Field telephone

<h2 id="war-in-ukraine">War in Ukraine</h2>
<p>During the <a href="/facts/Russo-Ukrainian_War/kE7cHvoQ">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> Russian <a href="/facts/Electronic_warfare/c6XGz9y0">electronic warfare</a> (EW) has excelled.  During the <a href="/facts/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation/8r8zGRyf">annexation of Crimea</a> and the <a href="/facts/War_in_the_Donbas/h8WDdxa4">war in the Donbas</a> Russia used  "electronic warfare systems to jam and intercept communications signals, jam and spoof GPS receivers, and tap into cellular networks and hack cell phones." Russian EW was poorly optimized and as a result, usage of the EW system caused problems with their own communications and GPS. Due to the negative effects on their own forces, it fell out of use. 
</p><p>During the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Bakhmut/L839I6SJ">Battle of Bakhmut</a> Ukraine's forces made heavy use of field telephone as "Russian technologies aren't able to track or block field phones." One commander told the BBC that: "This technology is very old - but it works really well." and it's impossible to listen in".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a>
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a>
</p>
<h2 id="torture-of-pows">Torture of POWs</h2>
<p>It has been documented in human rights reports as an instrument of <a href="/facts/Electric_torture/LmUdx0Ew">electric torture</a> with euphemisms utilizing the <a href="/facts/TA-57/fVFAN5gS">TA-57</a> telephone as a "<a href="/facts/Phone_call_to_Putin/51T4pIcE">phone call to Putin</a>" or "call to <a href="/facts/Lenin/Q6AdmavM">Lenin</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a>
</p><p>In 2024, a leaked photograph showed one of the suspects accused of the 2024 <a href="/facts/Crocus_City_Hall_attack/kg9QpN8J">Crocus City Hall attack</a> being tortured by Russian <a href="/facts/Federal_Security_Service/2QqBHc6P">FSB</a> interrogators by having his genitals electrocuted by a <a href="/facts/TA-57/fVFAN5gS">TA-57</a>.
</p><p>According to the United States Army's <a href="/facts/Vietnam_War_Crimes_Working_Group_Files/ffQhKu6C">Vietnam War Crimes Working Group Files</a>, field telephones were sometimes used in Vietnam to torture POWs with electric shocks during <a href="/facts/Interrogation/UPPgqVFQ">interrogations</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a>
</p>
<h2 id="united-states-army">United States Army</h2>

<ul><li>EE-8, <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a> era through <a href="/facts/Vietnam_War/W0gfbGTE">Vietnam War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li>
<li>TA-1 4 mile range self powered no batteries</li>
<li>TA-43</li>
<li>TA-312<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li>
<li>TA-838,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> includes touch-tone key pad.</li></ul>
<h2 id="soviet-armed-forces">Soviet Armed Forces</h2>

<ul><li>УНА "Unified unit" (Унифицированный аппарат)</li>
<li>ТАИ-43 field telephone set (Полевой Телефонный Аппарат)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/TA-57/fVFAN5gS">ТА-57</a> field telephone set (Полевой Телефонный Аппарат)</li></ul>
<h2 id="royal-norwegian-defence-forces">Royal Norwegian Defence Forces</h2>

<ul><li>TP-6N Developed in Norway for the armed forces early 1970s.</li>
<li>TP-6NA Versions of TP-6N A to C</li>
<li>M37 Swedish field telephone used by the Norwegian Civil Defence. This phone is fully interoperable with the EE-8, TA-1, TA-43 and TA-312 series of US Field Phones.</li>
<li>EE-8 A part of The <a href="/facts/Marshall_Plan/tzYxovlM">Marshall Plan</a> (from its enactment, officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) The EE-8* was used in USA from World War II to late seventies, and in Norway from World War II until the TP-6 could replace it.</li>
<li>FF33 This phone was widely used from mid 1950s until it was replaced by TP-6 (after the EE-8) FF33 was left by the Germans when World War II ended, but was not used immediately due to political reasons.</li>
<li>Mod 1932 Developed by <a href="/facts/Elektrisk_Bureau/WPs7nCKW">Elektrisk Bureau</a> for the Norwegian forces, approved in 1932 (as the 1st std. field telephone), but never made in great numbers, due to bureaucracy and the start of World War II. Based on a model made for the Turkish Army by Elektrisk Burau.</li></ul>
<h2 id="finnish-defence-forces">Finnish Defence Forces</h2>

<ul><li>TA-57, made in the Soviet Union</li>
<li>P78, made in Sweden by <a href="/facts/Ericsson/yJ4oMMp7">L.M. Ericsson</a></li>
<li>P90, made in the UK by <a href="/facts/Racal/Xgy5fsyJ">Racal Acoustics Ltd.</a></li>
<li>ET-10, made by <a href="/facts/Terma_A/S/BLYJsWwJ">Terma A/S</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="german-armed-forces-wehrmacht">German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht)</h2>

<ul><li>FF33 (Wehrmacht)</li>
<li>FF OB/ZB (Bundeswehr, <i>Feldfernsprecher Ortsbetrieb / Zentralbetrieb</i>)</li></ul>
<h2 id="austrian-armed-forces-bundesheer">Austrian Armed Forces (Bundesheer)</h2>

<ul><li>SFT800, made by <a href="/facts/Siemens/coa80TQn">Siemens</a> AG</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Field telephones.

<ul>
<li>Telephones portal</li></ul>

<ul><li>Gordon L. Rottman (2010): "World War II Battlefield Communications (Elite)", Osprey Military, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-84603847-2 .</li>
<li><a href="http://www.olive-drab.com/od_electronics_ta312.php">TA-312 Field Phone</a></li>
<li><a href="http://sigmund.tveito.com/infotemaweb/Produktmappe/1.%20Tekniske%20beskrivelser/felttelefon_ny.html">TP-6 Norwegian Field Telephone</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929073229/http://sigmund.tveito.com/infotemaweb/Produktmappe/1.%20Tekniske%20beskrivelser/felttelefon_ny.html">Archived</a> 2007-09-29 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.olive-drab.com/od_electronics_ee8.php">EE-8 Field Phone</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106183453/http://www.fallschirmjager.net/telephon/Feldfernsprecher33.htm">FF33 Field Phone</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100213161143/http://home.broadpark.no/~ajsolli/side2/felttlf.jpg">Norwegian mod. 1932 Field Phone</a></li>
<li><a href="https://fieldphones.org/">Comprehensive collectors page about field telephones worldwide</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Sterling, Christopher H.; Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century (2008). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-732-6 p. 444. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Ivanov, Alexei and Philipp S. Jowett; The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 (2004). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-708-5 p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Sterling p. 445. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Beach, Jim; Bruce, James (2020-01-02). "British signals intelligence in the trenches, 1915–1918: part 1, listening sets". Journal of Intelligence History. 19 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1080/16161262.2019.1659580. ISSN 1616-1262. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F16161262.2019.1659580" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F16161262.2019.1659580</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Wire stringing in combat <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130625153055/https://www.trailblazersww2.org/units_276_accounts_howell.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130625153055/https://www.trailblazersww2.org/units_276_accounts_howell.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Signal Operations in the Corps and Army, FM 11-22, U.S. War Department, January 1945 <a href="http://www.easy39th.com/files/FM_11-22_Signal_Operations_in_the_Corps_and_Army_1945.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.easy39th.com/files/FM_11-22_Signal_Operations_in_the_Corps_and_Army_1945.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:7"><p>"Wire and Cable Equipment, World War II". U.S. Army. Archived from the original on 2013-03-07. Retrieved 2012-08-17. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130307100606/http://www.signal.army.mil/ocos/museum/AMC/wire.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130307100606/http://www.signal.army.mil/ocos/museum/AMC/wire.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:8"><p>David Axe (2022-12-24). "Russia's Electronic-Warfare Troops Knocked Out 90 Percent Of Ukraine's Drones". Forbes. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/12/24/russia-electronic-warfare-troops-knocked-out-90-percent-of-ukraines-drones/?sh=bd9c918575cf" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/12/24/russia-electronic-warfare-troops-knocked-out-90-percent-of-ukraines-drones/?sh=bd9c918575cf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:9"><p>Alex Marquardt; Natasha Bertrand; Zachary Cohen (2023-05-06). "Russia's jamming of US-provided rocket systems complicates Ukraine's war effort". CNN. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/05/politics/russia-jamming-himars-rockets-ukraine/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/05/politics/russia-jamming-himars-rockets-ukraine/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:10"><p>JOSEPH TREVITHICK (2019-10-30). "Ukrainian Officer Details Russian Electronic Warfare Tactics Including Radio "Virus"". The Drive. <a href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/30741/ukrainian-officer-details-russian-electronic-warfare-tactics-including-radio-virus" target="_blank">https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/30741/ukrainian-officer-details-russian-electronic-warfare-tactics-including-radio-virus</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:11"><p>JOSEPH TREVITHICK (2022-06-03). "They're jamming everything: How secretive electronic warfare shapes war in Ukraine". Times of Israel. <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/theyre-jamming-everything-secretive-electronic-warfare-shapes-war-in-ukraine/" target="_blank">https://www.timesofisrael.com/theyre-jamming-everything-secretive-electronic-warfare-shapes-war-in-ukraine/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:12"><p>"The old-school way that Ukraine's forces are avoiding Russian detection". The Jerusalem Pos. 2022-12-24. <a href="https://m.jpost.com/international/article-742028/amp" target="_blank">https://m.jpost.com/international/article-742028/amp</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:13"><p>Jonathan Beale (2023-05-03). "Ukraine war: How old tech is helping Ukraine avoid detection". BBC. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65458263.amp" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65458263.amp</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:14"><p>UN Office of the High Commissioner (5 March 2023). Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:15"><p>Deborah Nelson, "THE WAR BEHIND ME: Vietnam Veterans Confront the Truth About U.S. War Crimes" Archived July 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-00527-7, October 28, 2008 <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Nelson" target="_blank">/wiki/Deborah_Nelson</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:16"><p>EE-8 <a href="http://www.olive-drab.com/od_electronics_ee8.php" target="_blank">http://www.olive-drab.com/od_electronics_ee8.php</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:17"><p>TA-312 <a href="http://www.olive-drab.com/od_electronics_ta312.php" target="_blank">http://www.olive-drab.com/od_electronics_ta312.php</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:18"><p>TA-838 <a href="http://www.associated-ind.com/field_products_ta838.htm" target="_blank">http://www.associated-ind.com/field_products_ta838.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Field telephone open-in-new

Field telephone