1qWnos3v9ad5&n=kCvbg9HE4EQs6Xg56ttKPuupoT1SdP&ewd_urlNo=GFCat2L3&Head=CU06" target="_blank">http://www.goodfellow.com/catalogue/GFCat2H.php?ewd_token=09GRBJvlw6lL5lDbZC1qWnos3v9ad5&n=kCvbg9HE4EQs6Xg56ttKPuupoT1SdP&ewd_urlNo=GFCat2L3&Head=CU06</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Stability of Double-Walled Manganin Resistors" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-09-30. Retrieved 2007-04-30. <a href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/sp958-lide/063-065.pdf" target="_blank">https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/sp958-lide/063-065.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Special Use Sensors - Manganin Pressure Sensor" (PDF). web.sensor-ic.com. Vishay. Retrieved 15 April 2023.[permanent dead link] <a href="http://web.sensor-ic.com:8000/ZLXIAZAI/VISHAY/thumb_2011032859967085.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.sensor-ic.com:8000/ZLXIAZAI/VISHAY/thumb_2011032859967085.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>National Electrical Manufacturers Association (1946). A chronological history of electrical development from 600 B.C. New York, N.Y., National Electrical Manufacturers Association. <a href="https://archive.org/details/chronologicalhis00natirich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/chronologicalhis00natirich</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>U.S. patent 381304A <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US381304A" target="_blank">https://patents.google.com/patent/US381304A</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Fessenden, Reginald A. (1893-07-21). "Electrical Notes". Science. ns-22 (546): 35–36. doi:10.1126/science.ns-22.546.35. ISSN 0036-8075. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wdlCTzYLf2kC&pg=RA1-PA36" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=wdlCTzYLf2kC&pg=RA1-PA36</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Woodbury, David O. (1949). A Measure for Greatness; A Short Biography of Edward Weston. New York, Toronto, London: McGraw-Hill. <a href="https://archive.org/details/measureforgreatn001419mbp" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/measureforgreatn001419mbp</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>CRC Handbook 27th ed. Feb 1943. p. 1875. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>CRC Handbook 27th ed. Feb 1943. p. 2485. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>